HiLCoE

School of Computer Science and Technology

Course Title: Focusing Areas in ICT (CS415)

Credit Hour: 2
Instructor: Fantahun B. (PhD)  [email protected]
Office: 30#

Oct-2022, AA
Wireless Networks

Agenda:
 Introduction to Wireless Networks
 IEEE 802.11(LAN)
 IEEE 802.15 (PAN)
 IEEE 802.16 (WiMx)
 Cellular networks

Focussing Areas in ICT 2

Wireless Networks
Objectives:
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
 Distinguish b/n wired and wireless networks
 Identify elements of wireless networks
 Discuss the varies wireless networks specified by the IEEE 802.11,
IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 series of standards
 Appreciate wireless sensor networks
 Explain cellular networks and their evolutions

Focussing Areas in ICT 3

Wireless Networks
Brain storming
1. What is a network and why do wee need it?
2. Can you classify networks based on different criteria?
3. What are wireless networks?
4. Can you mention wireless network types you know?
5. What do you think is the medium used by wireless networks?
6. What is actually referred by cellular networks?

Focussing Areas in ICT 4

Wireless Networks
 Network
o Definition
o Advantage / Disadvantage
o Types[by size, by network architecture, by media)
 Wireless Networks
o Definition
o Media
o Types

Focussing Areas in ICT 5

Wireless Networks: Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Communication is usually based on the propagation of
electromagnetic waves.
 A wave is a disturbance that travels away from its source.
 Electromagnetic waves are generated by changing currents
of electricity.
 When the molecules of matter vibrate with the energy of heat,
relative motions of charges in them can emit electromagnetic
radiation that can be described in terms of a stream of
photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the
speed of light and carrying some amount of energy.
 A property of a periodic wave that describes how many wave
patterns or cycles pass by in a period of time is called
frequency, f, measured in Hertz (Hz), where a wave with a
frequency of 1 Hz will pass by at 1 cycle per second.
 Another property of a wave is its wavelength, λ, which is the
distance between adjacent peaks (crests).
 Since the wave travels the distance, λ, in a time for a
complete vibration of the source, 1/f, its speed, v, is given by
the expression: v = λf.

Focussing Areas in ICT 6

Wireless Networks: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Focussing Areas in ICT 7

Wireless Networks: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Focussing Areas in ICT 8

Wireless Networks: Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Figure 1.2 shows the full range of frequencies (electromagnetic
spectrum) and its uses for communication.
 Frequencies below 1 GHz are usually referred to as radio
frequencies, and higher frequencies are referred to as microwave.
 Radio frequencies are further divided at 30 MHz.
 Below 30 MHz, long-distance propagation is possible by reflection
from the ionosphere.
 Above 30 MHz, the ionosphere is transparent to electromagnetic
waves and propagation is on line-of sight paths.

Focussing Areas in ICT 9

Elements of a wireless network

 Basic elements of wireless networks include:

 Wireless hosts
 Base stations
 Wireless link

Focussing Areas in ICT 10

Elements of a wireless network

wireless hosts
 laptop, PDA, IP phone
 run applications
 may be stationary (non-
mobile) or mobile
network  wireless does not always
infrastructure mean mobility

Focussing Areas in ICT 11

Elements of a wireless network
base station
 typically connected to wired
network
 relay - responsible for sending
packets between wired
network and wireless host(s) in
its “area”
network  e.g., cell towers, 802.11
infrastructure access points

Focussing Areas in ICT 12

Elements of a wireless network

wireless link
 typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
 also used as backbone link
 multiple access protocol
coordinates link access
network
infrastructure  various data rates,
transmission distance

Focussing Areas in ICT 13

Modes of a wireless network
infrastructure mode
 base station
connects mobiles
into wired network
 handoff: mobile
changes base
station providing
network connection into
infrastructure wired network

Focussing Areas in ICT 14

Modes of a wireless network

ad hoc mode
 no base stations
 nodes can only transmit to
other nodes within link
coverage
 nodes organize themselves
into a network: route among
themselves

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WiFi
 Early 802.11 products suffered from interoperability problems
because the IEEE had no provision for testing equipment for
compliance with its standards.
 In 1999, pioneers of a new, higher-speed variant endorsed the IEEE
802.11b specification to form the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance (WECA) and branded the new technology Wi-Fi.
 The group of companies included 3Com, Aironet (acquired
by Cisco), Harris Semiconductor (now Intersil), Lucent (was Alcatel-
Lucent, then acquired by Nokia), Nokia and Symbol
Technologies (now Zebra Technologies).
 The alliance lists Apple, Comcast, Samsung, Sony, LG, Intel, Dell,
Broadcom, Cisco, Qualcomm, Motorola, Microsoft, Texas
Instruments, and T-Mobile as key sponsors.

