A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
HYPERLOOP TRANSPORTATION
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted

By

WAGMARE RANI (21AG5A0306)

Under the guidance of
Mr. C. VENKATESH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACE
Engineering College
UGC AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Accredited with NBA & NAAC „A‟ Grade
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad)
Ankushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal – Malkangiri Dist. 501 301 TS India.
(2023-24)
 ACE
Engineering College
UGC AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Accredited with NBA & NAAC „A‟ Grade
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Ankushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal – Malkangiri Dist. 501 301 TS India.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “HYPER LOOP
TRANSPORTATION” that is being submitted by WAGAMRE RANI
(21AG5A0306) in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2023 - 2024 is a record of
bonafide work carried out by her under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this mini project report have not been submitted to any
other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Internal Guide External Examiner Head of the Department

Mr. C. Venkatesh Mr. C. Venkatesh
Associate Professor Associate Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep sense of gratitude, we acknowledge the guidance, help & active cooperation rendered
by the following people whose guidance has sustained the effort which led to the successful
completion of the project.

My project guide and Head of the Department Mr. C. Venkatesh, Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering has provided an excellent guidance in selecting the
project and he has also enabled us to complete the project with necessary technical support.

Encouragement and periodical advice have been given by Dr. B. L. Raju. Principal, ACE
ENGINEERING COLLEGE in completing the project is greatly acknowledged.

I would also like to express our sincere thanks to the Management of ACE Engineering College
for their kind cooperation and timely help during the course of our project.

I would also like to express our sincere thanks to all Staff Members of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, ACE Engineering College for their kind cooperation and timely help
during the course of our project.

I also express our gratitude to one and all for instant support and help rendered in completing the
project

WAGMARE RANI (21AG5A0306)

 ABSTRACT
Today conventional mode of transportation, road, water, and air. These modes of transport
are relatively slow and expensive or a combination of relatively slow and expensive. Hyper
loop is latest mode of transportation which is fast and inexpensive to change of
transportation. Similar to Linux, hyper loop is also open and unique design concept. By
bringing this concept to reality, it will help people to travel from one city to another city in a
very small time and also at a low cost. The hyper loop capsule would accelerate with the help
of linear electric motor and traverse through the tube at a high speed. By using passive
magnetic levitation or air bearing, capsule will run above their track. Hyper loop consists of a
low-pressure tube with capsules that are travelled at low and high speed throughout the length
of the tube. The capsules are supported with the help of cushion of air. To accelerate the
capsules the magnetic linear accelerator is fitted at various stations on the hyperloop tube. To
enter and exit the passengers the passage may be left either at the end of the tube or branches
along the tube length. Let's see how the hyperloop change mode of transportation.
 CONTENTS

Sl. No. CHAPTER No. CHAPTERS PAGE No.

