Q1-Operating System

An operating system is a program on which application programs are executed and acts as a
communication bridge (interface) between the user and the computer hardware.
Important functions of an operating System:
1. Security
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other
techniques. It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
2. Control over system performance
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. Records the response time
between service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system
health. This can help improve performance by providing important information needed
to troubleshoot problems.
3. Job accounting
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users,
this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of
users.
4. Error detecting aids
The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the
malfunctioning of a computer system.
5. Coordination between other software and users
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and
other software to the various users of the computer systems.
6. Memory Management
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is
made up of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a
certain address. Main memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the
CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. An
Operating System performs the following activities for memory management:
It keeps track of primary memory, i.e., which bytes of memory are used by which user
program. The memory addresses that have already been allocated and the memory
addresses of the memory that has not yet been used. In multiprogramming, the OS
decides the order in which processes are granted access to memory, and for how long. It
allocates the memory to a process when the process requests it and de-allocates the
memory when the process has terminated or is performing an I/O operation.
7. Processor Management
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have
access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function
of OS is called process scheduling. An Operating System performs the following
activities for processor management.
Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is known
as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates
processor when a process is no more required.
8. Device Management
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the
following activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the
system. Designates a program responsible for every device known as the Input/output
controller. Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long.
Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way. DE allocates devices when they are
no longer required.
9. File Management
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage.
These directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System
carries out the following file management activities. It keeps track of where information
is stored, user access settings and status of every file, and more… These facilities are
collectively known as the file system.
Multi-tasking
It refers to the process in which a CPU happens to execute multiple tasks at any given time.
CPU switching occurs very often when multitasking between various tasks. This way, the
users get to collaborate with every program together at the same time. Since it involves rapid
CPU switching, it requires some time. It is because switching from one user to another might
need some resources. The processes in multi-tasking, unlike multi-threading, share separate
resources and memories.
• The process of multi-tasking lets a CPU execute various tasks at the very same time.
• A user can easily perform various tasks simultaneously with their CPU using multi-
tasking.
• The system needs to allocate separate resources and memory to different programs
working simultaneously in multi-tasking.
• There is the constant switching between various programs by the CPU.
• It involves multiprocessing among the various components.
• Executing multi-tasking is comparatively slower.
• The termination of a process takes up comparatively more time in multi-tasking.
Multithreading
It is a system that creates many threads out of a single process to increase the overall power
and working capacity of a computer. In the process of multi-threading, we use a CPU for
executing many threads out of a single process at any given time. Also, the process of
creation depends entirely on the cost. The process of multithreading, unlike multitasking,
makes use of the very same resources and memory for processing the execution.
• The process of multi-threading lets a CPU generate multiple threads out of a task and
process all of them simultaneously.
• A CPU gets to divide a single program into various threads so that it can work more
efficiently and conveniently. Thus, multi-threading increases computer power.
• The system allocates a single memory to any given process in multi-threading. The
various threads generated out of it share that very same resource and memory that the
CPU allocated to them.
• The CPU constantly switches between the threads and not programs.
• It does not involve multiprocessing among its various components.
• Executing multi-threading is comparatively much faster.
• The termination of a process takes up comparatively less time in multithread----------------
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Q2-A computer is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and processes data. The term
"computer" was originally given to humans (human computers) who performed numerical
calculations using mechanical calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later
given to mechanical devices as they began replacing human computers. Today's computers are
electronic devices that accept data (input), process that data, produce output, and store
(storage) the results (IPOS).

Mainframe Computers:
Mainframe Computers are less costly, small in size, and slower in speed than the
supercomputers are used as a storage for large database and serve as a maximum number of
users simultaneously. The first successful mainframe computer is invented by IBM.
Mainframe computer’s speed is comparatively less than Supercomputers. In this millions of
instructions are executed simultaneously.
• Mainframe computers are used as a storage for large databases and serve as a
maximum number of users simultaneously.
• Mainframe computers are smaller than supercomputers in size.