Focussing Areas in ICT 16

WiFi

 The charter for this independent organization was to perform

testing, certify interoperability of products, and to promote the
technology.
 WECA renamed itself the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2002. It is based in Austin,
Texas.
 Most producers of 802.11 equipment became members, and as of
2012, the Wi-Fi Alliance included over 550 member companies.
 The Wi-Fi Alliance extended Wi-Fi beyond wireless local area
network applications into point-to-point and personal area
networking and enabled specific applications such as Miracast.

Focussing Areas in ICT 17

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
 WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity?? No.
 It is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards and is primarily
a local area networking (LAN) technology designed to provide
in-building broadband coverage.
 WiFi offers remarkably higher peak data rates than do 3G
systems, primarily since it operates over a larger 20 MHz
bandwidth, but does not support high-speed mobility.
 WiFi uses half-duplex transmission mode
 WiFi standards define a fixed 25MHz channel for 802.11b and
20MHz channel for 802.11a or 802.11g and more for other
amendments.

Focussing Areas in ICT 18

802.11 LAN architecture

 wireless host communicates

Internet
with base station
o base station = access
point (AP)
hub, switch  Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka
AP
or router “cell”) in infrastructure
mode contains:
BSS 1
o wireless hosts
AP
o access point (AP): base
station
o ad hoc mode: hosts only
BSS 2
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802.11: Channels and Association
 802.11b: 2.4GHz - 2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at
different frequencies
o AP admin chooses frequency for AP
o interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by
neighboring AP!

 Host: must associate with an AP

o scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s
name (SSID) and MAC address
o selects AP to associate with
o may perform authentication
o will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet

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 802.11: Passive/active scanning

BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2

AP 1 AP 2 AP 1 1 AP 2
1 1 2 2
2 3
3 4

H1 H1

Passive Scanning: Active Scanning:

(1) beacon frames sent from APs (1) Probe Request frame broadcast from H1
(2) association Request frame (2) Probe Response frames sent from APs
sent: H1 to selected AP (3) Association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP
(3) association Response frame (4) Association Response frame sent from selected AP
sent from selected AP to H1 to H1

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IEEE 802.11: Multiple access (avoid collisions)
 Avoid collisions: when 2+ nodes transmitting at same time
 802.11: CSMA - sense channel/medium before transmitting
o Allows not to collide with ongoing transmission by other node
 802.11: no collision detection mechanism
• difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak
received signals (fading)
• can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading
• goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)

A B C
C
A’s signal C’s signal
B strength strength
A
space
Focussing Areas in ICT 22
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 sender
1 if sense channel idle for DIFS (DCF Inter-Frame
Spacing) then transmit entire frame (no CD) sender receiver

2 if sense channel busy then

DIFS
start random backoff time,
timer counts down, while channel idle
transmit when timer expires data
if no ACK, increase random backoff interval,
repeat 2
SIFS
802.11 receiver
ACK
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (Short Inter-Frame spacing)
(ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem)

Focussing Areas in ICT 23

Collisions Avoidance (more)
 idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random
access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
 sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS
using CSMA
o RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short)
 BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS
 CTS heard by all nodes
o sender transmits data frame
o other stations defer transmissions

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Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange

A B
AP

reservation collision

DATA (A)
defer

time

Focussing Areas in ICT 25

Wireless Link Characteristics
 Important differences from wired link ….
 Attenuation: radio signal looses its strength as it propagates
through matter (path loss)
 Interference: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4
Giga Hertz) shared by other devices interfere as well
 Multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground,
arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make
communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much
more “difficult”