1. 1.1 About Nuclear Fuel Complex 1-2

2. 1.2 Different Production Plants in NFC 2-3

3. 2.1 Hot Extrusion 4

4. 2.2 Straightening 4-5

5. 2.3 Deglassing 6-7

6. 2.4 Pickling 7

7. 2.5 Cold pilgering 8-13

8. 2.6 Cold Drawing 13

9. 2.7 Degreasing 13

10. 2.8 Annealing 14-16

11. 3.1 Eddy current testing 17

12. 3.2 Ultra sonic testing 18

13. 3.3 Borescope testing 19

14. 3.4 Visual inspection 20

15. 4.1 U Bending Process 21

16. 4.2 Factor affecting on tube Bending 21-23

17. 4.3 Hydro static pressure testing 24-25

18. 4.4 Glass bead shot peening-Qualification 25

19. 4.5 Glass bead shot peening facility-feature 26

20. 4.6 Corrosion Test 27-28

21. 5.1 Straightness checking 29

22. 5.2 Fixture Layout Setup 29-30

 23. 5.3 Packing as assembly sequence 30

24. 6 Conclusion 31

25. 7 References 32

LIST OF FIGURES
Sl. No. FIG. No. FIGURES PAGE No.
1. 2.1.1 Hot Extrusion 04

2. 2.2.1 Typical 6 rollers straightening machine 05

3. 2.2.2 5x5 skew roll type straightening 06

machine

4. 2.4.1 Pickling 07

5. 2.5.1 Schematic view of Pilgering Process 08

6. 2.5.2 Pilgering dies 09

7. 2.5.3 Schematic view of Pilgering 09

8. 2.5.4 Pilgering Mill 10

9. 2.5.5 pilger mill die profile 11

10. 2.6.1 Cold drawing 13

11. 2.8.1 Air Annealing furnace 14

12. 2.8.2 Bright Annealing furnace 15

13. 3.1.1 Eddy Current setup 17

14. 3.2.1 Ultra sonic testing 18

15. 3.3.1 Borescope Testing 19

16. 3.4.1 Visual Inspection 20

17. 4.1.1 U bending 21

18. 4.2.1 Factor affecting tubes bending 22

19. 4.2.2 Longitudinal cut section 23

20. 4.2.3 Linear variable differential transformer 24

21. 4.3.1 Hydro static pressure testing 24

22. 4.3.2 Shot peening 25

23. 4.4.1 Glass bead shot peening facility 25

24. 4.4.2 Glass bead Structure 26

25. 4.5.1 Schematic view of Glass beading 26

26. 4.5.2 Glass beading machine 27

27. 4.6.1 Corrosion test 27

28. 5.1.1 Bend testing on surface plate 30

29. 5.2.1 Fixture for layout checking 30

30. 5.3.1 Packing as per assembly sequence 30

LIST OF TABLES
Sl. TABLE No. TABLE PAGE
No. NAME No.
1. 4.1 Test results of U-bend & Glass Bead Shot 28
Peened tubes

LIST OF CHARTS

Sl. CHART PAGE

CHART NAME
No. No. No.
1. 3.1.2 Signals from ET standard 17
2. 3.1.3 Strip chart of standard defects 18
3. 3.2.2 Ultra sonic chat 19
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABOUT INTRODUCTION
This is an ultrahigh speed transportation system introduced by Elon Musk on 12 th August,
2013.This transportation system means to transport passengers in California (USA) between San
Francisco and Los Angeles. In this system, there is going to be a capsule that will travel inside a
tube at the speed of 1220 kmph and will cover the distance of approximately 561 kilometres in 30
minutes.

This ultrahigh speed transportation system is called the Hyperloop System and its popularity has
resulted in the construction of such systems in many countries. Although this hyperloop design was
initially conceptualized by Elon Musk in 2012, Later it was released to the public as an open
source. Many countries are currently involved in the design and production of the pods as well as
the vacuum tubes, Virgin Mobile Hyperloop One’s design is noticeably superior (Hyperloop One,
2019). Many Competitors, small scale industries and university students are also pursuing to create
the hyperloop design successfully. However, the real challenge is creating a test track of significant
length that could ensure that the prototype pods will reach the desire maximum speed of 760mph
(SpaceX, 2013). Currently Virgin Mobile has achieved the highest pod speed which is nearly
240mph (Hawkins, 2017).

Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types: rail,
road, water, and air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road and
water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail).
Hyperloop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast
and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyperloop is also unique in that it is an open design
concept, similar to Linux. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the
Hyperloop design and bring it from concept to reality.
 Figure 1.1.1 Hyperloop

Hyperloop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and
high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air,
featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic
linear accelerator a fixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in
each capsule. Passengers may enter and exit Hyperloop at stations located either at the ends of the
tube, or branches along the tub
 CHAPTER 2

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP

2.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYPERLOOP:

Hyper Loop is based on a principle of magnetic levitation. The principle of magnetic levitation
states that the vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets. The
capsule on the top of the track is propelled by linear induction motors. The position of magnetic
levitation along the track in the tube as well as the position of batteries and all the seating
arrangement.

Fig 2.1.1 - Arrangement of magnetic levitation

2.2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF HYPERLOOP:

• Low Pressure Tube

• Capsule
• Axial Compressor
• Suspension
• Propulsion
 Fig 2.2.1- Main parts of Hyperloop

2.2.1 LOW PRESSURE TUBE:

• The tube is made of steel. Two tubes will be welded together in a side by side
configuration to allow the capsules to travel both directions.
• The pressure in the tube is 100pa (equivalent to flying above 150,000 feet altitude).
• Pylons (pillars) are placed every 100ft (30m) to support the tube. Which constrain the
tube in the vertical direction but allow longitudinal slip for the thermal expansion as well
as dampened lateral slip to reduce the risk posed by earthquake.
• Solar arrays will over the top of the tubes in order to provide power to the system.
• Tubes are made by new material ‘VIBRANIUM’.

Fig 2.2.1-Low air pressure tube

2.2.2 CAPSULE:
The Capsule ha the capacity of carrying 28 passengers at a time and travel at a high speed
throughout the length of time and travel at a very high speed throughout the length of the tube.
Magnetic liner accelerate the capsules. This accelerators are fixed at various stations on the
capsules. This accelerators are fixed at various stations on the hyperloop tube. Each capsule
contain rotor fixed at the stator and rotor gives momentum to the capsule. The capsule are
separated within the tube by a approximately 23 miles (37km) on average during operation.
There are two versions of capsule that area:
• Passenger only.
• Passenger plus vehicle version.
The geometrical dimensions of the capsule are:
The maximum width is 1.35m.
Maximum height is 1.10m.
Frontal area with rounded corner is 1.4 m2 (except propulsion and suspension components).