• Mainframe computers can have multiple operating systems simultaneously.
• The first successful mainframe computer is invented by IBM.
• Mainframe computers find their application in fields such as finance, health, etc.
Minicomputer
Compare to mainframe these are midrange computers, small in size and more compact and
less expensive. They are designed for computerization of data, scientific research, industrial
process, data collection and telephone switches. Minicomputers are multiprocessing system
and can support up to 200 user at a time but the power of processing is not as great as the
mainframe and supercomputers. Timesharing, batch processing and online processing is
available on these midrange computers.
 • In a minicomputer, small size of disk is used.
• The processing speed of minicomputer is slower than mainframe computer.
• Minicomputers can have a processing speed in the range of 10 to 30 MIPS.
Supercomputers:
Supercomputers are the largest in size and the most costly computers in the world. Seymour
Cray invents the Supercomputer. Supercomputers are used for large and complex
mathematical computations. Supercomputer’s speed is more than Mainframe computers so
they can execute billions of instructions or floating-point instructions within a second.
• Supercomputers are used for large and complex mathematical computations.
• Supercomputers are the largest computers.
• In the present, the supercomputers have Linux and their variant operating systems.
• Supercomputers find their application in fields like nuclear weapon simulation, etc.
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Q3- Differentiate Between WAN and LAN?
Local Area Network (LAN):
LAN is a group of network devices that allow communication between connected devices.
The private ownership has the control over the local area network rather than the public.
LAN has a short propagation delay than MAN as well as WAN. It covers the smallest area
such as College, School Hospital and so on.
• The speed of LAN is high (more than WAN).
• There is less congestion in LAN (local area network).
• LAN’s design and maintenance is easy.
• LAN operates on the principle of broadcasting.
• LAN has a higher data transfer rate.
• LANs technologies is data transfer rate is 10mbps.
Wide Area Network (WAN):
WAN covers a large area than LAN as well as MAN such as Country/Continent etc. WAN
is expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization. PSTN or Satellite
medium is used for wide area networks.
• The speed of WAN is slower than LAN.
• There is more congestion in WAN (Wide Area Network).
• WAN works on the principle of point to point.
• WAN has a lower data transfer rate as compared to LAN.
• WANs technologies data transfer rate 150mbps.
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Q4-
Refresh Rate
The refresh rate is the number of times a display's image is repainted or refreshed per second.
The refresh rate is expressed in hertz so a refresh rate of 75 means the image is refreshed 75
times in a second. The refresh rate for each display depends on the video card used. You can
change the refresh rate in the display properties. However, if you change the refresh rate to a
setting that the display or video card cannot support, the display goes blank or the image
becomes distorted. It is recommended to consult the display and video card manuals before
changing the settings to determine the supported refresh rates.
An older refresh rate standard, developed by the Video Electronics Standards Association
(VESA Local Bus), was only 60 Hz. This refresh rate caused the display's image to flicker,
causing eye fatigue and headaches in users. A new standard set the refresh rate to 75 Hz. It is
believed that 70 Hz or higher eliminates the flicker. When purchasing a monitor, look for a
refresh rate of 75 to 85 Hz.
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) memory modules also have a refresh rate. A
DRAM module is made up of electrical cells. These cells must be recharged or refreshed
thousands of times per second or they lose their data. The refresh cycles depend on the
number of rows that must be refreshed. For example, a DRAM module that has 4 rows of
cells has a refresh cycle of 4K. Some DRAM modules are able to refresh themselves
independently of the processor or external refresh circuits. Since this reduces power
consumption, this kind of DRAM is commonly used in notebook computers.
Screen Resolution
Screen resolution is the number of pixels across the screen and the number of pixels down
the screen. E.g. 800 × 600 means there are 800 pixels across the screen and 600 pixels
down the screen. But are pixels the same as dots?
Typically, monitor specifications include maximum resolution along with dot pitch. As an
example, suppose we have a maximum resolution specified as 1600 × 1200, this means
that there are 1600 dots across the screen and 1200 dots down the screen.