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802.11: mobility within same subnet
 H1 remains in same IP subnet:
IP address can remain same
router
 Switch: which AP is associated
with H1? hub or
o self-learning: switch will see frame switch
from H1 and “remember” which
switch port can be used to reach BBS 1
H1
AP 1

AP 2

H1 BBS 2

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Types of Wireless Networks

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IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
802.11b (WiFi 1*) - 1999
 802.11b is a high rate enhancement of the original 802.11 standard.
 Operates at 2.4 GHz
 Data rates 11 Mbps
 Ratified in 1999 and the products based on it appeared in 1999.
 About 38m indoor and 140m outdoor

802.11a (WiFi 2*) – 1999/2001

 802.11a approved in 1999, but the products based on it appeared
only in 2001.
 Operates at 5GHz
 Data rates 54 Mbit/sec.
 Covers 10s of meters

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IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
802.11g (WiFi 3*) - 2003
 802.11g successor to 802.11b
 Operates at 2.4 GHz
 Data rates 54 Mbps
 An 802.11g access point will support 802.11b and 802.11g clients.
 A host with an 802.11g accesses existing 802.11b access points as well
as new 802.11g access points.
802.11n (WiFi-4) - 2009
 20 and 40 MHz bandwidth
 Operates at 2.4, 5 GHz
 Data rates 300Mbps and 450 Mbps with three antenas
 802.11n used MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) where multiple
transmitters/receivers could operate simultaneously at one or both ends
of the link to a single device. Focussing Areas in ICT 30
IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) - 2013
 Data rate 433 Mbps all the way up to several Gigabits per second.
 20,40,80,160MHz band widths
 Operates in 5 GHz
 Supported up to eight spatial streams (802.11n four streams)
 Doubled the channel width up to 80 MHz
 Used a technology called beamforming
 With beamforming, the antennae basically transmit the radio signals, so
they’re directed at a specific device.
 Another major progress with 802.11ac was multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).
While MIMO directs multiple streams to a single client, MU-MIMO can
direct the spatial streams to multiple devices simultaneously.
 While MU-MIMO doesn’t increase the speed to any single client, it can
increase the overall data throughput of the entire network.
Focussing Areas in ICT 31
IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) - 2020
 The newest generation Wi-Fi standard is Wi-Fi 6.
 The biggest things to know about the newest standard is that Wi-Fi 6:
 Has improvements similar to 5G.
 Avoids traffic congestion in public spaces.
 data rates 9.6 Gbps.
 better 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz spectrum support.
 increase in MU-MIMO from 4 x 4 to 8 x 8.
 Overall, promises better and faster performance.
 Allows you to connect even more devices in your home.
 Unlike past standards, Wi-Fi 6 allows one router to handle more
antennas--one router can connect to more devices.

Focussing Areas in ICT 32

IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) - 2024
 We can expect
 faster speeds
 Better range
 Decongested traffic
 Supporting multiple bands at once
 More data squeezed into 4096-QAM (radio signal) to improve home
Wi-Fi networks

Focussing Areas in ICT 33

Some IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards
IEEE 802.11 standard Year Max data rate Range Frequency
802.11 1997 2 Mbps 2.4GHz
802.11b (WiFi 1) 1999 11 Mbps 38/140m 2.4 Ghz
802.11a (WiFi 2) 1999/2001 54 Mbps 35/120m 2.4, 5GHz
802.11g (WiFi 3) 2003 54 Mbps 30m 2.4 Ghz
802.11n (WiFi 4) 2009 450Mbps 70/250m 2.4, 5 Ghz
802.11ac (WiFi 5) 2013 3.47-6.93 Gpbs 80m 5 Ghz
802.11ax (WiFi 6) 2020 14 Gbps 70m 2.4, 5 Ghz
802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) 2024 Expected 2.4,5,6 GHz
40Gbps

Further information can be obtained from here:

https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/802.11/7028/
Focussing Areas in ICT 34
(802.15) Personal area network
 less than 10 m diameter
 replacement for cables (mouse,
keyboard, headphones) S
P

 ad hoc: no infrastructure P radius of

M coverage
 master/slaves:
o slaves request permission to send (to S P
S P
master)
o master grants requests
 802.15: evolved from Bluetooth
specification M Master device
• 2.4-2.5 GHz radio band S Slave device
• up to 721 kbps
P Parked device (inactive)

