Moving Charges And Magnetism

The magnetic effect of current was first discovered by H.C. Oersted. He observed that the
flow of charges in a conductor produces magnetic effect around it.
Right-Hand Thumb Rule

According to this rule, if we grasp the current-carrying wire in our right hand such that our
thumb points in the direction of current, then the direction in which our fingers encircle the
wire will tell the direction of the magnetic field lines around the wire.
The Biot-Savart Law

According to this law, the magnetic field is proportional to the current and element length
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
dB= Idisin@r2dB= ldisiner2

Magnetic fleld due to a current-carrying circular col

At the centre, it is calculated to be equal to B.

o B=uonirB=u0nlr
o Here,

n= Number of turns in the coil

|= Current flowing through the circular coil
r= Radius of the coil

The magnetic ficld at a point on the axis of a circular current-carrying coil is given by
B=u0nlr22(r2+x2)32
Here,
n = Number of turns in the coil
i= Current flowing through the circular coil
r= Radius of the coil
x= Distance of the point from the centre of thecoil
 Ampere's circuital law

The line integral of magnetic field induction B’B’ around a closed path in vacuum is equal
to mo times the total current threading it.

fB-.d|-=uÔni•B-.dl-=u0nl
Applications of Ampere's circuital law
Magnetic field (B) due to a long straight conductor carrying current is given
by B = u04n(2ir)B = u04n2ir.
Here, r = radius and /= current

Solenoid
It consists of an insulating long wire closely wound in the form of a helix.
The magnetic field induction at a point as well as inside a solenoid is given by B= Honl.
Here, n is the number of turns of the solenoid and / is the current flowing in the solenoid.
Torold

It is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turms of wire are closely wound.
The magnetic field (B) due to a toroid is given by B= u0nl2nrB= u0nl2nr.
Here, r radius, I = current and N= no. of turns of the toroidal coil
Moving Charges

Moving charges produce magnetic field around them.

SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla (T).
Lorentz Force

" It is the force experienced by a charged particle moving in a space where both electric and
magnetic fields exist.

" FzqE’+ q(v’x B’)

Where,

o qE+qE’ = Force due to electric field

o qlvx B’ Jq(v xB’) =Force due to magnetic field(magnetic force)
Magnetic force on a charged particle

" It is opposite on negative charge than that on positive charge.

It vanishes, if vand Bare parallel or anti-parallel
Magnetic force is zero, if charge is at rest.
 Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor

Astraight conductor of length I and carrying a steady current I experiences a force Fin a
uniform cxternal magnetic ficld B, F=I(l+xB’)F=l(|+xB-)
Motion of a charged particle In a uniform magnetic fleld

In a uniform magnetic field B, a charge q executes a circular orbit in a plane normal to B.

The magnetic force acts as the centripetal force.
q(v-* B-=mvzrq(v’x B+)=mv}r
Ifvyand are at right angles, then radius of the circular orbit, r=mvBqr=mvBq

" Time period (T)., T=2mmqBT=2mqB

Frequency of rotation, w=Bqmw=Bqm
Motion of a charged particle in combined electric and magnetic field

Generally, a charged particle moves in a spiral path when the magnetic and electric field are
combined.
" Velocity selector

The magnetic and the clectric ficld are perpendicular to each other.
o Ata certain velocity at which the the net force due to the magnetic and the electric field is
zero, we have:
qvB=qEor v=EBqvB=qEor v=EB

Cyclotron
It works on the principle that the frequency of revolution of a charged particle is not
dependent on the energy.
. The electric and the magnetic field are used in combination to increase the energy.
Cyclotron frequency:
v=Bqmv=Bqm

Limitations of Cyclotron
" It cannot accelerate uncharged particles like neutrons.

" There is a limit of speed beyond which a charged particle cannot be accelerated by a
cyclotron.
" It cannot produce highly energetic particles with energy of the order of 500 MeV.
 Force between two parallel conductors carrying current
B

A A
o Two linear parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction attract each other.

o Two linear parallel conductors carrying currents in opposite directions repel each other.
Torque on a current carying loop
Aloop carrying currentwhen placed in a uniform magnetic field experiencesa torque that
is given by

" Magnetic moment of a loop of area A carrying current I is given by m=|Am=lA.

Direction of magnctic moment is determined by the right hand thumb rule. If we curl the
fingers of the right hand inthedirectuion of the current the fdirection of the thumb gives the
direction of the magnetic moment.

DC motor works on this principle

o It consists of a commutator that reverses the direction of the current after every half
rotation

o The direction of the force on the conductors of current carrying loop is determined by
Fleming's left hand loop
Current carrying loop as magnetic dipole
" Its upper face has current flowing in anti-clockwise direction. It has North polarity.
" Its lower face has current flowing in clockwise direction. It has South polarity.

" Magnetic dipole moment of current loop (M) is given by M=NIAM=NIA.

Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron

An electron is in uniform circular motion in an orbit around nucleus constitutes current.
 The current in atom has a magnetic dipole moment() associated with it.
Magnetic dipole moment of revolving electron is given by u=e2mlu=e2ml
where = the angular momentum of theelectron around the nucleus

e= charge on electron

m = mass of electron

Minimum value of the magnetic moment is given by Amin

umin=ch4nmumineh4nm

Amin is also known as Bohr magneton.

Moving Coll Galvanometer

Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in a magnctic
field, it experiencesa torque that deflects the coil connected with the pointer.
The suspension wire provides the restoring or control torque.
The relation betwecn deflection and current (I) is given by l=kNBAO|=kNBA8.
o kNBA=GkNBA=G is the galvanometer constant.
Current sensitivity =NABkNABk
o Voltage sensitivity - NABk1RNABk1R

Converslon of a Galvanometer into an Ammeter

o It can be converted into an ammeter by introducing a shunt resistance (rs) of small value in
parallel with it.

Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter

o It can be converted into a voltmeter by introducing a series resistance of large value in

series with it.

Advantages of a Moving Coll Galvanometer

It is not affected by the Earth's magnetic field.

It has a high value of torque-weight ratio.
It is highly accurate and reliable.
Its scales are uniform.
 Sensitivity of moving coil galvanometer is given by S = (NBAC)S = NBAC.
Here,
N= number of turns in the coil
B= magnetic field
A= area of the rectangular coil
C= twist constant of the suspension wire

" Fractional error in a galvanometer is given by dIl=d00d||=d00.