LECTURE 04

COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
(Part A)

MASS BALANCE CALCULATIONS

Course Outcome

Perform and analyse mass and energy balances of a

system involving combustion reaction
 Categories of Combustion Processes

MASS BALANCE – REVIEW (SECT 4.8)

• Complete combustion
– Stoichiometric
– Excess air or fuel lean

• Incomplete combustion
– Excess fuel or fuel rich or deficient air

In practice, combustion will never be complete even though at

stoichiometric or excess air conditions…….due to non-uniformity
of fuel and air mixture and complexity of combustion reaction
 Excess Air Requirement
The ideal operating range is a setting with excess air.

Incomplete Complete

Eff.
WHY?? Flue gas components

Ideal operating range of

Stoichiometric line
CO2

Solid fuel high

burners
Liquid fuel moderate O2
CO
Gas fuel low
smoke

Excess Fuel Excess Air

Why Perform Combustion Analysis?
Combustion calculations

Fuel properties (Lec 02 & 03)

Mass balance
Energy balance

Combustion products
Combustion efficiency
Thermal efficiency
Excess air requirement
Air-fuel ratio
Flame temperature
Etc.
 Gas Mixture Properties
recalling mass & energy balance …. and thermodynamics

• Mol of a substance is a term used for the mass of the substance numerically
equal to the molecular mass of the substance. Thus mol can be expressed as

mass of substance
Mol =
molecular mass of substance

• Mol is especially useful in the case of gaseous fuels because the

equations of chemical reactions are also mol equations.
• Avogadro's law states that under the same conditions of pressure and
temperature, a fixed volume of any gas contains the same number of
molecules. In other words, the molecular volume of all the gases is the
same under the same condition of pressure and temperature.
• Mol fraction may be defined as the ratio of the mols of the constituent gas in
a given volume of mixture to the total mols of the mixture occupying the
same volume.

Vi ni
yi = =
V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + ....Vi n 1 + n 2 + n 3 + n 4 + ....n i

• similarly, the mass fraction of the constituent gas, xi

mi
xi =
m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + m 4 + ....m i

• by definition the sum of all the constituents mole (or mass) fraction must be
unity

y i
i =1 xi
i =1
• Properties of Gas Mixtures

– Gibbs-Dalton's law states that the pressure, internal energy and entropy
of a mechanical homogeneous mixture of gases which do not react
chemically with one another are equal to the sum of the corresponding
pressure, internal energy and entropy of the constituent gases when each
has the temperature of the mixture and volume equal to the volume of
the mixture.

P= P1+ P2+ P3+ P4+ P5+ ….

U= U1+ U2+ U3+ U4+ U5+ ….
H= H1+ H2+ H3+ H4+ H5 + ….
S= S1+ S2+ S3+ S4+ S5 + ….

V= V1= V2= V3= V4= V5 =….

T= T1= T2= T3= T4= T5 =….
Ideal Gas Mixtures - Dalton Law

• Suppose nA moles of substance A, nB moles of B and nC moles of C and so

on, are contained in a volume V at temperature T and total pressure P.
• The partial pressure pA of A in the mixture is defined as the pressure exerted
by nA moles of A alone occupied at the same total volume V only for ideal
gases at the same temperature T

From ideal gas law : PV = nRT …. (1)

From partial pressure: pAV = nART …. (2)

pA nA
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) : = = y A or pA = yA P
P n

Thus, the ideal partial pressure of ideal gas add up to the total
pressure P

Σpi = pA + pB + pC + ... = (yA + yB + yC + ... )P = P

Ideal Gas Mixture - Amagat Law
• Suppose nA moles of substance A, nB moles of B and nC moles of C and so
on, are contained in a volume V at temperature T and total pressure P.
• The partial volume vA of A in the mixture is defined as the volume that would
be occupied by nA moles of A alone only for ideal gases at the total pressure
P at the same temperature T of the mixture

From ideal gas law : PV = nRT …. (1)

From partial pressure: PvA = nA RT …. (2)

v A nA
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2) : = = y A or vA = yA V
V n

Thus the ideal partial volume of

ideal gas add up to the total volume V :

vA + vB + vC + ... = (yA + yB + yC + ... )V = V

Thus, vol % ~ mol %
• Conservation of mass

m = m1+ m2+ m3+ m4+ m5

• Ideal gas law

PV = nRT , thus P1V=n1R1T , P2V=n2R2T T …….. PiV=niRiT or

PV = mRT , thus P1V=m1R1T , P2V=m2R2T T …….. PiV=miRiT

the universal gas constant (R) for any gas is

8.314 m3-Pa/mol-K
0.08314 liter-bar/mol-K
0.08206 liter-atm/mol-K
8.314 J/mol-K (J ~ m3-Pa)
• For the gas mixture