Focussing Areas in ICT 35

(802.15) Personal area network
 Wireless networking standards like 802.11b and Wi-Max typically
focus on providing PC-to-PC or PC-to-ISP connectivity over the
range of a building or a metropolitan area.
 However, many applications have far less stringent range
requirements, such as connecting peripherals wirelessly to a mobile
device or adding components to a home theater system.
 Personal area networks (PANs) are a perfect fit for these
applications.
 They offer signal ranges in the neighborhood of 1 m to 100 m, and
a wide variety of data rates.
o 802.15.1Bluetooth
o 802.15.4 ZigBee
o (UWB) Ultra-Wide Band

Focussing Areas in ICT 36

(802.15) Personal area network
802.15.1 Bluetooth

 Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used

for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short
distances and building personal area networks (PANs)
 Operates in 2.4 GHz
 Bluetooth versions range from Bluetooth 1.x to 5.x offers the
following improvements on newer versions
 higher data transfer speed, better connection range and connection
stability, more energy-efficient, and offer better security than older Bluetooth
versions.
 What is the range of Bluetooth?

Focussing Areas in ICT 37

(802.15) Personal area network
802.15.1 Bluetooth: Service areas
 Audio Streaming: Stripping away the hassle of wires on headphones,
headsets, speakers, and more, Bluetooth technology revolutionized
audio, and has forever changed the way we consume media and
experience the world.
 Data Transfer: From household appliances and fitness trackers to health
sensors and medical innovations, Bluetooth technology connects billions
of everyday devices and enables the invention of countless more.
 Device Networks: Bluetooth mesh networking is ideally suited for creating
control, monitoring, and automation systems where tens, hundreds, or
thousands of devices need to reliably and securely communicate with
one another.
 Location Services: Bluetooth technology is the developer tool of choice
for creating proximity solutions used for point of interest information and
item finding as well as positioning systems such as real-time locating
systems for asset tracking and indoor positioning systems for wayfinding.

https://www.bluetooth.com/
Focussing Areas in ICT 38
(802.15) Personal area network
802.15.4 ZigBee
 Although Bluetooth's power requirements are much lower than that of
802.11b, it is still assumed that Bluetooth-enabled devices will be
recharged every few days.
 IEEE 802.15.4 defines for very low-power, low-data-rate network links .
 250 Kbps data rates
 10-100 meters
 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide; though some devices also use 784
MHz in China, 868 MHz in Europe and 915 MHz in the US and Australia,
 This standard is intended for deployment on long-lived systems with low
data rate requirements, where devices must be able to operate
autonomously for months or even years without recharging the battery.

Focussing Areas in ICT 39

(802.15) Personal area network
802.15.4 ZigBee: Applications
 wireless light switches,
 home energy monitors,
 traffic management systems,
 Home automation.
 Wireless sensor networks.
 Industrial control systems.
 Embedded sensing.
 Medical data collection.
 Smoke and intruder warning.
 Building automation.
 Remote wireless microphone configuration.

Focussing Areas in ICT 40

(802.15) Personal area network
(UWB) Ultra-Wide Band
 Ultra-wide band (UWB) radios take a drastically different approach from
Bluetooth and 802.15.4.
 Where the latter two radios emit signals over long periods using a small part of
the spectrum, UWB takes the opposite approach:
 UWB uses short pulses (in the ps to ns range) over a large bandwidth (many GHz).
 According to Shannon's Law, the maximum data rate of a radio link can be
increased much more efficiently by increasing its bandwidth than by increasing
its power; hence,
 UWB radios offer very high data rates (hundreds of Mbps or even several Gbps)
with relatively low power consumption.
 The use of short pulses over a wide spectrum also means that the signal is below
the average power output defined as noise by the FCC , and that UWB signals
are not susceptible to noise or jamming.

