Unit -1-

 Learning English.
 Introducing people who have been studying
English.
 Logical and grammatical links with examples.
 Two testimonials about their experience upon
arrival to Germany.
 Exercises on comparative and superlative.
Unit -2-
 Family history.
 Problems and causes in family situations
nowadays.
 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
 Three interviews about lifestyle people have.
 Describing facts and data.
 Conversation questions.
 Exercises about the passive form.
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 Unit -3-
 Travel and movement - things needed.
 Two dialogues about booking and confirming the
trips by train and plane.
 The causative verbs with examples.
 The omission of “to”.
 Testimonials about travel and holiday experience.
Unit -4-
 Free time activities before and now.
 The self pronouns.
 Testimonial from a Chinese person about German
free time activity.
 A winter hobby.
 Error hit list.

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 Unit -5-
 Media - yesterday and today.
 3 interviews about shopping on the internet.
 Online shopping preference.
 Defining terms in social media.
 Hurry sickness as an epidemic.
 Noun formation from verbs and adjectives.
Unit -6-
 Going out - preference.
 The relative pronouns with examples.
 Fields related to profile formation on the
internet.
 Retail therapy and shopping preferences.
 Exercises {making nouns - verbs ending in “-ize”}

3
 Unit 1

Languages and biographies

Learning English
Millions of people in the world learn English,
not only because English has become an
international language, but also because most
of life-related factors including transport,
technology, education, tourism,
communication, mobile phones, GPS services,
media, the internet, are in English.
People learn English in language institutes,
university, cultural centers, in courses or at
home, with partners or even alone. They learn
with books, CDs, or on the internet.

4
 We will introduce some people:
 Read the following biographies and try to
re-tell them without looking at the script.
A. William Stephan studies medicine at Tottori
University in Tokyo. He attends medical classes
in English because Japanese is very difficult for
him. He is also interested in technology and
history. His university offers the option of
bilingual courses in English and Japanese, so he
chose to study in English, because he has
already studied English from school days.
However, he has been following Japanese
courses at the university’s “languages section”.
According to William, knowing Japanese is very
important not only to have everyday
conversation in public with people, but also to
better understand the culture of the
destination country.

5
 Next summer he will travel to Osaka to attend
a medical conference, which this time will be
held in Japanese
B. Gabriella Calderari
Gabriella is 26 years old and she’s Italian. She is
from Palermo. She studied architecture in
Bologna for five years and now she is following
post-graduate courses in English in Cardiff. She
could have done her studies in Italy, where this
domain is highly developed, but she preferred
Cardiff, where the studies are in English, so
that, she improves her knowledge in English.
Cardiff, which is in Wales, much resembles to
Florence in its wonderful gardens, parks, and
many beautiful flowers, except for Cardiff has
many forests, where the atmosphere becomes
romantic especially in autumn, as the leaves of
the trees display many excellent colors.

6
 Nowadays, English has become so popular in
Italy both at schools or universities and in the
general public, like names of stores or even
public signs in the streets and the airports.
I. Grammar section:
Well-written text are cohesive this means the
ideas are connected using reference links which
can be logical or grammatical.
1) Logical links include:
 Addition: and, in addition, as well as.
 Cause/result: because, since, due to, therefore.
 Contrast: while, whereas, on the other hand.
 Concession: but, despite, however.
 Purpose: so, so as to, to, in order to.
 Time: when, before, while, during.
2) Grammatical links include:
 Personal pronouns.
 Relative pronouns.
 Other substitutions like (such, thus).
‫ـــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
7
a. We use “Addition” always in positive
conditions when we are giving extra
information to something mentioned already.
The usual conjunction is “and” or “as well as”
when we are joining a pair of ideas, while we
“link” paragraphs by “in addition”.
Example:
- I went to the market and bought many things.
- I did shopping as well as met some people.
- Life in the city has become very difficult
because of few jobs and high expenses.
- In addition to these expenses, the country’s
currency has lost its value.
b. We use “Cause” as a result of something. It is
like giving the reason of some trouble or event.
Example:
- Many institutions installed alarm systems
because of the increase in robbery.
- Due to increased robbery, many institutions
installed alarm systems.
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c. We use “Contrast” when we join two or more
ideas or actions usually happening at the same
time, but the subjects are different.
Example:
- I was revising my exam, while my classmates
were being distracted.
- Venezuela is suffering from political and
economical problems. On the other hand,
Colombia is helping the opposition, which is
worsening the situation.
d. We use “concession” to oppose two ideas or
actions.
Example:
- All day it was cloudy and windy, but it didn’t
rain.
- Despite the cold weather, I didn’t feel to wear
a jacket.

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e. We use “purpose” to mention a solution or a
positive outcome.
Example:
- I didn’t have breakfast early morning, in
order to have blood analysis.
f. We use “time” to join again two ideas or
actions as they may happen before, during, or
after an event.

Example:
- I had lunch before I started my class.
- After I finished my revision, I had some free
time to relax.
g. From the other linking words are
“either…or…”,”neither…nor…”, “not
only…but also…”.

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 1. Either….or….:
This linking joins two main clauses which
indicate a selection between two choices or
alternatives.
Example:
- During stress it’s advised to either go out for a
walk, or to listen to a soft music.
2. Neither….nor…:
This linking will oppose two facts
simultaneously, this time excluding the
alternatives.
Example:
- Neither the buses nor the cars could operate,
because there was a major strike in the city.