Provided the graphics card can handle it, an operating system can be configured to
consider each single dot as a pixel and can draw the desktop coloring each pixel
separately. In this case the desktop will be displayed at maximum resolution.
A pixel is the same as a dot at maximum resolution only. Now, although the number of
dots a monitor has cannot be changed, the screen resolution can be changed. An operating
system can be configured to consider groups of dots as pixels. As an example, suppose
the screen resolution is changed from 1600 × 1200 to 800 × 600. This means that each
group of four dots is now considered to be a single pixel. Each set of four dots is now
colored identically.
Dot Pitch
A monitor screen is made of lots of tiny dots. Each dot is composed of a triad of phosphor
cells - a red phosphor, blue phosphor and green phosphor cell.
In a normal cathode ray tube monitor (CRT) an electron gun at the back of the monitor
shoots electrons at the back surface of the monitor screen. When electrons hit the phosphor
cells they glow. The color that each type of phosphor cell emits depends on the intensity with
which electrons strike them. The red phosphor cell can be made to glow different intensities
of red, the green phosphor cell can be made to glow different intensities of green and the blue
phosphor cell can be made to glow different intensities of blue.
Each set of three phosphor cells make up a dot. The color the whole dot appears to be
depends on the intensity of the red phosphor cell, the green phosphor cell and the blue
phosphor cell. You may recall mixing paints at school. This is similar except the three
primary colors of light are red, green and blue.
Dot pitch is the distance in millimeters between each phosphor triad. Dot pitch is
important because it is an indicator of image clarity and is a KEY element to consider
when purchasing a monitor.
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Q5-
The CPU in modern computers is the embodiment of the "mill" in Babbage's difference
engine. The term central processing unit originated way back in the mists of computer
time when a single massive cabinet contained the circuitry required to interpret machine
level program instructions and perform operations on the data supplied. The central
processing unit also completed all processing for any attached peripheral devices.
Peripherals included printers, card readers, and early storage devices such as drum and
disk drives. Modern peripheral devices have a significant amount of processing power
themselves and off-load some processing tasks from the CPU. This frees the CPU up from
input/output tasks so that its power is applied to the primary task at hand.
Parts of CPU
A computer is made up of multiple elements that help in processing and effective
functioning.
In this article, we are going to discuss about parts of the CPU. Hope this article will be
helpful to you in order to take information about the parts of CPU.
There are three components of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) that are listed as follows -
o Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
o Control Unit (CU)
o Memory or storage unit
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (or ALU)
As the name implies, the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (or ALU) performs arithmetic and
logical functions. The arithmetic functions are addition, subtraction, multiplication division,
and comparisons, whereas the logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing, and
merging the data. The complex operations are performed by making repetitive use of the
operations mentioned above. ALU is the key part of the CPU.
There can be more than one ALU in a CPU. Furthermore, ALUs can be used for maintaining
timers that help run the computer.
Control Unit (CU)
The control Unit is one of the crucial components of the CPU. It instructs the complete
computer system to perform a particular task. It controls and coordinates the functioning of
all parts of the computer. It takes instructions from memory and then decodes and executes
these instructions.
The Control unit mainly regulates and maintains the information's flow across the processor.
It does not take part in storing data and processing.
Memory Unit
It is called Random access memory (RAM). This unit temporarily stores data, programs, and
intermediate and final results of processing. So, it acts as a temporary storage area that holds
the data temporarily, which is used to run the computer.
The memory unit supplies the data to other units of the computer whenever it is required to
do so. It is also called primary storage or RAM, main memory, or the internal storage unit.
The functions of the memory unit are listed as follows
o The data and instructions that are required for processing are stored in a memory unit.
o All inputs/outputs are transmitted by the main memory.
o The memory unit also stores the intermediate results and final results of processing.
Machine Cycle
The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction
received. The machine cycle is a four-process cycle that includes reading and interpreting
the machine language, executing the code, and then storing that code.