(P1+ P2+ P3+ P4+ P5 ….)V = (m1R1 + m2R2 + m3R3 + m4R4 + ….)T

PV = mRT

• Average gas constant of gas mixture

m1 R1 + m 2 R2 + m 3 R3 + ....
R=
m
• Average molecular mass (weight) of gas mixture

V1 V V V
M mixture = M 1 + 2 M 2 + 3 M 3 + ..... i M i
V V V V
M mixture =  y i MW i
i
15
Equation of state (EOS)

• EOS relates the quantity (mass or moles) and volume of gas with
temperature and pressure
• The simplest and mostly used is ideal gas law

PV = nRT or  = n RT
PV

P = absolute pressure of the gas

V = volume or volumetric flow rate of gas
n = number of moles or molar flow rate of the gas
R = the gas constant
T = absolute temperature of gas

• Generally applicable at low pressure (< 1 atm) and temperature > 0oC.
Standard Conditions for gases

• Using PVT equation is easy, provided you have a set of R constant value with
different units.
• A way to avoid this is by dividing the gas law from process condition with
given chosen reference condition

PV nT PV T
= or =n
Ps Vs n s Ts Ps V̂s Ts

Standard Conditions (STP) for gases

System Ts Ps Vs ns

SI 273 K 1 atm 0.022415 m3 1 mol

SI 273 K 1 atm 22.415 m3 1 kmol

CSS 273 K 1 atm 22.415 L 1 mol
American 492oR 1 atm 359.05 ft3 1 lb-mole
Compressibility Factor Equation of State

• An equation of state that retains the simplicity of the ideal gas law but
describe the PVT behavior of real gas

PV = znRT or PV̂ = zRT

• The coefficient z is called the compressibility factor, and the equation is
known as the compressibility factor equation of state
• A value of z = 1 correspond to ideal gas behavior
• The compressibility factor of a gas depends on the gas temperature and
pressure
 Combustion calculations
- Assumptions -
• Avogadro’s hypothesis - the volume occupied by any gas in any mechanical
mixture of gases is the same as the volume of the mixture.
• Dalton’s law - the pressure exerted by the constituent gas is only a fraction
of the total pressure exerted by the mixture.
P = pi

• The ideal gas law generally applies, since most combustion reactions involve
high temperature and a total pressure close to one atmosphere, with exception
of some combustion equipment such as gas turbine system and internal
combustion engines.
PV = nRT
• Conservation of chemical elements : the total mass of reactants is same as
that of products.
• Conservation of energy : the total energy of reactants is same as that of
products….the heat of combustion is referred to a datum temperature of 25oC
• Most combustion work is at constant pressure (in practice near one
atmosphere), so constant pressure conditions may be assumed by
convention unless stipulated
• Atmospheric air requirement for combustion reaction is assumed to have
the following composition

Air % By volume By weight

O2 21 23
N2 79 77

• Theoretical air is defined as the quantity of air per unit mass of fuel
which is sufficient on complete combustion to give CO2, H2O, SO2 and
N2 as products…for the hypothetical reaction

 1 1  1 1
CV H WO X N YS Z +  V + W − X + Z O 2 → vCO 2 + wH 2O + yN 2 + zSO 2
 4 2  2 2

• Analyses of solid / liquid fuels are normally reported on a mass basis,

while gaseous fuels are normally analysed on a volume basis.
• Standard Temperature & Pressure (STP) → 0oC and 1 atm unless stated
 Fuel and flue gases composition analysis
• Gravimetric or weight or mass analysis…….. Mass fraction → xi
• Volumetric analysis…….. Mole fraction → yi

Combustion products
Fuel
Air Combustor
CO2 , H2O , O2 , N2 , CO
H2 , CwHv , SO2 etc

Analysis
- Dry basis
- Wet basis
– Conversion of gravimetric analysis to volumetric analysis and vice-
versa
y i MWi
xi = Mass balance (Eq 3.3-7 & 8)
MWmix
 Flue Gas Measurement Techniques
• Chemical Absorption Method

• Electrochemical sensors

– Oxygen, O2
– Carbon monoxide, CO
– Nitric oxide, NO
– Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
– Sulphur dioxide, SO2