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 3. Not only….but also….:
This linking will add an extra information to
the previously mentioned idea.
Example:
- Not only the ice bergs in the North Pole were
broken, but also they threatened many
areas around the world of big floods.

 From each linking word give examples on

your own.

12
II. Read the texts below and discuss the issues in
the questions:

A. Pyodor and Anna Muller are from Russia.

Before five years they arrived to Germany from
Omsk. They used to speak Russian at home with
their children. Now everything became different as
they moved to a new country especially for the
children. They live now in Bochum. In the
beginning was everything difficult, new land, new
people, new culture, new language, completely
new mentality.
Even though the children couldn’t communicate at
all with their classmates at first, now they know
German like their mother language.
Pyodor found a new job in a car factory and the
wife stayed at home and took care of the
household.

13
B. Aya Oglu is from Turkey, from Istanbul. Before
25 years she came to Dortmund as a medical
student. The difference was that she had prepared
herself very well in terms of the German language.
She took private courses and then passed the
German Goethe exam. She didn’t have problems
in communication but had other kind of problems,
which were the climate, the people, the traditions
and the new atmosphere in general. Now she is
responsible in the maternity section at the
hospital.

1. What is common between the people in the

two texts?
2. What is the main problem described in the
two?
3. What is the best system to cope with such
problems?
4. Have you or someone else in the family been
abroad for some reason and how were the
situations similar?
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III. Complete the following gaps by either
comparative or superlative form:
1. Is English……….. (Easy)……..German?
2. Italian as foreign language is at the moment in
Europe…….. (Popular) than French.
3. In England learn….. (Few) students Italian than
French.
4. Latin is….. (Old)……….. Italian.
5. Is French ………. (Difficult)………..Danish?
6. In Poland learn………… (Many) students English
than German.

15
 Unit 2

Family album
Family history
This is my family. The photo is from our last family
meeting at Christmas. I am standing with my
husband Rolf at the rear in the middle. In the front
are sitting our grandchildren.

Our eldest
daughter
Kerstin is
sitting far
right in the
front. Next
to Kerstin is
sitting Mika, her son. In the photo he is two years
old. Mika’s father is missing in the photo, because
Kerstin and him are divorced since 2004. Behind
Kerstin is standing her sister Nadine. Next to Nadine
is her husband Yorg. They have two sons, Max and
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Fabian. They are six and three years old and are
sitting in the front in the middle.

In the back on the left is standing our son Yan with

his wife Katrin. They got married before a year and
live in a small house on the country side.
In the front on the left, this is our youngest daughter
Susanne and next to her is sitting her daughter
Sophie. Susanne lives with her daughter alone, but
she has a new friend. With Marko she is very happy.

I. Questions
 Discuss the following giving your opinion:
1. Kerstin and her husband are divorced. This
case is so much widespread these days. Name three
reasons for this situation and suggest solutions.
2. The number of family members in the west
has dropped three to four people because of
several issues. Name at least four reasons for this
with explanation.
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 3. It is so much accepted to live in de facto
situation, which means couples live together
without official marriage. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of such a lifestyle?
4. The number of marriages has lowered so
much in Syria these days. What do you think is the
reason?
5. Are you with or against early marriage and
why?
6. What is the best time for marriage? Give
reasons.
7. What are the basic procedures of marriage in
Syria? Has the traditional system ever changed?
Why?
8. Parents often interfere in their children’s
destiny in selecting their life partners. Is this
behavior helpful? How?

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 9. Why has the number of divorces and
separations increased so much lately? Don’t you
think parents have mistaken since they have
interfered in their children’s lifestyle?
10. What are the main criteria upon which you
would select your life partner? How do you evaluate
the role of your parents?

II. Grammar section

The possessive adjectives vary from that of the
possessive pronouns in the following way
A. Possessive adjectives:
They are called Possessive because they express
possession.
They are also called adjectives because they
function like adjectives which means they come
before the noun.
They are: my- your- his- her- its- our- their.
Example:
This book is our preparation.
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B. Possessive pronouns:
They are called possessive because they express
possession.
They are also called pronouns because they
function as pronouns their normal position is at
the end of the sentence or after the verb to be.
They are: mine- yours- his- hers- ours- theirs.
Example:
This book preparation is ours.

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 III. Dialogues
Interviewer and Diana
1. I: Diana, you are 35 years old and live alone.
D: I have been separated from my friend before two
years and have been living alone, out of our once
upon a time home. My friend Gisela wanted me to
live with her but I wanted to live alone. Like this, I
enjoy my freedom.
I: do you sometimes feel lonely?
D: no, to be single doesn’t mean that I’m lonely. I
have many friends and we entertain together.
Only on Sundays the situation is different because
everyone of them has their partners and they
spend their time together.
This is sometimes kind of difficult, to spend
Sunday alone at home.

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 Interviewer and Sebastian-Niklas
2. I: Sebastian and Niklas, you are a pair and you live
together since about one year in a flat. Why have
you been living together?
S: we wanted to often see each other. Earlier we
used to always visit each other. But this was not
practical.
I: have you ever had problems with the neighbors?
S: not problems, but maybe some people have
understood that situations sometimes are
difficult and like this we spend less.
Our parents in the beginning used to argue, but
now they find it very natural.