Four steps of the machine cycle

1. Fetch - Retrieve an instruction from memory.
2. Decode - Translate the retrieved instruction into computer commands.
3. Execute - Execute the computer commands.
4. Store - Send and write the results back in memory.
Example of a machine cycle
Below is an example of a machine cycle performing the steps mentioned above for a math
problem.
1. The computer user enters a math problem that's stored in memory. The
computer fetches that instruction from memory.
2. The control unit decodes that math problem into instructions the computer
understands.
3. The ALU executes the instructions to get the answer to the math problem.
4. The problem's answer is sent to and stored in memory where it can be accessed and
displayed to the user.
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Q6-
Application Software
Application Software is a type of computer program that performs specific functions. These
functions, performed by application software, can be personal, business as well as
educational. Thus, application Software is also known as end-user software or productivity
software.
Each software program is developed to assist users with the particular process related to
productivity, efficiency, and communication. Unlike System Software, Application Software
is specific for its functionality and completes the task that they are developed to do. The
majority of apps that we see on our smartphones are examples of application software.
Functions of Application Software
Application Software Programs are developed to execute a large variety of roles. The
functions are not limited to but depend upon the user’s need. Some of the most common
functions of application software are
• Manipulating data
• Managing information
• Calculating figures
• Constructing visuals
• Coordinating resources
• Writing reports
• Creating spreadsheets
• Manipulating images
• Keeping records
• Developing websites
• Calculating expenses
Name of three application software
The most common examples of application software are the computer programs that we used
in our everyday life. This application software includes:
1. Microsoft products such as Office, PowerPoint, Word, Excel, Outlook, etc.
 2. Multimedia Software like MX Player and VLC Media Player.
3. Real-time online communication like Skype, Google Meet, and Zoom.
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Q7.1- Insert picture in word document
1-Do one of the following: Select Insert > Pictures > This Device for a picture on your PC.
Select Insert > Pictures > Stock Images for high quality images or backgrounds. Select Insert
> Pictures > Online Pictures for a picture on the web.
2-Select the picture you want, and then select Insert.
Q7.2- Add a password to Microsoft Word
First, open the Office document you would like to protect. Click the File menu, select the
Info tab, and then select the Protect Document button. Click Encrypt with Password. Enter
your password then click OK.
Q7.3- Use layout
Select the pages or paragraphs whose orientation you want to change. Click PAGE LAYOUT
> Page Setup dialog box launcher. In the Page Setup box, under Orientation, click Portrait or
Landscape. Click the Apply to box, and click Selected text.
Q7.4- Add a footnote
1-Click where you want to add the footnote.
2-Click Insert > Insert Footnote. Word inserts a reference mark in the text and adds the
footnote mark at the bottom of the page.
3-Type the footnote text.
Q7.5-
Select the text or number that you want. For superscript, press Ctrl, Shift, and the Plus sign
(+) at the same time. For subscript, press Ctrl and the Equal sign (=) at the same time. (Do
not press Shift.)
Q7.6- How to add a bibliography in Microsoft Word
1-Click where you want to insert the bibliography—usually at the end of the document.
2-Click the Reference tab. Then, click Bibliography in the Citations & Bibliography
group.
3-From the resulting dropdown list, choose a bibliography.
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Q8-
A mouse is something you push along your desktop to make a cursor (pointing device) move
on your screen. So what a mouse has to do is figure out how much you're moving your hand
and in which direction. There are two main kinds of mice and they do this job in two different
ways, either using a rolling rubber ball (in a ball-type mouse) or by bouncing a light off your
desk (in an optical mouse).
How a Computer Mouse interact?
As you move it across your desk, the ball rolls under its own weight and pushes against
two plastic rollers linked to thin wheels (numbered 6 and 7 in the photo). One of the wheels
detects movements in an up-and-down direction (like the y-axis on graph/chart paper); the
other detects side-to-side movements (like the x-axis on graph paper).