• IR sensor

– Unburned fuel (CH4, )Carbon dioxide, CO2

• Catalytic devices

– Unburned fuel (e.g. H2, CH4)

• Carbon dioxide, CO2, can be estimated based on O2 content in the flue gas
 Flue Gas Analysis System

Electrochemical sensors –
only measure dry gases
 Heat Balance – Sankey diagram

Latent
Loss (H2O) Potential (CO) + Radiation
+ Convection Losses

Heat Useful
Input Heat

Gross CV Net CV

Sensible Loss Uncounted Losses e.g. opening, conveyor etc

(N2, O2, CO2)

Assuming the main source of energy/heat input comes only from the fuel and air only acts a
source of oxidant unless it is preheated (usually from 25oC) to a specific elevated
temperature
Example 1

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) composed of 30 wt % propane and 70 wt %

butane. Determine the LPG composition by volume (vol %)

Amalgat’s law for ideal gas mixture ,

Yi MWi X i MWmix
Xi = Yi =
MWmix MWi vol% ~ mol%
Mass balance (Eq 3.3-7 & 8) BASIS : 1 KG
ELEMENT % WT. MW KMOL % VOL.
(X) (Y)
CH4 0 16 0.000000 0.00
C2H6 0 30 0.000000 0.00
C3H8 30 44 0.006818 36.10
C4H10 70 58 0.012069 63.90
H2 0 2 0.000000 0.00
C0 0 28 0.000000 0.00
C02 0 44 0.000000 0.00
O2 0 32 0.000000 0.00
N2 0 28 0.000000 0.00
H2S 0 34 0.000000 0.00
CH3OH 0 32 0.000000 0.00
TOTAL 100 52.95 0.0189 100
Example 2

The molar compositions of wet combustion products are 5.06 % CO2, 1.69%
CO, 8.72% O2 , 0.37 % CH4, 10.12 % H2O and the balance N2 by volume
(mol). Determine the composition of the combustion products on a dry basis.

BASIS : 100 mol wet gas

mol % wet mol wet mol dry mol % dry
CO2 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.63
C0 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.88
N2 74.04 74.04 74.04 82.38
O2 8.72 8.72 8.72 9.70
CH4 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.42
H20 10.12 10.12
100.00 89.88 100.00
 Dew Point of Flue Gas
• The dew point of a gaseous mixture is the temperature at which its water
vapour starts condensing, i.e. the temperature at which the saturation pressure
of water equals the partial pressure of water vapour in the gaseous mixture.
• Controlling the flue gases temperature above the corresponding dew point
temperature is very crucial

– especially when the flue gases containing sulphur element under

high excess air combustion condition, i.e. SO2 converted to SO3 and
becomes soluble in condensing water vapour and hence leads to low
temperature corrosion.

SO 3 + H 2O → H 2SO4
– venting problem, i.e. backdraft or downdraft of flue gases

• As sulphur content in the fuel increases, the acid dew point also increases
which retards the heat recovery rom the waste flue gas in order to protect the
equipment from corrosion
Sulphur wt. % in fuel Acid Dew Point, oC
1 130
2 133
3 138
4 143
5 150
• To determine the dew point temperature of the
products, Tdp, the partial pressure of the water vapor
is required.

pA nA
– Dalton’s law = = yA
P n
Pw,Tdp = y w P
nw
yw =
n products

– If the total pressure (P) of the products is

assumed to be atmospheric , i.e. 101.325 kPa ,
then…..from a steam table, Td.p = f (Pw)
Example 3a

The flue gas has the following molar composition;

5.06 % CO2, 1.69% CO, 8.72% O2 , 0.37 % CH4,

10.12 % H2O and the balance N2

Estimate the dew point temperature (oC) of the

flue gas being exhausted out of chimney at
atmospheric condition.

Pw,Tdp = y w P ~ 0.1012(101.325) ~ 10.35 kPa

nw
yw = ~ 0.1012
n products
Example 3b

Estimate the wet and flue gas compositions and also the dew point
temperature (oC) of the flue gas for complete combustion of methane
with
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

a. air at stoichiometric proportion.