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 Interviewer and Renate-Werner
3. I: Renate and Werner. You have got married lately.
R: Yes, we know each other already since school
days. We used to study together and later on
worked together and naturally travelled a lot. We
didn’t think of having children at early time for
many reasons. Our work and future were the first
priority. Short after that we agreed to get
married.

I: Have you started thinking of having children yet?

R: We already have a daughter and she is at school.
I: Do both of you have jobs now and are you
content?

R: In fact, before having our daughter, my wife had

to stop for a year and a half. Now we are back to
our work in our store.

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 IV. Questions
1. What is the trouble of Diana?
2. What can you say about her lifestyle?
3. Why do you think most girls nowadays are above
35 and they prefer to live a life of a single?
4. For Diana is not a problem, but if a Syrian lady
were in her place, what problems would have
she encountered?
5. Sebastian and Niklas have been living De-Facto
since a year. What does this mean? Is it OK in
your country to have such a lifestyle and why?
6. What problems they may encounter with their
neighbors?
7. Other than saving money, what advantages does
the living together have?
8. The last couple got married late. Do you think it
was a good idea?
9. Can you say that they had a happy lifestyle?
What would otherwise be?
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 10. The woman was cooperative in many ways.
Are you with the working of the wives?
How is this helpful?

V. Describing facts and data

Useful language:
Adjectives Nouns
Slight Increase/rise(in)
Steady/ gradual Decrease/decline
a
Sharp/ steep/ rapid Fall/ (in)
Marked/ significant Upward
Trend (n)
Recovery

Verbs Adverbs
Rise/increase Slightly/steeply
Fall/decline/decrease Gradually
to Be at/reach a peak Sharply/steeply
Level out Significantly/rapidly
Remain steady- Exceed
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  Time expressions:
In 2000/recent years, etc.
Since (point of time) July/2000, etc.
For (period of time) several months/ten years, etc.
During/over the year/ the period 1999 to 2009, etc.
Between May and December/1999 and 2009, etc.
 Similar to the examples given below, write
separate sentences using at least 3 of the
expressions:
1. There was a slight increase in car sales in 2000.
2. There was a gradual decrease in the purchase of
lands between 2011 and 2019.
3. There is a significant downward trend in
marriages nowadays.
4. Unemployment has increased steeply in Europe
over the past years.
5. U.S commodities remained steady during the
period of 10 years.

26
 VI. Practice the following conversation
questions
1. What do you usually do in your free time?
2. When did you last eat pizza?
3. Do you enjoy shopping alone or in company?
4. How long have you been studying English?
5. Where would you like to travel if you were
granted a visa?
6. How long ago have you owned your computer?
7. How interested are you in architecture?
8. When you finish your study what would you
prefer to do?

27
 VII. A- rewrite the following as passive
constructions, making any changes
necessary.
1. People used the North Star as a navigations aid.
2. You can even see Venus in the middle of the day.
3. They outlawed smoking in public places in 2003.
4. Someone has found a new galaxy circling the
Milky Way.
5. Researchers repeated the tests a year later.
6. They are testing a nasal spray which may cure
Alzheimer’s disease.

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 B- Change the following phrases to passive
constructions with it-
1. Most people agree that the sea levels will increase
upon global warming.
2. Scientists think that volcanic eruptions may have
destroyed the dinosaurs.
3. Researchers have found that sun bathing is
addictive.
4. Nowadays we know that exercise can reverse
many symptoms of ageing.
5. In the past, people used to think that bed rest was
good for people with weak hearts.
6. Some people might argue that sending young
offenders to jail is productive.

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 Unit 3

Travel and movement

I. Things needed on a journey

From the many objects mentioned below and
depending upon the necessity, here are some of
the objects a passenger may need during travel:
The car key- note book- flight ticket- passport-
a book- city map- sun glasses- hand bag- travel
bag- travel guide book- mobile phone- credit
card- wallet- purse- money- pen
 Read the following dialogues and try to practice
in two
A. + Good morning.
- Good day, two tickets to Budapest, please.
+ Single trip or round trip?

- Round trip please, departure on 29 June and

arrival 8 July, is that possible?

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 + Yes, that’s possible, would you like to pay
cash or by credit card?

- Cash please, do children pay the same as

adults?
+ No, children have a special discount, they
pay almost half the amount the adults pay.
- How much is the fare?
+ Adults pay 150 Euros and children pay 75
Euros.
Do you want me to book seats and for how
many people?
-Two adults and 3 children. Thank you.
B. + Good afternoon. I’d like two plane tickets to
Singapore on the 26th of March. I’d like some
information about single and round trips,
please.
-The first available flight is on Tuesday at
11:30 am, we’ve economy and first classes
available. The economy class is 175 Euros for
31
 one person and 215 for first class. It takes
about 7 hours to Singapore international
airport from here, in Dubai, and this for a
single trip.
+ do you have discount in case the trip is
round?
- Yes exactly. The round trip is 325 Euros for
one person economy class of course. Would
you like me to book seats and for how many
people? Please mention if there are children
accompanying you.
+ ok, I’d like to book two seats, adults,
preferably one seat next to the window. I
myself prefer to sit at the aisle, I always feel
airsick when I sit next to the window. Did
you say you accepted payment by credit
card?
- Yes, sure. You’re welcome. Thank you for
choosing Fly Dubai Airlines.