Trackball
A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side. To move the pointer
using a trackball, you rotate the ball with your thumb, fingers, or the palm of your hand. In
addition to the ball, a trackball usually has one or more buttons that work just like mouse
buttons.

Trackpad
Trackpad also known as glide point, pressure sensitive tablet, glide pad or Trackpad is an
input device placed usually on laptops to move cursor. Trackpads are placed with keyboards
on laptop computers. When user don’t have external mouse or he don’t want to use one,
Trackpad is the best choice. Users can move cursor by using their fingers. Users move their
fingers or drag through the flat surface of the touchpad to use trackpad or to input
data/information. Wherever you move your fingers, the cursor moves to that direction.
Trackpoint
TrackPoint is a mouse solution used with portable computers that was first introduced
by IBM on their ThinkPad in 1992. It is a small, isometric joystick that resembles a pencil's
eraser head, located between the "G," "H," and "B" keys on the keyboard. This technology
enables the user to keep their hands on the keyboard and still be able to control the mouse.
The left and right buttons for this mouse are commonly located under the spacebar. The
picture shows an example of the TrackPoint.
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Q9-
What is a Software?
A software or computer software essentially a type of programs which enable the users to
perform some particular specific task or actually used to operate their computer. It
essentially directs all of the peripheral devices on the entire computer system- what
exactly to do and how exactly to perform a task. A software plays a key role of a mediator
between the user and the computer hardware. In the absence of software, a user essentially
can’t perform any task on a computer. A software product development company is the
one which develops software for the users.
Two main types of computer software
1-Application Software
This is the most common type of computer software, and can be defined as end-user
programs that help you perform tasks or achieve a desired outcome. The end-user is the
person who is actually using a product or program. (They are the one for whom the “end
result” is designed.) Some examples of application software include internet browsers, a
CRM tool like Hubspot, a photo-editing software like Adobe or Lightroom, or a word
processing application like Microsoft Word. Application software is installed on a computer
or mobile device based upon a user’s need. Because this is the most common type of
software, there are many options available and users can choose the one that best fits their
needs, budget, and expectations. (For example, anyone wanting to look on the internet could
use Chrome, Safari, or even Firefox.)
2- System Software
System software helps the user, the computer or mobile device, and an application all work
together seamlessly. This makes system software crucial to running any kind of application
software as well as the whole computer system.
Think about when your laptop or phone has an update. This is system software in action:
there is a tweak made to the system software that helps your computer or phone continue to
work well and keep applications running. Apple’s iOS is an example of system software, as is
Microsoft Windows. System software is always running in the background of your device,
but it is never something you will use directly. In fact, the only time most people remember
it’s there is when it is time for an update.
Software relation in-between Hardware & user with diagram

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Q10-
Internet: a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
OR
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the
Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet
connection.
Hectic work schedules, family responsibilities, and commuting challenges no longer have to
keep people from seeking a college degree. In 2012, a US News and World Report survey
showed that roughly 62 percent of colleges offer online degree programs.
Using the Internet in the classroom actually gets students more excited about learning, states
the National Math and Science Initiative. Because Internet activities are often hands-on and
interactive, students get the chance to directly engage with information rather than passively
listen to lectures.
Doing this online research also lets them sharpen their critical thinking skills by evaluating
Internet sources for credibility, bias and usefulness. Knowing how to determine a source's
trustworthiness can help students evaluate online sources they come across both in and out of
the classroom, making them smarter consumers of information.
Classroom Internet use can also help teachers say goodbye to communication mishaps such
as lost assignment sheets and misplaced memos home to parents.
Everyone learns in their own manner. Some students possess the ability to work
independently, while others find comfort in their community on campus with easy access to
professors or their fellow students.
Piggybacking off the sentiment above, being part of a community and physically attending
classes increases accountability. If a student does not feel they are getting the proper
guidance, they may not have enough self-discipline to fully engage in the lessons themselves.