MOL WET (%)
CO2 1.00 9.50
PH2O(kPa) = 19.26 CO 0.00 0.00
N2 7.52 71.49
DEW PT. O2 0.00 0.00
TEMP. = 59.47 CH4 0.00 0.00
o
( C) H20 2.00 19.00
TOTAL 10.52 100

b. 50% excess air . (52.69oC)

MOL WET (%)
CO2 1.00 6.54
PH2O(kPa) = 13.26 CO 0.00 0.00
N2 11.29 73.83
DEW PT. O2 1.00 6.54
TEMP. = 52.69 CH4 0.00 0.00
o
( C) H20 2.00 13.08
TOTAL 15.29 100
 MASS BALANCE
• The hypothetical stoichiometric combustion reaction on complete
combustion can be expressed as to give CO2, H2O, SO2 and N2 as

2
( 2
)1
2 2 2
1
2

C H O N S + a O + 3.76N → vCO + wH O +  y + a3.76 N + zSO
V W X Y Z  2 2
where
 1 1 
a =  V + W − X + Z
 4 2 

• Theoretical air (a) is defined as the stoichiometric quantity of air

per unit mass of fuel which is sufficient on complete combustion
to yield CO2, H2O, SO2 and N2 as combustion products.
• The equivalence ratio can be expressed as

A
  >1, fuel rich mixtures
 F  theo
= <1, fuel lean mixtures
A =1, stoichiometric mixture
 
 F  actual

• Percent excess air

actual air − theoretical air actual oxygen − theoretical oxygen
ε = 
theoretical air theoretical oxygen
 A  A 
 F  −   
=
  actual  F  theo  x 100 =  1 − 1 x100
 A  Φ 
 
   
  F  theo 

theoretical ~~ based stoichiometric reaction

• Mass balance calculations of combustion reaction can be performed using

– Mole based method

• ‘Forward calculations’
• Known composition of gaseous fuels are normally reported on a
volume basis, while solid and liquid fuels are normally reported
on a mass basis
• There are two common approaches of solving combustion
problem based on mole method
– atomic balance of each element
– molar balance of each element
– extent of reaction

– Flue gas analysis based method

• ‘Backward calculations’
• Known Composition of combustion or exhaust/flue gases
reported from a gas analysis system are expressed based on a
dry basis because water vapor is condensed and taken out prior
to measurement
Example 4

Ethane is burned with 50% excess air. The percentage conversion of the ethane is
90%.; of the ethane burned, 25% reacts to form CO and the balance reacts to form
CO2. On the basis of 1 mol of the ethane, calculate

– the theoretical air fuel ratio (kmol air/kmol fuel)

– the actual air fuel ratio (kmol air/kmol fuel)
– the equivalence ratio
– the composition of combustion products on a dry and wet basis
– the dew point temperature of the products
 Solution to Example 4

1 mol/h C2H6 n1 mol/h CO2

n2 mol/h CO
no mol/h Air n3 mol/h H2O
21 mole % O2 n4 mol/h O2
79 mole % N2 n5 mol/h N2
50 % excess n6 mol/h C2H6

C2H6 + 3.5O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

C2H6 + 2.5O2 → 2CO + 3H2O

Given ;

fC2H6 = 0.9, % burned fuel to CO2 = 75, % burned fuel to CO = 25

Basis : 1 mol of ethane

MOLECULAR BALANCE METHOD :

(OUTPUT + CONSUMPTION = INPUT + GENERATION)

C2H6 + 3.5O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Theoretical Air
 3.5 mol O 2   1 mol Air 
n air, theo = (1 mol C 2 H 6 )   
  0.21 mol O  = 16.67 mol air
 1 mol C 2 6 
H 2

Percent excess air (50%) n o - (n air )theo

% excess air = 50 = x 100 ...... n o = 25 mol air
(n air )theo

the theoretical air fuel ratio (kmol air/kmol fuel) ~ 16.67 /1 ~ 16.67 mol air/mol fuel

the actual air fuel ratio (kmol air/kmol fuel) ~ 25/1 ~ 25 mol air/mol fuel

the equivalence ratio ~ 16.67/25 ~ 0.67

  0.79 mol N 2 
N2 balance n 5 = ( 25 mol air )   = 19.75 mol N 2
 1 mol air 

 2 mol CO 2 formed 
CO2 balance n1 = ((0.9)(0.75) mol C 2 H 6 reacted)   = 1.35 mol CO 2

 1 mol C H
2 6 reacted 

 2 mol CO formed 
n 2 = ((0.9)(0.25) mol C 2 H 6 reacted)   = 0.45 mol CO

CO balance  1 mol C H
2 6 reacted 

 3 mol H 2 O formed 
n 3 = (1.35 mol CO 2 formed )  
 2 mol CO 2 formed 
 3 mol H 2 O formed 
H2O balance (
+ 0.45 mol CO formed  ) 2 mol CO formed 
 = 2.7 mol H 2 O
 