32
II.Grammar section:
A. The causative verbs: are verbs which
show the action done not by the speaker,
but the person who was supposed to do as
profession. Those include:
Car wash, hair cut, maintenance,
repair, prepare, install, arrange, and
most of them are used by the verbs “have”,
“make”, “let”, “ask” ,and other verbs which
have similar meanings to those.
Example:
 Car wash:
- Every Friday, I have my car washed at the local
gas station.
(Notice the usage of the verb “washed”, it’s past
participle)
 Hair cut:
- Once in a month I have my hair cut at the hair
dresser.
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  Maintenance:
- As my mobile phone has a five-year warranty, I
have the company maintain any malfunction of
my mobile phone
 Repair:
- I had the house electrician repair the electric
switch.
 Prepare:
- During the reception, I let the cooks prepare the
lunch and the servings.
 Install:
- I had the plumber install the necessary pipes
and fix all the leakage.
 Arrange:
- I made the children themselves arrange the
birthday party settings.

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 B. The omission of “to”
1) The preposition “to” is omitted with
“causative verbs”
Example:
I had them my car washed.(we don’t say “to
wash”) .
2) We omit the ”to” in the indirect object
usually with the verbs give, make, order, ask,
offer, explain, tell, and many other
introductory verbs.
Example:
I gave a big package to him.
 If the indirect object (to him) comes directly after
the verb, we omit the “to”.
I gave him a big package.

35
 Similarly with the other verbs.
Further examples:
-I explained the strategies of marketing to them
I explained them the strategies of marketing.

- I offered coffee to them.

I offered them coffee.
-I told many funny stories to the children.
I told the children many funny stories.
-I made a special kind of food to her.
I made her a special kind of food.
3) Although the second verb following the helping
verb is in infinitive we always omit the “to”.
Example:
- She can write in her right hand.
We don’t say “she can to write”.
Other similar examples are:
-
They must spray the trees with special
pesticides in spring. (not “must to spray”).
 Only “have to” is an exception
36
 Example:
We have to be so much careful during season
change.
 Another exception is “looking forward to”
which will always take the gerund (-ing form)
of the verb.
Example:
-I’m looking forward to seeing you every day.
-I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
-I’m looking forward to meeting the professor
of the new subject at the university.

37
 I. Read the conversation and answer the
questions which follow:
-Good morning Wallace, well, how was the holiday?
=Unfortunately very short, but I liked Geneva very
much, the city is very beautiful, the people are
very friendly, the food is very delicious and above
all the general view of nature with a mixture of
trees, mountains wonderful landscape.
-I heard that you were there with a friend of yours.
=Yes, exactly. I was with a very close friend of mine.
Her name is Tanya and in fact she is a family friend.
We have known each other since 2 years. She has
studied medicine like I have and we were on a
medical seminar held at the university of Geneva.
Doctors came from all around the world.
-So you were on a medical assembly. What did you
do in the free time you had?

38
=We did a round city trip and some shopping. The
city tour was so helpful not only because the
variety of entertainment offered filled most of
our free time, but also gave me the opportunity
to know a famous city in my country, but I had
never been to Geneva.
-Did you attend any special events?
=Yes, we attended many artistic performances I was
astonished by the great musical performances of
the Swiss Philharmonic orchestra which
performed the most famous pieces for Mozart,
Strauss, Tchaikovsky, and many others. Then we
attended two art galleries which also displayed
paintings and sculptures of international artists
like Albert Dürer, Picasso, Kopler, and others.
-So, you had a good time.
=yes in fact we are arranging to have another
similar trip but this time to Vienna.

39
 Questions:
1) What do usually people do during holidays
in your country?
2) How important is to visit art galleries and
museums during a touristic trip?
3) What touristic sites would you advise a
visitor to your country?
4) Who usually could go on holiday out of
their country on the purpose of tourism
these days?
5) Describe a painting you have seen trying to
depict the details and the effects which
would leave on the viewer.

40
 Unit 4
Free time activities
I. Read the two texts and answer the
questions that follow:
A. Free time activities in the 70’s.
Since the 70’s comes the preference of watching
television, listening to the radio, and reading
newspapers as the free time activities. Today the
electronic free time media is regarded very preferable,
example music, video games, CDs, or DVDs. On the
other hand, reading books, which once upon a time
was considered as the most important and necessary
knowledge gathering activity, has become of less
importance due to other fast, much entertainment
pastime activities. Still, there are many who prefer
reading books not only to gather information. But also
to refresh the knowledge in terms of vocabulary and
mental activity in expanding imagination and creativity
in thinking.

41
The everyday routine is stressful, for that reason
people like to spend the holiday away of their work
place, travel to villages, do nothing, but just to relax.
Another consideration is being in good health and for
that do sports like walking, swimming, Thai Chi so as
to relax and renew the body and the brain for the
upcoming days which again would be stressful.
Also working in the garden is preferable and helps to
fight the stress and that’s why there is a widespread
presence of flowers and plants on the balconies in
most countries.
From the other side many people think of sparing their
money by selecting activities which cost less, like
meeting with friends, cooking together, biking or
simply walking. Activities like going to the cinema or
inviting people for lunch, which cost a lot are out of
the trend. The main aim is to have entertainment and
save the money for difficult days.