Online classes imply an initial learning curve and extra effort on the teacher’s behalf to create
a successful online course. Instructors need to get a deep understanding of the different
approaches to teaching and learning to avoid just replicating the physical class environment
and miss out on all the added advantages and tools that eLearning and blended learning have
to offer.
The classic disadvantages of online learning center around technical problems. Nothing
disrupts an online lesson more than audio, video, or connection issues. Many times in the
past, students were required to download and/or install cumbersome apps or technology that
would deliver inconsistent performances.
t’s pretty much inevitable in 2022, but darn do we spend a frightening amount of time in front
of screens. Online learning sadly contributes to this problem. Excessive screen-time can lead
to all sorts of physical ailments like poor posture or headaches. But it can also be a personal
issue to students who struggle with learning from or focusing on screens.
Financial advantage
• An online account is simple to open and easy to operate.
 • It's convenient, because you can easily pay your bills and transfer your funds between
accounts from nearly anywhere in the world.
• You do not have to stand in a queue to pay off your bills. Also you do not have to
keep receipts of all of your bills, as you can now easily view your transactions.
• It is available all the time. You can perform your tasks from anywhere and at any
time, even at night or on holidays when the bank is closed. The only thing you need to
have is an active internet connection.
• It is fast and efficient. Funds get transferred from one account to the other very fast.
You can also manage several accounts easily through internet banking.
• You can keep an eye on your transactions and account balance all the time.
• You can get to know about any fraudulent activity or threat to your account before it
can pose any severe damage.
• It's a great medium for the banks to endorse their products and services.
• More online services include loans and investment options.
Disadvantage
• Understanding the usage of internet banking might be difficult at the first. That said,
there are some sites which offer a demo on how to access online accounts (not all
banks offer this). So, a person who is new to technology might face some difficulty.
• You cannot have access to online banking if you don’t have an internet connection;
thus, without the availability of internet access, it may not be useful.
• Security of transactions is a big issue. Your account information might get hacked by
unauthorized people over the internet.
• Password security is a must. After receiving your password, change it and memorize
it. Otherwise, your account may be misused.
• Your banking information may be spread out on several devices, making it more at
risk.
• If the bank’s server is down, then you cannot access your accounts.
• If the bank's server is down, due to the loss of net connectivity or a slow connection,
then it might be hard to know if your transaction went through.
• You might get overly marketed too and become annoyed by notifications. That said,
these can easily be turned off.
• You might become annoyed by constant emails and updates.
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Q11-
Add two or more numbers in one cell
1. Click any blank cell, and then type an equal sign (=) to start a formula.
2. After the equal sign, type a few numbers separated by a plus sign (+). For example,
50+10+5+3.
3. Press RETURN.
4. the answer will be 68if you are using these example values. for average Do the
following: Click a cell below, or to the right, of the numbers for which you want to find the
average. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click the arrow next to. AutoSum , click
Average, and then press Enter.
----------------------------------------------------
12.1- Sheets in a document
We need to hold the “SHIFT” key and press the “F11” function key to insert a new sheet in
the existing Excel workbook. If we press the “F11” key by holding the “SHIFT” key, it will
keep inserting the new worksheets in the serial order of the worksheet.
12.2- Insert rows and colimn
To insert a row, pick a cell or row that's not the header row, and right-click. To insert a
column, pick any cell in the table and right-click. Point to Insert, and pick Table Rows Above
to insert a new row, or Table Columns to the Left to insert a new column.
12.3- set print area
On the worksheet, select the cells that you want to define as the print area. Tip: To set
multiple print areas, hold down the Ctrl key and click the areas you want to print. Each print
area prints on its own page. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Print
Area, and then click Set Print Area.
12.4- page layout
1-From the Page Layout tab, click Margins. Select Custom Margins... from the drop-down
menu. ...
2-The Page Setup dialog box will appear.
3-Adjust the values for each margin, then click OK. ...
4-The margins of the workbook will be changed.
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13.1- Slide Show
1-To start your slide show, on the Slide Show tab, select Play From Beginning. ...