Focussing Areas in ICT 41

(802.15) Personal area network

Focussing Areas in ICT 42

802.16: WiMAX
point-to-point
 WiMAX stands for Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access
 Usage models
 Fixed usage model (802.16 2004)
 Portable usage model (802.16e)
 Similar to Wifi but with much faster
speed and coverage area.
point-to-multipoint
 Line-of-site (2-11GHz) and non-line-of-
site (upto 66Ghz)
 Unlike 802.11:
o range about 40 miles (“city rather than
coffee shop”)
o Operating frequency 2-11 GHz
o ~70 Mbps?

Focussing Areas in ICT 43

802.16: WiMAX
 WiMAX provides two types of services
 Non-line-of-site: a WiFi sort of service, a small antenna on your
computer connects to the WiMAX tower. In this mode, WiMax uses
a lower frequency range 2GHz to 11GHz.
 Line-of-site: a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower
at rooftop or pole. It is stronger and more stable. Uses a higher
range of frequencies up to 66GHz.
 Two major parts
o A WiMAX base station (similar in concept to cellphone tower)
o A WiMAX receiver (may have a separate antenna, standalone box or a card
sitting on a computer or any other device)
 Backhaul: a WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the
internet using a high-bandwidth wired connection or it can
connect to another WiMAX tower station using a line-of-site
microwave link.
Focussing Areas in ICT 44
Introduction to Cellular Networks
 The Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology;
radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas
propagate
 Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz
frequency bands
 Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
 Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)?
 The service area of each base station is called a cell
 Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
 Handoff when terminals move

FOCUSSING AREAS IN ICT 45

Introduction to Cellular Networks

Focussing Areas in ICT 46

Components of cellular network architecture
MSC
 connects cells to wide area net
 manages call setup
 handles mobility
Cell
 covers geographical
region
Mobile
 base station (BS) Switching
analogous to 802.11 AP Center Public
telephone
 mobile users attach to network, and
network through BS Internet
Mobile
 air-interface: physical Switching
and link layer protocol Center
between mobile and BS

wired network

Focussing Areas in ICT 47

Cellular Networks: Handoff/Handover
 A handover is a process in telecommunications and mobile
communications in which a connected cellular call or a data
session is transferred from one cell site (base station) to another
without disconnecting the session.
 Cellular services are based on mobility and handover, allowing the
user to be moved from one cell site range to another or to be
switched to the nearest cell site for better performance.

Soft Handoff Hard Handoff

Focussing Areas in ICT 48

Cellular Networks: Handoff/Handover
 There are two types of handovers:
 Hard Handover: An instantaneous handover in which the existing
connection is terminated and the connection to the destination
channel is made (break-before-make handover)
 The process is so instantaneous that the user does not hear any
noticeable interruption.
 Soft Handover: A substantial handover where the connection to
the new channel is made before the connection from the source
channel is disconnected.
 It is performed through the parallel use of source and destination
channels over a period of time.

Focussing Areas in ICT 49

Cellular Networks: Frequency Bands
 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) was the first generation of
cellular technology.
o Devices at the time used the 800 MHz Band 5 for voice
transmission.
o As cell phone usage increased, the band was no longer large
enough.
 To account for new demand, the FCC opened the 1900 MHz Band
2 and named it the Personal Communications Service (PCS).
 For a while, AMPS and PCS were the main cellular frequency
bands in use.
 2G and 3G used the same portion of the spectrum.

Focussing Areas in ICT 50

Cellular Networks: Frequency Bands
 As 3G evolved, more frequencies were made available.
 Smartphones changed the game. Since phones were no longer
just used for calling and texting, more bands opened.
 4G frequencies include the 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 1700/2100 MHz, 2300
MHz, and 2500 MHz, bands.
 The lower frequencies made it possible for carriers to transmit
4G/LTE signals in rural and remote areas.
 Since then, the number of connected devices, as well as data
traffic, has grown (and will continue to grow) significantly. However,
it’s no longer just phones accessing the network. It’s also the
Internet of Things (IoT). Cars, security systems, smart sensors, drones,
machines, and more. Cue 5G and its expansion into new
frequencies.
Focussing Areas in ICT 51
Cellular Networks: Frequency Bands
 5G frequencies are allocated throughout the radio spectrum to
support a wide variety of applications.
 Low band 5G ranges from 600 MHz to 1 GHz,
 Mid-band 5G from 1 to 6 GHz, and
 High-band 5G or mmWave from 29 to 39 GHz.
 Mid-band frequencies 3.7 - 3.98 GHz, also known as the C-Band,
are especially important.
 This is where 5G offers an experience that’s noticeably better than
4G.