42
 Questions:
1. Do you think a day will come and the free time
activities that people practice these days will be
out of fashion?
2. In the 70’s newspapers, radios, television were
so famous and filled most of the time as
entertainment.
Do you think those were beneficial in that time?
3. In the last century reading books was considered
to giving status to many, especially to royal or
rich families. How far people are interested
these days in reading books? And if not, why is
that so according to the passage and you?
4. Another activity was regarded prestigious in the
same century, the piano playing. Do you think
this is still appreciated?
5. In your opinion entertainment should be
educational or the aim should be only to pass
time?
43
6. Which of the trends do you think used to be
more educational and better? The old or the
new ones?

II. Grammar section:

 The self pronouns:
1. As reflexive:
They are:
Myself ourselves
Yourself yourselves
Himself themselves
Herself themselves
Itself themselves

44
 By saying reflexive we mean these
pronouns refer back to the subject or the
“doer” of the action.
Ex: I see myself in the mirror.
2.The same pronouns are used to stress
or emphasize the performance of the
action.
Ex: I myself study. No one helps me.
 Some expressions with the “self” pronouns:
- I sometimes sit by myself just to relax.
- The auto-pilot option allows the plane to fly
itself.
- We had to play the music ourselves since the
DJ didn’t attend.
- I prepared myself for about half an hour
before going out.
45
 - I felt myself very comfortable during the
family gathering.
- The engines of the ship are provided by a self-
cooling system.

III. Read the following testimony about a

Chinese person talking about the Germans
and their preferences regarding free time
activities.
Chunyan is 23 years old and she is from China.
“I have been living at a family in Ronshausen since 3
months. This is a village in Nordhessen.
In the village live about 2000 inhabitants and 30
clubs. Everybody among the family was at least in
two clubs: the daughter was a member in the horse
riding and tennis clubs, the son was in the snooker
and the fire fighter clubs. The father was also at the
fire brigade and yet at the biking clubs.

46
The mother was at the red cross and at the church
choral. They used to spend more time with the
people at the clubs rather than with the family
members. Often there was nobody at home in the
evening. At the weekend I had to myself decide:
should I go and enroll in the horse riding club or
singing in the choral, but the problem is that my
voice is not good. In my country people have less
time for entertainment and not so many hobbies.
Many are interested in promoting their jobs than in
free time activities. I think the Germans are crazy
for clubbing. But as I was in Germany and got
affected by this trend, I finally joined the snooker
club…).

47
  Questions:
1- How do the German and the Chinese habits
differ in terms of free time activity?
2- Do people have free time activities as a major
preference in your country? What are they?
3- Name three kinds of activities no matter the
season in which they are practiced, and what
are their importance?
 A winter hobby:
- Read the text and match each heading to the
convenient paragraph:
1. Sonya and Gerald are ice-swimmers because
it’s healthy.
2. Mr. and Mrs. Kolb swim in winter in the Elbe
River.
3. You have to well prepare yourself before ice
swimming.

48
 4. Everybody swims in the cold water as much as
they want.
 The couple Sonya and Gerald Kolb has an
interesting hobby. In winter, most people go
walking to the Elbe River, wearing a warm coat
and warm shoes. But Sonya and Gerald go
swimming in the Elbe. They are ice or “winter
swimmers”. Ice-swimmers swim in a water
temperature of 0° c. the cold swim, according to
them, gets “entertaining”.

 The time for ice-swimming starts in autumn and

the end is in spring. Before swimming, Gerald,
Sonya and the others “warm” run for about 15
minutes. Then they get into the water. They
swim as much as they want.

 Some stay in the cold water for only one minute,

others for even five minutes. After that they
wear warm.

49
 Why do Gerald and Sonya swim in cold water?
Sonya gives the answer, “it is healthy, the cold
water and the movement strengthen our
immune system
 Are you interested in ice or winter-swimming,
too? Here are some tips for you:
 Starting in summer, go regularly swimming.
Everyday have a cold shower. Start training by
swimming in a 14° water-temperature in autumn.
Consult your doctor earlier, and it is very
important, never swim alone.

 Error hit list

Do\play\go
He makes several sports.
He does several sports.

You should make more exercise.

You should do\take more exercise.

50
I play a lot of sport.
I do a lot of sport.

We often do swimming.
We often go swimming.

 Use the verb “do” with the general word ‘sport”.

 “play” can be used when the actual sport is
named, e.g. I play a lot of tennis.
 Use the verb “go” before sports ending in “-ing’.
 Use the verbs “do” or “take” with “exercise”.

51
 Unit 5

-MEDIA-
Yesterday and today
I. Read the 3 interviews and answer the questions which
follow:
Interview 1
 Can I ask you if you have an internet connection?
 Yes, of course we have.
In fact, we have more than one connection.
In our building we have many Wi-Fi broadband
internet connections, so we “steal” them.
 Good. Then I’d like to know if you use the
internet for online shopping?
 I’m sure you know, that in our country online
shopping is not available for many reasons. Syria
is subject to international sanctions which ban all
economical and financial transactions.
It’s been years now.
52
 I see. Do you have any idea that online shopping
could be interesting?
 Of course. In my opinion, it could be much more
practical to make orders for online purchase
while sitting in the comfort of your own home.
 Ok. Thank you.