 3.5 mol O 2 reacted 

n 4 = ((0.21)(25) mol O 2 fed ) − ((0.9)(0.75) mol C 2 H 6 reacted)  

 1 mol C H
2 6 reacted 
O2 balance  2.5 mol O 2 reacted 
− ((0.9)(0.25) mol C 2 H 6 reacted)   = 2.325 mol H 2 O

 1 mol C H
2 6 reacted 

C2H6 bal
n 6 = 1 ((0.9)1 mol C 2 H 6 reacted) = 0.1 mol C 2 H 6
• the composition of combustion products on a dry and wet basis

mol wet % mol wet mol dry mol % dry

CO2 1.35 5.06 1.35 5.63

C0 0.45 1.69 0.45 1.88
N2 19.75 74.04 19.75 82.38
O2 2.33 8.72 2.33 9.70
C2H6 0.10 0.37 0.10 0.42
H20 2.70 10.12
26.68 100 23.98 100

• the dew point temperature of the products

Pw,Tdp = y w P = 0.1012x101.325 ~ 10.25 kPa

nw
yw = = 0.1012
n products

39
Example 5

A mixture of hydrocarbon gases containing , on a volume basis, 95% methane, 2%

propane and 3% nitrogen is completely burned with 30% excess air. On the basis of
100 moles of the gas mixture, calculate

– the composition of combustion products on a dry and wet basis

– the dew point temperature of the products
 Solution to Example 5

95 mole % CH4
2 mole % C3H8 n1 mol CO2
3 mole % N2 n2 mol H2O
n3 mol O2
no mol Air n4 mol N2
21 mole % O2
79 mole % N2
30% excess

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
 STOIC. (KMOL) ACTUAL (KMOL)
AIR 952.381 1238.095
A/F (kg/kg) 1653.362 2149.371 WET = 1340.10 DRY = 1142.10
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS (% VOL)
MOL WET WET (%) MOL DRY DRY (%)
CO2 101 7.54 101 8.84
PH2O(kPa) = 14.97084
CO 0 0
N2 981.10 73.21 981.10 85.90
DEW PT. O2 60 4.48 60 5.25
TEMP. = 54
55.04 H2O 198 14.78 0
( oC ) H2 0 0
HC 0 0
TOTAL 1340.10 100.00 1142.10 100.00
AMW 27.91 29.63

45
BASIS : 100 kg-mol of fuel Excess air (%) = 30 (Note : must be equal to or greater than zero (0))

REACTANTS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

FUEL KMOL AIR KMOL
O2 O2
ELEMENT %VOL MW KMOL (STOIC.) (ACT.) CO2 H20 CO HC N2 O2

CH4 95 16 95.000 190 95 190

C2H6 30 0.000 0 0 0
C2H4 28 0.000 0 0 0
C3H8 2 44 2.000 10 6 8
C4H8 56 0.000 0 0 0
260
C4H10 58 0.000 0 0 0
CH3OH 32 0.000 0 0 0
O2 32 0.000 0
H2 2 0.000 0 0
CO 28 0.000 0 0
N2 3 25 3.000 3.000
CO2 44 0.000 0
H2O 18 0.000 0
TOTAL 100 16.83 100.000 101 198 981.10 60

STOIC. (KMOL) ACTUAL (KMOL)

AIR 952.381 1238.095
A/F (kg/kg) 1653.362 2149.371 WET = 1340.10 DRY = 1142.10
COMPOSITION ANALYSIS (% VOL)
WET DRY
CO2 7.54 8.84
PH2O(kPa) = 14.97084
CO
N2 73.21 85.90
DEW PT. O2 4.48 5.25
TEMP. = 55.04 H2O 14.78
o
( C) H2
HC
TOTAL 100.00 100.00
AMW 27.91 29.63 49
Example 6

Methane is burned with atmospheric air. The analysis of the products on a dry
basis is as follows:

CO2 10.00 vol %

O2 2.37 vol %
CO 0.53 vol %
N2 87.10 vol %

Calculate the

– composition of combustion products on a wet basis

– percentage of excess air
– dew point temperature of the products
Process flowchart

Basis : 100 mol of dry flue gases

nf mol CH4 10.0 mol CO2

0.53 mol CO
no mol Air 2.37 mol O2
0.21 mol O2 / mol 87.1 mol N2
0.79 mol N2 / mol nw mol H2O
X % excess

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

CH4 + 1.5O2 → CO + 2H2O
Basis : 100 mol/h of methane

Strategy : Solve the unknowns from the given information.