Focussing Areas in ICT 52

Cellular Networks: Generations-1G
 Frequency: 150MHz /900MHz
 Bandwidth: Analog telecommunication (30KHz)
 Characteristic: First wireless communication
 Technology: Analog cellular
 Capacity (data rate): 2kbps
 From 1980 to 1990
 Bad voice quality
 Poor battery, cellphones
 Big cellphones
 Better than nothing, at least its wireless and mobile

Focussing Areas in ICT 53

Cellular Networks: Generations-2G
 Frequency: 1.8GHz (900MHz), digital telecommunication
 Bandwidth: 900MHz (25MHz)
 Characteristic: Digital
 Technology: Digital cellular, GSM
 Capacity (data rate): 64kbps
 From 1991 to 2000
 Allows txt msg service
 Circuit-switching for voice

Focussing Areas in ICT 54

Cellular Networks: Generations-2.5G
 2.5G – 2G cellular technology with GPRS (General packet radio
service )
 E-Mails
 Web browsing
 Camera phones

Focussing Areas in ICT 55

Cellular Networks: Generations-3G
 Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz
 Characteristic: Digital broadband, increased speed
 Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE
 Data rate: 144kbps – 2Mbps
 From 2000 - 2010
 Video calls
 Fast communication
 Mobil TV
 3G phones, smartphones rather expensive
 Circuit-switching for voice; Packet-switching for data

Focussing Areas in ICT 56

Cellular Networks: Generations-4G
 Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz
 Bandwidth: 100MHz
 Characteristic: High speed
 Technology: LTE, WiFi
 Data rate: 100Mbps – 1Gbps
 From 2010 –
 MAGIC – Mobile multimedia; Anytime, anywhere; Global mobile
support; Integrated wireless solutions; Customized personal service
 Good QoS + high security
 Bigger battery usage
 Packet-switching for everything, IP-based

Focussing Areas in ICT 57

Cellular Networks: Generations-5G
 5G: 5G, short for fifth-generation, is the newest network standard.
 Designed to deliver
 Data rates 1Gbps
 Ultra-low latency 1millisecond
 Greater reliability
 Not all 5G is created equal, though.

Focussing Areas in ICT 58

Cellular Networks: Generations-5G
 There are three types of 5G
 Low-Band 5G: < 1 GHz, provides comparable coverage to 4G.
 Mid-Band 5G: 1-6 GHz, offers faster speeds than low-band and more coverage
than high-band. It’s considered the ideal blend of speed, range, penetration,
and capacity. Main use will be in populated areas where connectivity demand
is high.
 C-Band: Previously used by satellite TV operators, C-Band is the most popular 5G
band in the world. Sandwiched between the 2.4 and 5 GHz WiFi bands, it's in the
ideal spot to provide decent coverage and speeds noticeably faster than 4G.
 High Band 5G or mmWave: 24-39 GHz. Being on the high end of the RF spectrum,
these frequencies can carry lots of data at super-fast speeds with little latency.
Though, they can't travel as far or penetrate buildings. Thus, coverage is only
available in densely populated areas with large amounts of infrastructure.

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Cellular Networks: Generations rough summary

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Cellular Networks: Why Are Cellular Frequencies Important?
 Knowing which frequency bands carriers and devices support can
help you:
o Switch carriers without having to buy a new phone
o Buy an unlocked device that'll work with your provider
 Your device must be compatible with your current or desired
carrier’s bands and networks (4G, LTE, and 5G).
 Otherwise, it won't work. On the off chance that it works even
though it's not 100% compatible, connectivity issues can occur.