53
 Interview 2
 Excuse me, could I ask you few questions about
ordering and buying online, if it sounds
interesting to you?
 Yes, why not.
 I’d like to know if you ever prefer to buy online.
 For me shopping should be “live”, I’d like walking
in the market for hours, check the latest fashion
or compare prices. I can do that by window-
shopping, or if I’d like to try something on, simply
enter and ask for the item I’m interested in.
I consider myself a shopaholic person.
 Don’t you think the internet can help you do your
shopping while you are at home, without feeling
stress or sometimes the “push-to-buy” seller
behavior?
 I understand. But there are also safety issues in
terms of providing your private information
online, name, address, credit card password.
 Yes, you are right.
54
 Interview 3
 Hi, could you tell me in short if you have ever
ordered and bought anything from the internet?
 Yes, certainly. Ordering and buying from the
internet needs a special internet-education and of
course experience, where and what to buy from.
Offers are too many and everywhere. One should
know how to buy to get the best bargain.
 I agree with you. Can you give me some examples
that what you usually buy.
 In fact, it depends on the bargain and the delivery
availability. The most things I buy are software
programs and films. And of course I buy books.
 So, online shopping is also very normal for you?
 Yes, totally. As you know, I’m an informatician
and I should always stay up-to-date with the
latest technological products and development.
 Yes, I see.

55
 Now answer the following questions:
1. Discuss, what is the preference of internet
usage in the 3 interviews.
2. What is the main problem in interview one?
3. Why, according to you, the last interviewee
mentions “internet- education”? What does it
mean?
4. The second interviewee mentions a problem?
How is it effective?
5. Name at least five things a person can do
using the internet.
6. Do you personally believe that online
shopping can be interesting? Why?
7. Name some advantages and disadvantages of
buying or ordering things on the internet.

56
II.

From each 100 internet users in Germany, who in the

last twelve months ordered things online, bought
the following with the presented figures:
Books and magazines -> 42%
Clothes -> 36%
Films, music -> 23%
Electronics -> 18%
Travel, accommodation, flight-tickets -> 17%
Software, video games -> 16%

1- travel 2- 3% 3- books 4- on the internet

5- 17% 6- magazines 7- music CDs

People in Germany always prefer buying things

online. The most favourite shopping items are--------
and-------- (42%). On the second position comes--------
in clothes. Also the ordering of video films and--------
is by internet shoppers favourite.
57
 Almost half of computer users get their information
------, if for example there are travel special offers.
But only--------- book-------- and really buy tickets on
the internet. Why? They wonder if their credit-card
number on the internet is really safe and not subject
to hacking, which usually happens.

III.

1- Upload-uploading. 7- Tag-tagging.
2- Gifs. 8- Emoji.
3- Faceversary. 9- Last seen.
4- Power saving. 10- Social media.
5- Roaming. 11- Mutuality
6- Status privacy. 12- Privacy settings.

58
IV.

Hurry sickness
A Modern Epidemic
According to statistics, it is becoming increasingly rare
in many western countries for families to eat together.
It seems that people no longer have time to enjoy a
meal, much less buy and prepare the ingredients.
Meanwhile, fast food outlets are proliferating. There is
a big evidence of the effects of the increasing pace of
life on all sides, from the flaring tempers in
supermarket queues to speeding commuters or
vehicles to reach to their destination.
Hurry sickness has been an issue in our culture ever
since, but the problem is escalating in degree and
intensity, leading to rudeness, short-tempered behavior
and even violence, alongside a range of physical ills.

59
 The primary cause is the increasing prevalence of
technology- like face book- whatsApp-mobile phones-
laptop computer, like social media in general.
Time has sped up for so many people, and there is
increased pressure to do more in the same number of
hours.
We also observe a self-centered behavior which is
related to larger social trends as well as technology.
There is a breakdown of the nuclear family, of
community, of belonging. An increased alienation and
sense that we’re all disconnected from one another.
This breakdown came before the technology, but the
technology has exacerbated it. Now we connect
through this technology and we don’t have face-to-face
interaction.

60
 The high-tech revolution and the lifestyle it has
produced have brought with them a wide range of
serious health problems, including heart attacks,
palpitations, depression, anxiety, immune disorders,
digestive problems, insomnia and migraines.
Human beings are not designed for prolonged, high-
speed activity. Our heart rates, brain-wave patterns,
and basic physiology has not evolved to keep pace with
the technology. We are hard-wired to be able to handle
“fight-flight” response, where the stress ends within
five to ten minutes. In our culture, though, we struggle
for hours on end.

61
 Questions:
A. Define the following and tell if you or someone you
know has ever had the experience, the cause, the
effect and the consequence:
1- Heart attack. 6- Digestive disorders.
2- Palpitation. 7- Insomnia.
3- Depression. 8- Migraines.
4- Anxiety. 9- Fight-flight.
5- Immune disorders.

B. Name at least five applications which in your

opinion should every person have in their mobile
phones, other than the “factory” programs, and
tell why.
C. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
latest technology? Name at least five giving
justification.
D. Do you know any problems in your society similar
to the text above? What are they?
62
E. Inventions have always played a good role in
facilitating people’s lives. Why has hi-tech
inventions caused problems in your opinion?
F. What has technology to do with the problem of
families not sitting and eating together?
G. Define “Hurry Sickness”, identifying its causes and
effects on societies.
H. Do you agree with the text that technology is the
primary cause for sicknesses and diseases? Why
and how?
I. Do you think people have a healthy and natural
lifestyle these days? Why do you think?
J. We are not “designed” for prolonged high-speed
activity. We are “hard-wired”.
Expand this idea by examples.

