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Modue 4

Tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes connected by links. Each node stores data and links to other nodes. There are different types of trees such as binary trees where each node has at most two children. Binary trees can be represented using arrays or linked lists. Common traversals of binary trees include in-order, pre-order, and post-order traversals which visit nodes in different orders. A balanced binary search tree is a binary tree where the difference between heights of left and right subtrees is less than or equal to one for every node.

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Narendra Kolukula
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4 views

Modue 4

Tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes connected by links. Each node stores data and links to other nodes. There are different types of trees such as binary trees where each node has at most two children. Binary trees can be represented using arrays or linked lists. Common traversals of binary trees include in-order, pre-order, and post-order traversals which visit nodes in different orders. A balanced binary search tree is a binary tree where the difference between heights of left and right subtrees is less than or equal to one for every node.

Uploaded by

Narendra Kolukula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEFINITION OF TREE: Tree is collection of nodes and links .

In tree data
structure, every individual element is called as Node. Node in a tree data
structure stores the actual data of that particular element and link to next
element in hierarchical structure.
TREE TERMINOLOGIES:
1)Root Node 13) Sub Tree
2)Edge
3)Parent Node
4)Child Node
5)Siblings
6)Leaf Node
7)Internal Node
8)Degree
9)Level
10)Height
11)Depth
12)path
2. Edge: In a Tree, the connecting link between any two nodes is called as EDGE. In a tree with 'N' number of nodes
there will be a maximum of 'N-1' number of edges.
Level: In a Tree data structure, the root node is said to be at Level 0 and the
children of root node are at Level 1 and the children of the nodes which are
at Level 1 will be at Level 2 and so on... In simple words, in a tree each step
from top to bottom is called as a Level and the Level count starts with '0' and
incremented by one at each level (Step).
• BINARY TREE:
• In a normal tree, every node can have any number of children.
A binary tree is a special type of tree data structure in which every node
can have a maximum of 2 children. One is known as a left child and the
other is known as right child.
• A tree in which every node can have a maximum of two children is called
Binary Tree.
In a binary tree, every node can have either 0 children or 1 child or 2
children but not more than 2 children.
• TYPES OF BINARY TREE:
1)Strictly Binary Tree:
• In a binary tree, every node can have a maximum of two children. But in
strictly binary tree, every node should have exactly two children or none.
That means every internal node must have exactly two children. A strictly
Binary Tree can be defined as follows...
• A binary tree in which every node has either two or zero number of
children is called Strictly Binary Tree
2)Complete Binary Tree:
A binary tree in which every internal node has exactly two children and all leaf nodes are
at same level is called Complete Binary Tree.

3)Extended Binary Tree:


• A binary tree can be converted into Full Binary tree by adding dummy nodes to existing
nodes wherever required.
The full binary tree obtained by adding dummy nodes to a binary tree is called as
Extended Binary Tree.
1. Skewed Binary Tree:
If a tree which is dominated by left child node or right child node, is said to
be a Skewed Binary Tree.
In a skewed binary tree, all nodes except one have only one child node.
The remainingnode has no child.
BINARY TREE IMPLEMENTATION :
A binary tree data structure is represented using two methods. Those methods are as
follows...
• Array Representation
• Linked List Representation
Consider the following binary tree.
Array Representation of Binary Tree:
• In array representation of a binary tree, we use one-dimensional array (1-D Array) to
represent a binary tree.
• Consider the above example of a binary tree and it is represented as follows...
2)Linked List Representation of Binary Tree :
• We use a double linked list to represent a binary tree. In a double linked list, every node
consists of three fields. First field for storing left child address, second for storing actual
data and third for the right child address.
• In this linked list representation, a node has the following structure...

The above example of the binary tree represented using Linked list representation is
shown as follows
BINARY TREE TRAVERSALS:
Displaying (or) visiting order of nodes in a binary tree is called as Binary Tree Traversal.
When we wanted to display a binary tree, we need to follow some order in which all the
nodes of that binary tree must be displayed. In any binary tree, displaying order of nodes
depends on the traversal method.
• There are three types of binary tree traversals.
• In - Order Traversal
• Pre - Order Traversal
• Post - Order Traversal
In - Order Traversal (left Child - root - right Child):
Algorithm:
Step-1: Visit the left subtree, using inorder.
Step-2: Visit the root.
Step-3: Visit the right subtree, using inorder.

That means here we have visited in the order of I - D - J - B - F - A - G - K - C - H using In-


Order Traversa
Pre - Order Traversal ( root - leftChild - rightChild ):
• Algorithm:
• Step-1: Visit the root.
• Step-2: Visit the left subtree, using preorder. Step-3: Visit the right subtree,
using preorder

That means here we have visited in the order of A-B-D-I-J-F-C-G-K-H using


Pre-Order Traversal.
Post - Order Traversal ( leftChild - rightChild - root ):
• Algorithm:
• Step-1: Visit the left subtree, using postorder.
• Step-2: Visit the right subtree, using postorder
• Step-3: Visit the root.

Here we have visited in the order of I - J - D - F - B - K - G - H - C - A using


Post-Order Traversal
Balanced Binary Search Tree :
• A balanced binary tree is also known as height balanced tree. It is defined as
binary tree in when the difference between the height of the left subtree and
right subtree is not more than m, where m is usually equal to 1
• The height of a tree is the number of edges on the longest path between the
root node and the leaf node.

(left subtree) (right subtree)

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