2-To manage your slide show, go to the controls in the bottom-left corner and do any of the
following:
3-To skip to any slide in the presentation, right-click the screen and select Go to Slide.
13.2- Transition Method
1-Press and hold the Ctrl key while you select the transition slides that you want to add a
sound to.
2-Click TRANSITIONS > Sound.
3-Do one of the following: .
4-Click TRANSITIONS > Preview to hear the sound while the transition plays.
13.3- Printing Slide
1-Select File > Print.
F2-or Printer, select the printer you want to print to.
3-For Settings, select the options you want: Print All Slides: To print each slide on a single
sheet or change to just print a range of slides. ...
4-For Copies, select how many copies you want to print.
5-Select Print.
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14.1 Virus
A computer virus is a type of malicious software, or malware, that spreads between
computers and causes damage to data and software.
Example:
Pop-up Windows
Unwanted pop-up windows appearing on a computer or in a web browser are a telltale sign of
a computer virus. Unwanted pop-ups are a sign of malware, viruses, or spyware affecting a
device
14.2- Antivirus
[9:32 PM, 9/19/2022] Ahsan: An Antivirus is a software program that is developed and
designed to detect malicious content on the device, remove malicious programs from the
device and protect the system from such content in future.
Example
Webroot.
Avast.
14.3- Processor
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions
that drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial integrated circuitry (IC)
chip in a computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most of computers commands.
Example
Intel # AMD
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16-
1-Cache Performance Is King
The cache is one of the most under-appreciated parts of a CPU. In fact, a cache with poor
specs could be slowing down your PC. So, you should always check the cache specs of a
processor before you purchase it.
Cache is essentially RAM for your processor, which means that the processor uses the cache
to store all of the functions it has recently performed. Whenever those functions are requested
again, the processor can draw the data from the cache instead of performing them a second
time, thus making it faster.
2- Clock Speed Isn't Everything
Clock speed and cores are the most heavily advertised aspects of processors. Clock speed is
usually noted in hertz (e.g., 3.14GHz), while the number of cores is usually advertised as
dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, or octa-core.
3- Check Single-Threaded Performance
The dirty little secret in the computer world is that even though you're buying a processor
with four cores, all four of those cores might not be used when you're running applications.
Most software today is still single-threaded, which means the program is running as one
process, and a process can only run on one core. So even if you have four cores, you won't be
getting the full performance of all four cores for that application.
4- Integrated Graphics Matter, Too
Intel and AMD have combined the CPU and the graphics card into an APU. If you've ever
purchased or built a gaming-oriented PC, you may know the difference between an APU,
CPU, and GPU.
Because of recent technological changes, new processors can now usually handle the
graphics needs of most people without requiring a separate graphics card.
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A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect computer components and transfer data between
them. For example, an internal bus connects computer internals to the motherboard. A “bus
topology” or design can also be used in other ways to describe digital connections.
A bus may be parallel or serial. Parallel buses transmit data across multiple wires. Serial
buses transmit data in bit-serial format.
• System Bus: A parallel bus that simultaneously transfers data in 8-, 16-, or 32-bit
channels and is the primary pathway between the CPU and memory.
• Internal Bus: Connects a local device, like internal CPU memory.
• External Bus: Connects peripheral devices to the motherboard, such as scanners or
disk drives.
• Expansion Bus: Allows expansion boards to access the CPU and RAM.
• Frontside Bus: Main computer bus that determines data transfer rate speed and is the
primary data transfer path between the CPU, RAM and other motherboard devices.
• Backside Bus: Transfers secondary cache (L2 cache) data at faster speeds, allowing
more efficient CPU operations.
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Computer
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and
manipulates it for some result based on a program, software, or sequence of instructions on
how the data is to be processed.
Software
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a
computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that
run on a device.
Hardware
Hardware refers to the computer's tangible components or delivery systems that store and run
the written instructions provided by the software. The software is the intangible part of the
device that lets the user interact with the hardware and command it to perform specific tasks.