METHOD : ATOMIC BALANCE

Nitrogen balance (Input = output)

 1mol Air 
n o = ( 87.1 mol N 2 )   = 110.25 mol Air
 0.79 mol N 2 

Atomic Carbon balance (Input = Output)

 1 mol C   1 mol C   
(nf mol CH 4 )   = (10 mol CO 2 )  + (0.53 CO ) 1 1mol
mol C 

 1 mol CH 4   1 mol CO 2   CO 
 n f = 10.53 mol CH 4
Theoretical Air

 2 mol O 2 
(n )
o 2 theo = (10.53 mol CH )
4 
  = 21.06 mol O 2
 1 mol CH 4 

 
(nair )theo = ( 21.06 mol O 2 )  1 mol Air  = 100.3 mol Air
 0.21 mol O 2 

Atomic Hydrogen balance (Output = Input)

 2 mol H   4 mol H 
(n w mol H 2O)   = (10.53 mol CH 4 )  
 1 mol H 2O   1 mol CH 4 
 n w = 21.06 mol H 2O
Total moles of flue gases (wet)
n T = 10 + 0.53 + 2.37 + 87.1 + 21.06 = 121.06 mol wet flue gas
ni
The molar compositio n of flue gases on a wet basis, i.e. y i =
nT
y CO 2 = 0.0826 y CO = 0.0044 y H 2O = 0.174
y O 2 = 0.0196 y N 2 = 0.720

110.25 - 100.3
% excessair = x 100%  10%
100.3
 FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
%VOL (DRY) %VOL (WET)
CO2 10.00 8.260
CO 0.53 0.438
N2 87.10 71.948
O2 2.37 1.958
H20 17.396
TOTAL 100 100
AMW 29.7 27.7

Stoic. A/F (kmol/kmol) 9.524 PH2O(kPa) = 17.627

Act. A/F (kmol/kmol) 10.472 Tdew -point ( oC ) = 57.97

Excess air (%) based on A/F 9.95 Tflue-gas (oC) = 300

55
 Self Practice
1. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) containing 30 mol % propane and 70 mol%
butane is complete burned with 10% excess air. 90 % LPG burns to form CO2 and
the remaining 25% to form CO. On the basis of 100 moles of the LPG, calculate

a. the composition of combustion products (mol%) on a dry and wet basis

b. the dew point temperature of the products

2. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) containing 30 mol % propane and 70 mol%

butane is burned with atmospheric air. The analysis of the combustion products on a
dry basis is as follows:

CO2 11.28 mol %

O2 2.68 mol %
CO 1.25 mol %
N2 84.79 mol %

On the basis of 100 moles of dry combustion products, calculate the

a. composition of combustion products on a wet basis

b. percentage of excess air
c. dew point temperature of the products 56
 Self Practice
1. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) containing 30 mol % propane and 70 mol%
butane is complete burned with 10% excess air. 90 % LPG burns to form CO2 and
the remaining 25% to form CO. On the basis of 100 moles of the LPG, calculate

a. the composition of combustion products (mol%) on a dry and wet basis

b. the dew point temperature of the products

COMPOSITION ANALYSIS (% VOL)

MOL WET WET % MOL DRY DRY
CO2 333 9.72 333.00 11.27
PH2O(kPa) = 13.90223
CO 37 1.08 37.00 1.25
N2 2507 73.17 2507 84.81
DEW PT. O2 79 2.31 79.00 2.67
TEMP. = 53.63 H2O 470 13.72
o
( C) H2
HC
TOTAL 3426 100 2956 100
AMW 28.28 29.91

57
 2. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) containing 30 mol % propane and 70 mol% butane is burned with
atmospheric air. The analysis of the combustion products on a dry basis is as follows:

CO2 11.28 mol %

O2 2.68 mol %
CO 1.25 mol %
N2 84.79 mol %

On the basis of 100 moles of dry combustion products, calculate the

a. composition of combustion products on a wet basis

b. percentage of excess air
c. dew point temperature of the products

FUEL + O2 + 3.76N2 CO2 + CO + O2 + N2 + H2O

KMOL = 3.39 22.543 84.76 11.28 1.25 2.68 84.79 15.92

MOL WET %VOL (WET)

CO2 11.28 9.731
CO 1.25 1.078 Excess air (%) ~ 10
N2 84.79 73.147
O2 2.68 2.312 PH2O(kPa) = 13.913
H20 15.92 13.731 Tdew -point ( oC ) = 53.64
TOTAL 115.92 100

58