63
V.
A- Write the nouns of the following adjectives
and then form the opposite by “ab-“, “in-“,
“un-“.

1. Accurate. 5. Normal.
2. Available. 6. Reliable.
3. Aware. 7. Secure.
4. Capable. 8. Significant.
B- Make nouns and adjectives from the following
verbs:

verb noun adjective

analyse
attach
connect
emphasise
interact
require
stress
vary

64
C- complete the sentences with words from the
completed exercise above:
1- after half-term, the--------of the course will change to
exam preparation.
2- Moving home is supposed to be one of the most--------
life events.
3- It’s important to eat a--------- diet rather than one
particular group of foods.
4- Price is decided through the--------- of supply and
demand.
5- They made a detailed--------of the data before drawing
any conclusions.
6- I sent the photograph by email as an-------.
D- Nouns and noun formation:
1. Most infinitive verbs in english act as nouns
depending on their location. We call them verbal
nouns because they originate from verbs.
Examples:
 Everyday I walk for half an hour.(“walk”-> verb).
 I feel stress.I need to go for a walk.(“walk”->noun).
65
 Other examples include:
 A play - a run - a jump - a wear - a visit
2. Another noun formation system includes the
usage of the present participle of course
without the helping verb.
Here the “-ing” form of the verb gets the naming
of the “-gerund”.
Examples:
 Writing is an activity most people consider to be
difficult.
 Walking for half an hour everyday relieves stress.

3. The usual nouns in English are of four kinds:

a) Common nouns which can be countable (car-
cars) and uncountable (water-meat-salt).
b) Proper nouns like names of rivers, mountains,
countries, cities, which all are written in upper
case and always singular (Syria-Alps-Danube).
c) Collective nouns (group-family-staff-class).
d) Abstract nouns (love- happiness- feelings)
66
4. This system is by changing the verb into noun by
adding suffixes like “-ness”, “-tion”. “-ment”,“-ity”,
“-ssion”, “-sion”, “-ance”, “-ence”.
Examples:
Happy -> happiness
Educate -> education
Employ -> employment
Able -> ability
Admit -> admission
Important -> importance
Confident -> confidence

67
 Unit 6

Going Out
I. Read the following testimonials and answer the
questions below:
A. Miriam from Kassel
<< Once in a month, on Thursdays, I go to the
theatre, because I have a subscription. Clubs at us
need to be subscribed to keep the order and
organization, or else people would attend at
random and that would create a chaos, on the other
Thursdays, in the evening, I meet with a colleague
of mine in the city. I go with her to an “after-work-
party”. This is a party, which starts exactly after
work at 6:00 pm. We drink something, dance, or
entertain. After-work-parties don’t last long, at
10:00 pm, I am at home. Because next day I have to
get up early to attend my work. >>

68
B. Frank and Claudia from Zϋrich.
<< On Thursdays or Fridays we often go to the
cinema and after that to an Italian restaurant to eat
pizza.
Italian restaurants are famous for pizzas, pasta,
salads and fast food in general, but the problem is
that they are expensive. The cinema tickets are also
expensive these days, but as our lifestyle has so
much changed over the past years due to economic
problems and decrease in our salaries, we are so
much paying attention not to have expenses
nowadays. So once a month to go to the cinema and
have dinner in an Italian restaurant I think is
reasonable. Days have changed a lot recently. >>

69
 Questions:
1. Miriam’s reason “because I have
subscription” sounds like a de-facto
situation and that she is not well satisfied of
her pastime activity. Can you explain that?
2. Why it is important to have a subscription?
Can you give another reason other than
mentioned in the text?
3. It’s so much widespread in Europe to have
a special entertainment time after a whole
day of work. Why do you think this kind of
lifestyle is healthy and important?
4. What can you say about this kind of
lifestyle like everyday doing the same thing
and such as life has become a standard
routine?

70
5. In the second testimonial, Frank raises a
problem.
What is this problem and what are its
effects?
6. What measures are Frank and Claudia
taking these days to cope with this
problem?
7. Are there any “after-work-parties” in your
country? If not, what do people do to
distract and entertain in the evenings?
8. Can you find any similarity between the
second testimonial and the general
situation in your country? List as many as
you can. Mention if there are any
differences and exceptional cases.

71
II. Grammar section:
The relative pronouns:
These are the same pronouns like that of the
interrogative except for they are not question words
but they join the two clauses. The relative pronouns
start the subordinate clause to join and give additional
information to the main clause. They can be defining or
non-defining they are 10.
1- What
 I wanted to have a secret conversation to talk about
important issues.
 I wanted to talk about those important issues.
 The important issues were what I wanted to talk about in
a secret conversation.
2- Why
 I wore warm clothes.
 The doctor advised me to keep warm and not drink cold
because I was sick.

72
 I was sick and was vulnerable to any kind of sickness,
that’s why the doctor advised me to keep warm and stay
away of cold.
3- When
 I ended my course at Cagliari University in 1997.
 I followed special translation courses in that year.
 It was in 1997 when I followed special translation courses
at Cagliari University.
4- Where
 I used to study in lattakia.
 I started my first job in lattakia.
 It was in lattakia where I started my first job after my
study.
5- That
 There is a big market for commodities in Europe.
 Prices decrease to their lowest in autumn.
 It is in autumn that the big market for commodities in
Europe decrease their prices.

73
The other five relative pronouns are:
Who – which – how – whom – whose
 Now try to write similar expressions using those
pronouns.
III. Going out – Contacts – Meeting people
Consider the following fields in creating a personal profile on
the internet usually for social, media communication:
First name Last name
Birthday Male-female
Mobile number password
A valid email
These are the basic fields required during sign up. The
next step is to sign in providing
The user name and password to log in.
Here we have many fields to fill in so as to tell things
about us.