Application Software
An application, also referred to as an application program or application software, is a
computer software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in
some cases, for another application. An application can be self-contained or a group of
programs.
System Software
System software controls a computer's internal functioning, chiefly through an operating
system, and also controls such peripherals as monitors, printers, and storage devices.
Application software, by contrast, directs the computer to execute commands given by the
user and may be… In computer: Computer software.
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19-
RAM
RAM (random access memory) is a computer's short-term memory, where the data that the
processor is currently using is stored. Your computer can access RAM memory much faster
than data on a hard disk, SSD, or other long-term storage device, which is why RAM
capacity is critical for system performance.
ROM
Read-only memory, or ROM, is a type of computer storage containing non-volatile,
permanent data that, normally, can only be read, not written to. ROM contains the
programming that allows a computer to start up or regenerate each time it is turned on.
Hard Disk
hard disk, also called hard disk drive or hard drive, magnetic storage medium for a computer.
Hard disks are flat circular plates made of aluminum or glass and coated with a magnetic
material. Hard disks for personal computers can store terabytes (trillions of bytes) of
information.
CD-ROM
The definition of a CD-ROM drive is the place on a computer where a compact disc can be
held, read and played. An example of a CD-ROM drive is where a person can play a music
CD on the computer. noun. (computing) A device for reading data from a CD-ROM.
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20-
1-CPU
Computer scientists typically call the CPU the "brain" of the computer because this is where
programs are executed. A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to
accomplish a specific task, such as sending a file to the printer, opening a browser window,
or playing music or video.
The CPU is further broken up into three smaller components: the arithmetic unit handles all
the simple mathematical computations; the control units interpret the instructions in a
computer program; and the instruction decoding unit converts computer programming
instructions into machine code. Machine code is the basic language understood by all the
components in a computer.
2-Memory
Once the CPU converts a specific set of computer program instructions into machine code, it
stores that machine code in primary storage or memory. The machine code will be treated as
either data or instructions. The CPU fetches data and instructions from memory, uses an
instruction to manipulate the data, and then sends the result and the next set of instructions
back to memory.
3-Input Units
Input units are all the devices you use to feed information to the computer, such as a
keyboard, a hard drive or a networking card. These devices, in essence, bring data from the
"outside world" into your computer, in much the same way that your eyes and ears bring
information to your brain. Each input device has its own hardware controller that connects to
the CPU and primary memory, and it has a set of instructions that tells the CPU how to use it.
Output Units
Output units are the devices your computer uses to relay information to the user, such as a
printer, monitors and speakers. For example, everything you see on your computer monitor
starts as machine code in memory. The CPU takes that machine code and converts it into a
format required by your monitor's hardware. Your monitor's hardware then converts that
information into different light intensities so that you see words or pictures.
4-The System Bus
The system bus lets the four components of the computer communicate with one another. The
system bus transmits data and instructions. It also sends addresses that tell the CPU where in
primary memory the data and instructions are coming from and where the results should go.
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21- Insert picture in word document
1-Do one of the following: Select Insert > Pictures > This Device for a picture on your PC.
Select Insert > Pictures > Stock Images for high quality images or backgrounds. Select Insert
> Pictures > Online Pictures for a picture on the web.
2-Select the picture you want, and then select Insert.
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Relative addressing in Excel
A relative reference in Excel is a cell address without the $ sign in the row and column
coordinates, like A1. When a formula with relative cell references in copied to another cell,
the reference changes based on a relative position of rows and columns. By default, all
references in Excel are relative.
Absolute addresses in Excel
An absolute reference in Excel is a reference that cannot be changed when copied, so you
won't see changes in rows or columns when you copy them. Absolute references are used
when you want to fix a cell location. These cell references are preceded by a dollar sign.
Mixed mode cell addressing in Excel
Mixed mode addressing contains one relative coordinate and one absolute coordinate, for
example $A3 or A$3. Mixed mode addressing is extremely useful for quickly generating
reports using NL and NF functions.