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ECD Lab 7 Bob

This document summarizes a lab experiment on designing and implementing a differential pair with a resistive load. The objectives were to design and simulate a differential amplifier circuit using PSpice and then construct it on a breadboard. Calculations were done to determine the bias currents and voltages. PSpice simulation results matched the calculations closely. Breadboard implementation also showed similar results. Various tests were performed by changing input amplitudes and resistor values. Differential and common mode outputs were observed on an oscilloscope. The goals of understanding differential amplifiers and suppressing common mode noise were achieved.

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28 views

ECD Lab 7 Bob

This document summarizes a lab experiment on designing and implementing a differential pair with a resistive load. The objectives were to design and simulate a differential amplifier circuit using PSpice and then construct it on a breadboard. Calculations were done to determine the bias currents and voltages. PSpice simulation results matched the calculations closely. Breadboard implementation also showed similar results. Various tests were performed by changing input amplitudes and resistor values. Differential and common mode outputs were observed on an oscilloscope. The goals of understanding differential amplifiers and suppressing common mode noise were achieved.

Uploaded by

folkbunny1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty Member: Wasif Tanveer Dated 29 Oct 22

Semester: 5th Section: C

EE313: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND DESIGN

Lab 7: Differential pair with resistive load

Name Reg. no. Report Viva Total/15


Marks / 10 Marks / 5

Muhammad Anser Sohaib

367628

Muhammad Saad Jawad 372985

Zuha Fatima 385647

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 1


Introduction
Differential amplifiers are designed to amplify the difference between two signals; thus,
such amplifiers are capable of reducing noise that is common to both inputs. We can quantify the
differential-mode versus common-mode gain in a quantity called the common-mode rejection
ratio (CMRR). Differential amplifiers also lend themselves to use in feedback, though we will
not explore that usage in this lab. A typical differential amplifier with a single-ended output is
the op-amp.
Differential amplifiers are used mainly to suppress noise.
Noise consists of typical differential noise and common-mode noise, of which the latter can
easily be suppressed with an op-amp.
There are two main causes of common-mode noise:
1. Noise is generated in the wires and cables, due to electromagnetic induction, etc., and it
causes a difference in potential (i.e., noise) between the signal source ground and the
circuit ground.
2. Current flowing into the ground of a circuit from another circuit causes a ground potential
rise (noise).

Objective
This main objective of this lab is:
1. To design Differential Amplifiers
2. To implement Differential amplifiers on hardware

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
The following will be required in this lab experiment:

 Lab PC
 PSpice Software version 9.1
 Capacitors
 Transistors
 Resistors
 Breadboards
 Power supply

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 2


 Wires

PART 1- CALCULATION

Differential pair with resistive load:


a) For the circuit shown in Figure 1, in PSPICE using 2N2222 transistors for the NPN
BJTs

Use R3 = 10 kΩ, R1 = R2 = 5.6 kΩ, and VCC = 9 V.

b) Perform step by step, DC Analysis of the circuit and mention equations used for the
same. Calculate the DC bias currents IC1, IC2, IC3, and Voltages VC1 and VC2. Also, attach
picture(s) of handwritten calculations.

IC1: 415 uA , IC2: 415 uA IC3: 830 uA

VC1:6.67 V VC2: 6.67 V

Picture(s) of handwritten calculations:

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 3


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EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 5
PART 2- SIMULATION:
Simulate the circuit using Pspice /LTSpice .
1. Perform a Bias point Analysis and compare with your calculated values.

Fig 1: Simulated Voltages

Fig 2: Simulated Currents

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 6


IC1: 413.3 uA IC2: 413.3 uA IC3: 824.5 uA

VC1: 6.685 Volts VC2: 6.685 Volts

1. Using Differential Markers, obtain the waveform for VOUT and sketch it in the area
given below. Also, by
“Add plot to window” option in PSPICE, obtain output waveforms on Vo1 and V02 using
voltage level marker.

Differential Output:

Figure 3: Differential Output

Vo1 Single-Ended:

Figure 4: Vo1 Single Ended

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Vo2 Single-Ended:

Figure 5: Vo2 Single Ended


Differential Output is starting from 0V and has maximum peak at around 4V. Vo1 single ended
output waveform is starting from high voltage i.e. 7V and has maximum peak at around 9V. For
V02 there is a phase shift of 180.

1. Change the amplitude of V3 to 100 mV first and then change amplitude


of V4 to 100 mV and observe and comment on results both cases.
Now taking V3 = 100 mV, V4 = 50 mV
Differential Output:

Figure 6: Differential Output

Vo1 Single-Ended:

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Figure 7: Vo1 Single Ended

Vo2 Single-Ended:

Figure 8: Vo2 Single Ended

When V3 and V4 both 100mV

Differential Output:

Figure 9: Differential Output

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Vo1 Single-Ended:

Figure 10: Vo1 Single Ended

Vo2 Single-Ended:

Figure 11: Vo2 Single Ended

When V3 and V4 both are 100 mV then the resulting waveform was flatter as compared to when
we have V3=100 mV and V4=50 mV
Differential Output when vid = 0

Figure 12: Differential Output when vid = 0

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 10


Now, when R3 is changed to 5k
Differential Output:

Figure 13: Differential Output

Vo1 Single-Ended:

Figure 14: Vo1 Single Ended

Vo2 Single-Ended:

Figure 15: Vo2 Single Ended

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 11


We decrease the R3 resistance from 10k ohm to 5k ohm we observed that we didn’t get a proper
sine wave. Since we got a wave which is flat from the lower side.

Vo1 When input is common mode.

Figure 16: Vo1 when input is common mode

PART 3- IMPLEMENTATION

Differential pair with resistive load:


a) Construct the circuit, shown in Figure 1, on breadboard using 2N2222 transistors for the
NPN BJTs. Check the Beta of all transistors.

Use R3 = 10 k Ω, R1 = R2 = 5.6 k Ω, and VCC = 9 V.

Breadboard Implementation:

Figure 17: Breadboard implementation

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Voltages at Collector of Q2 and Q3:

Figure 18: Voltages


Current at Collector of Q3:

Figure 19: Current

Measure the following parameters and compare with calculated and simulated results.

IC1: 400uA, IC2: 400uA IC3:0.7 mA


VC1: 5.0 V VC2: 5.0 V
The calculated, simulated, and measured values are almost the same.

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Common mode waveform:
In a common mode both waveforms are in phase.

Figure 20: Common Mode

Differential mode waveform:


We used the math function of the oscilloscope to get differential output waveform. Both the
waves are out of phase.

Figure 21: Differential Mode

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Conclusion:
In this lab, we learned about Differential amplifiers. Differential amplifiers are mainly used to
suppress noise. Differential amplifiers are designed to amplify the difference between two
signals; thus, such amplifiers are capable of reducing noise that is common to both inputs. We did
simulations, calculations, and hardware implementations of differential amplifiers. The results in
all three cases were almost the same.

EE215: Electronic Devices and Circuits Page 15

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