74
Those fields are optional or obligatory:
Profile cover
Cover photo other names following
Editing the profile relationship groups
Add work experience family members followers
Education life events photos
Add college check-ins friends
Add high school sports life events
Add city movies and TV shows story highlights
Contact info books posts
Basic info likes

 Now try to define each above in short,

indicating special features necessary, like what
is the best way in filling them.
 What is the most system people follow these
days in meeting others?
Do you think face book is a reliable media in
people true cognition?

75
 Name some of the advantages of nowadays’
social media communication system. What are
its disadvantages?
 Name five different aspects people can use
Face book for. What is the benefit of each?
 Is social media dangerous? What are these
dangers and how far are they dangerous?

76
IV. Read the following text and answer the
questions that follow:
Retail therapy
The marketing industry has spent billions of dollars
scientifically perfecting ways to appeal to shoppers’
primitive brain responses of instinct and emotion so
that they buy products which their reasoning high brain
knows that they don’t need or particularly want.
The good news is that much of this research can be
turned on its head. Enabling us to control our instincts
and spend less.
To take a simple example, pausing briefly between
choosing something and taking it to the checkout can
dramatically increase the chance of resisting the urge to
buy.

77
 There are four factors which control the people’s
purchasing:
1. A break in the buying process changes the
consumer’s priorities.
Before interruption, shoppers focus on whether
the object they desire is a bargain, whereas after
the interruption, they return with far more
objective, higher-brained view, which will
question whether they really want the item at
all.
2. Another thing is to cool off our consumer brain.
As shoppers see a product, the feel good
chemical dopamine is released in waves, then
shoppers consider buying the product.
However, it is only the anticipation, rather than
the buying, that releases the chemical. Once an
item has been purchased, the chemical high
dissipates rapidly, often leaving a sense of regret.

78
 In fact, with practice it is possible to stimulate
the dopamine release merely by window
shopping, without making any purchase.
3. The third area of enquiry has been the method of
payment, like in case of buying by a credit card
and which makes spending easier.
4. The fourth area of enquiry is the designer brands,
these have proved highly effective at persuading
people to spend more on “special” goods which
are actually of average quality. Such brands are
painstakingly developed to encourage people to
identify with them, to believe, in effect, that
their favorite labels have exactly the same
human values as they do.

79
 In fact, it’s our primitive brain which is built to relate
to other people and animals and this way of relating
attaches to inanimate objects too.

Also it depends when people go shopping with a

friend, relatives, or alone, according which they change
their habits, to choose cheap or expensive things.
Usually people choose to buy expensive in front of
other shoppers as if to maintain the self image, but
cheaper, when they are alone.

People buy fewer things when they are accompanied

by family members and spend more when in financial
difficulty or under stress.
Sales campaigns work collectively preying on our
deepest insecurities, so we would be additionally
forced to buy.

80
 Questions:
- How do you feel about shopping these days?
- Do you prefer shopping alone or with someone
else?
- What kind of shopping do you enjoy the most? The
least?
- What aspect of shopping causes dopamine to be
released?
- What effective sales techniques does the marketing
apply to enhance the retail industry?
- How is it possible to reduce spending?
Mention some according to the passage.
- Identify some facts from the above text which you
consider to be true and give a testimonial from
your own experience.

81
- Describe a personal possession which means a lot
to you.
You should say:
What the item is.
What it looks like.
Where you keep it.
And explain why it’s important to you.
- Do you find similarities between the marketing and
retail techniques indicated in the text and the ones
applied in your country? What retail techniques do
people use in your country?

82
V. Identify suitable words from the box and choose
the best answer in each case:

Administered Living scientists 8.9 %

Condition Recognize seek
Consumers Resisting shopaholic

----------- have developed a new test which aims to tell

if you are a ---------.
The test is designed to identify---------- Who regularly
spend money on items.
Regardless of need, and who have difficulty in ---------
the impulse to buy. This -------- is known as compulsive
buying.
When the test was ------- to a sample of 550 university
staff members. The results revealed that nearly-------
would be considered compulsive buyers.

83
The other conclude that we are---------in a
consumption-oriented society and people need to be
educated to------------- if compulsive buying is a
problem in their lives so that they can --------help.
 Convert the verbal expressions into noun phrases
(changing the verb into its noun form and any
adverb into an adjective):
1: The journal reported that prehistoric remains had
recently been discovered in Colombia.
2: The report had to recognize how severe global
warming would be this century.
3: The only way to diagnose the disease accurately is
to obtain a blood sample.
4: Many countries are dangerously dependent on oil
as a source of energy.
5: You can insure yourself against losing your income
if you become unemployed.
6: Piaget is known for his studies of the way children
developed intellectually.
84
 Complete each gap with a verb ending in “-ize”
1- Increase as much as possible: the company’s aim is
to ----------- profit.
2- Give a short account including only the main
points: to------------ the results in a table.
3- Complete the last details of an arrangement:
to ------- a conference program.
4- Be a sign or symbol of something: the Olympic
rings -----------the five continents.
5- Put into groups according to type: to ----------
patients according to sex and age.
6- Make as small as possible: to ----------- any risk to
the public.
7- Put things in order of importance: to ---------- your
emails.

85