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Cellular Networks: Why Are Cellular Frequencies Important?
Will My Phone Work with Another Carrier’s Frequency Bands?
 With 3G, phones had to support the same frequencies and use the
same radio technologies (CDMA or GSM) to work with another
carrier.
 If CDMA and GSM shut down by the end of 2022, that won’t be the
case.
 As long as your 4G/5G device supports the other carrier's
frequencies, it should work.
 A bit of caution, though. Some 5G capable devices may only
include antennas designed to work with one carrier’s 5G network.
 Thus, it’s very important to check the device’s specifications. The
more bands your device has in common with the other carrier, the
better your experience.
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Cellular Networks: Why Are Cellular Frequencies Important?
How Do I Check Which Frequency Bands My Phone Supports?
 Finding the bands your mobile device supports can be tricky. The
information isn’t available in the settings nor in most device
packaging.
 The easiest way to find bands your device supports is by
comparing your carrier's bands with other carriers. You want as
much overlap between the two networks.
 You can also visit sites that keep track of such information

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Cellular Networks: Why Are Cellular Frequencies Important?
How Do I Check Which Frequency Bands My Phone Supports?
 The above methods only show a piece of the puzzle.
 Most devices support more bands than the ones a cellular carrier uses.
 To find all the bands, use the website the device was purchased from.
Search for your specific device. Under specs, you'll find a "Wireless
Technology", "Frequency", or "Network" section. This section will show
you ALL the bands and technologies your device supports.
Unfortunately, not every website provides this information.
 If you're having trouble, visit your desired carrier's page. Most carriers
have free online tools that can help you determine if your unlocked
phone is compatible with their service. However, these tools won't
show you your device's frequencies.
https://www.frequencycheck.com/carriers/ethio-telecom-ethiopia

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Cellular Networks: Why Are Cellular Frequencies Important?
Ethio telecom https://www.ethiotelecom.et/history/

 Ethio telecom is the mobile network operator providing services in

Ethiopia.
 Historically a division of the Ethiopian Ministry of Post, Telephone and
Telegraph, the business unit was privatised in 1996 to become the
Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation (ETC).
 ETC rebranded to become Ethio telecom in late 2010.
 The company provides 2G GSM services over the 900 MHz band since
April 1999, also
 Launched 3G UMTS services over B1 (2100 MHz) in January 2009.
 Launched 4G LTE services over the B3 (1800+ MHz) band, providing
peak DL data rates up to 150 Mbps in March 2015.
 Launched 5G in 2022
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Cellular Networks: Multiple Access Problem
 The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals at the same
time (both downlink and uplink)
 All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base station
 Interference among different senders and receivers
 So we need multiple access scheme
 Three orthogonal scheme
o Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
o Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
o Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

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Cellular Networks: Multiple Access Problem
Frequency Division Multiple Acess
 Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the
duration of the call
 Mobile terminals will have one downlink frequency band and one
uplink frequency band
 Sufficient guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel
interference
 Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies

frequency
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Cellular Networks: Multiple Access Problem
Time Division Multiple Access
 Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits
during each slot
 Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the
floor in turn
 Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
 Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile terminals at different locations do no arrive at

the base station at the same time
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Cellular Networks: Multiple Access Problem
Code Division Multiple Access
 Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
 Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using
the user specific code – Spreading
o Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
o But all users use the same frequency band together

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) refer to networks of spatially
dispersed and dedicated sensors that monitor and record the
physical conditions of the environment and forward the
collected data to a central location.
 WSNs can measure environmental conditions such as
temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity and wind
 These are similar to wireless ad hoc networks in the sense that
they rely on wireless connectivity and spontaneous formation of
networks so that sensor data can be transported wirelessly.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): Applications
 Area monitoring: the WSN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon
is to be monitored. A military example is the use of sensors to detect enemy
intrusion; a civilian example is the geo-fencing of gas or oil pipelines.
 Health care monitoring: There are several types of sensor networks for medical
applications: implanted, wearable, and environment-embedded.
 Habitat Monitoring: Wireless sensor networks have been used to monitor various
species and habitats, beginning with the Great Duck Island Deployment,
including marmots, cane toads in Australia and zebras in Kenya.
 Environmental/Earth sensing: There are many applications in monitoring
environmental parameters, examples of which are given below. They share the
extra challenges of harsh environments and reduced power supply.
o Air quality monitoring
o Forest fire detection
o Landslide detection
o Water quality monitoring
o Natural disaster prevention
 Industrial monitoring
 Machine health monitoring etc.
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