Fig 2.2.3.1- Hyperloop passenger capsule subsystem.

2.2.3 AXIAL COMPRESSOR:
The compressor is fitted at the front side of the capsule. It sucks the air and transfer to the air
bearings which supports the weight of the capsule. The compressor allows the capsule to traverse
through low pressure tube without choking the air flow that travels between tube walls and
capsule. Tube air is compressed with a compression ratio of 20:1 via an axial compressor. Up to
60% of this air is bypassed.
 • The air travels via narrow tube near bottom of the capsule to the tail.
• A nozzle at the tail expands the flow generating thrust to mitigate some of the small
amount of aerodynamic and bearing drag.
• It avoids kentrolite limit.
• Air is compressed with a pressure ratio of 20:1.
• Some air is stored for passenger and air bearing.
• An onboard water tank is used for cooling of the air.

Fig 2.2.3.1- Axial compressor

One important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor, which serves two
purposes. This system a lows the capsule to traverse the relatively narrow tube
without choking flow that travels between the capsule and the tube was (resulting in a build-
up of air mass in front of the capsule and increasing the drag) by compressing air that is
bypassed through the capsule. It also supplies air to air bearings that support the weight
of the capsule throughout the journey.
2.2.4 SUSPENSION:

Suspending the capsule within the tube presents a substantia l technical change due to
transonic cruising velocities. Conventional wheel and axle systems become impractical at
high speed due frictional losses and dynamic instability. A viable technical solution is
magnetic levitation; however the cost associated with material and construction is
prohibitive. An alternative to these conventional options is an air bearing suspension.
Air bearings o fer stability and extremely low drag at a feasible cost by exploiting the
ambient atmosphere in the tube
• Thrust air bearings offer stability and extremely low drag
• Compressor pressurized air and aerodynamic lift provide better lift to capsule (0.5 to
1.3 mm)
• Independent mechanical suspension are provide for smooth ride for passengers.

Fig 2.2.4.1-Suspension

Externally pressurized and aerodynamic air bearings are well suited for the Hyperloop due to
exceptionally high stiffness, which is required to maintain stability at high speeds. When the
gap height between a ski and the tube wall is reduced, the flow field in the gap exhibits a
highly non-linear reaction resulting in large restoring pressures. The increased pressure
pushes the ski away from the wall, allowing it to return to its nominal ride height. While a
stiff air bearing suspension is superb for reliability and safety, it could create considerable
discomfort for passengers onboard. To account for this, each ski is integrated into an
independent mechanical suspension, ensuring a smooth ride for passengers. The capsule may
also include traditional deployable wheels similar to aircraft landing gear for ease of
movement at speeds under 100 mph (160 kph) and as a component of the overall safety
system.

2.2.5 PROPULION:

Propulsion system is important component of hyperloop system to accelerate as well as to

decelerate the capsule from 0 to 300mph. Propulsion helps the capsule to maintain required
speed in urban areas as well as in the hilly areas. To accelerate and decelerate the capsule
linear induction motor is used which provides advantaged over permanent magnet motor.
Linear induction motor lowers the material cost, reduces the weight of the capsule and also
lowers the dimensions of capsule. Fig-6 shows the arrangement of the stator and rotor while
the stator is mounted to tube and the rotor is mounted to the bottom of capsule.
 CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF HYPERLOOP

3.1 WORKING OF HYPERLOOP:

Working of hyperloop system is based on magnetic levitation principle. As we know that the
passenger pod travel through low pressure tube which is pylon-supported tube.

The principle of hyper loop system is also same as working principle of Air Hockey. The
capsules are accelerating at a high speed due to linear electric motor and move above their
track with the help of passive magnetic levitation or air bearings. Powerful electromagnets
levitate and propel the capsules forward. This reduces the frictional losses, as train glide over
the desired track. As there are no frictional losses, the capsules travel at a very high speed.
The low pressure air in the tube also increases the efficiency by dismissing the losses due to
air drag and this makes the capsule travel at very high speed. The high speed of capsules
decreases the time required for the journey or transporting passengers as well as the vehicle
from one place to another place. The cushion of air created by air bearings supports the
weight of the capsule. The capsules are accelerated by linear induction motor. The solar panel
fixed on the top of the tubes powered the whole hyper loop system as well charge the battery
packs which are used in night or in cloudy weather. The energy stored in the form of
compressed air is also used whenever required. If the capsule covers too much area of the tube
then air in the tube is not passes around the capsule. Due to that the air pressure increases and
this pressurized air pushes the capsule backward. To avoid this problem air compressor is
fitted in front side of capsule which transfer this air from front side to the rear side via bypass
nozzle as well through the air bearings.