Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound: Physical quantities and-sheir measurenients-in- Chemistry, precision and. accuracy, : Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and ‘molecular formulae: Chemical equations and stoichiometry. TATES OF MATTER — Chaffow Removed’ Classification of matter inig solid, liquid, and gaseous states Gaseous State UNIT Graham's law of ‘solute scale of ‘oncept of average, iasication of sods: note ni, “ fe elds _aiworphous and exjstlline solids (elementary jay, Brag’s Law and its aplieaions: Unjeel and latices, packing in solids (ee, bee an hep latices, voids, ealeulatgns involving nit cell parameters, an imperfection in solids; Electrical and magnetic oe 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE ; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship. Heisenberg. uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of Y and Y? with r for Is and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals — Aufbau principle. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund! rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 NIT NIT Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy. Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications. 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive propertics, state functions types OF processes. The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat intemal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution. ‘The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes; AS of the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, AG? (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant. 6: SOLUTIONS Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s, Law ~ Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non- ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnotmal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance, 7; EQUILIBRIUM Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equil volving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristies of equilibrium involving physical processes. Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Ky and K.) and their significance, the significance of AG and AG? in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle. Tonic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius. Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions. UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nemnst equation and its applications; Relationship between. cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells UNIT 9: CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous, reactions (no derivation). (UNIT 10: SURFACE CHEMISTRY Chept ow Adit UNI Adsorption Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions, Catalysis - Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis, and its mechanism, Colloidal state- distinction among true solutions, colloids, and suspensions, classification of colloids - lyophilic. lyophobic; multi-molecular. mactomolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect. Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation, and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 11: CLAS! CATION OF EI MENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization scaiaad electron, gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity. UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATIO! ae (OF ee Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of, ‘metals concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 UNIT 13: HYDROGEN ddtted Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent, and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel. UNIT 14: $ -BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS) Group -1 and 2 Elements Goffe deted General introduction, electronic Configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first clement of cach group, diagonal relationships. p Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate‘and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris, and cement: Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca INIT 15: P- BLOCK ELEMENTS. Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13 =— es Preparation, properties, anditses of boron and aluminum; Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums. Group -14 The tendency for catenation; Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones. aa al, bis forhon diltted Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotr forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, striéture, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (Ch. PCIs); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus. Group -16 Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone: Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur. Group-17 Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens. Group-18‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon. INIT 16; d-and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS —//i change Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K.Cr0;, and KMnOx, Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction, Acctin« Js - Electronic configuration and oxidation states. NIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS Yo ch Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems). UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water, and soil. (Jabfow ind Stratospheric Adhed ‘Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain; Atmospheric pollution - Tropospher Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects, and prevention. Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects. Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention. Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects, and prevention, Strategies to control environmental pollution. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS oft Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential chromatography - principles and their applications. tion, and‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 tive analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens. tive analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, UNIT 20:SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY mayo Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stercoisomerism, Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond = Inductive effect, electromeric effet, resonance, and hyperconjugation Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement. UNITS21: HYDROCARBONS /Y¥ (1 Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane}: Mechanism of, halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene. IT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS 2 Gorge General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions, Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT. INIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN _//,, tos iz General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration, Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure, Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NHb, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it, UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN /YO Grange General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identific primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistr UNIT 25: POLYMERS Chop ree Auited ind fas i tion ar f 1s, gengral methods of polymerization, - ‘Adgftion and éondensatién, copoly: . Vp 4 syntheyi€, rubber gefd vuleani ie imy mers Ait ee. ‘NIT 26: BIOMOLECULES General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose). PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatemary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes, VITAMINS — Classification and functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS — Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. 4- [fox v707es UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE‘Reduced Syllabus of JEE Main 2024 Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines -their meaning and common exis. Chipter Adited Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents ~common examples. Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds ©The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Moh’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. ‘* The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises — Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnOy, Mohr’s salt vs KMnOg * Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations ~ Pb? Cut AP’, Fe", Zn®*, Ni**, Ca”, Ba®*, Mg, NH Anions- C03, S?,S03-, 8°*, NO, Cl, Br, ‘(Insoluble salts excluded), Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO, 2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. 3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 4, Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.