INTRO PHILO.

REVIEWER
Philosophia The love of wisdom
Philosophy the academic study of anything Science It is called science because it is systematic Natural light of
reason Philosophy investigates things, not by using any other laboratory instruments or any investigative tools. The
Philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or simply human reasons.
Study Of All Things It Is A Holistic (Anthropology Study Of human beings, religion, language,society etc.
First cause or Highest Principle
*Principle of identity
*Principle of noncontradiction
*Principle of excluded middle
*Principle of sufficient reason

Branches Of Philosophy
Metaphysics nature of reality
Epistemology nature and scope of knowledge
Logic Presentations are communication tools that can be used as demonstrations.

Value Theory
a) Ethics evaluate human conduct
b) Aesthetics the nature of beauty

Philosophers
Aristotle In His Metaphysics, he claims that there must be a separate and unchanging being that
is the source of all other beings. In his ethics, he holds that it is only by becoming excellent that
one could achieve eudaimonia, a sort of happiness or blessedness that constitutes the best kind of
human life.
Plato carved out a subject matter for philosophy by formulating and discussing a wide range of
metaphysical and ethical questions. To explain the similarities and resemblances among objects
of the physical world, he developed a metaphysics of Forms.
Socrates was not interested in mathematics or science but was concerned with the quality of his
soul and that of others. Socrates' philosophy examines how we should live. This led him to
discussions on various virtues, things like wisdom, justice, courage,piety, and so on.

Philosophy
-meaning "love of wisdom," is a science where reason and logic are used to understand reality and answer
questions of knowledge, morality, and human nature.
-as a body of knowledge provides methodologies and insights as to how societal questions can be answered
-as an intellectual activity is an analytic procedure of addressing individual thought processes such as resolving
conflict and confusion, testing positions, and analyzing beliefs.

Philosophy in life Philosophy applied to HUMAN EXPERIENCE, or EVERYDAY LIFE,

denotes the use of philosophy as an intellectual activity
Holistic Thinking It refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. This is
often described as looking at the "big picture" when describing and analyzing a situation or
problem. The word holistic comes from the Greek word holos which means whole.
Partial Thinking It focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

Holistic whole,big picture, total, complete, all aspects

Partial specific, part of a whole, particular, not complete
Method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or drawing conclusion from a
statement using various philosophical methods.
Socratic method Is an exchange of ideas using Socratic questioning Statements are deconstructeor questioned to
come up with the actual truth that is believed to rest on the roots of the argument.
Opinion Is an expression of one's feelings based on facts, emotions, and beliefs or views It is not
based on evidence.
Fact Is a statement that can be checked and backed up with evidence. It is often used in
conjunction with research and study.
Truth Is something that has actual and proven existence scientifically and spiritually regardless
of one's opinion and beliefs. It is undisputed, objective, universal, constant, exact, and factual.
Statements that are observed to be real or truthful
.
Dialectic method It is the act of talking back and forth, disagreeing with one another and arguing about
contentious issues.Personal and shared conceptions should be considered and corrected.
The Scientific Method The term "science" is derived from the Latin word "Scientia" that means"to produce
knowledge."The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory testing.
Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity of this idea. In a philosophical view the means of hypothesis
results are considered the most important feature of the method. The scientific method also values observation as an
important aspect because it contributes to further understanding there results of hypothesis testing.

Scientific, Dialectic, or Socratic both Socratic and dialectic methods based on a discussion are between two or
more people who may carry different views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking agreement with one another.
meanwhile, the scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge through experimentation, inductive,
and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing.
Truth is something that has actual and proven existence regardless of one's opinion. For
example, the raspberry plants receiving the most water grew the biggest
The Scientific Method Leads to Wisdom and Truth
• Because it uses an evidence-based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are
supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation.
• The knowledge and truth gained from the scientific method are assured to come directly from valid

The Historical Method:

• The term" history" is from the Greek word iotopia which means "To investigate" or "to find out."
• The historical method is the process of gathering evidence, examining it, and formulating ideas about the past to
come up with present truths.
• In this approach, it is believed that history has a divine order" or large "cyclical or progressive"pattern that
enables events to repeat themselves and record information through historical accounts or archaeological findings.

Opinion and Truth It is important to distinguish opinion from truth when using the historical method.
Skeptic a person who questions whether anything can be known with certainty.
Empirical Belief beliefs that we form through the use of our senses.
Local Doubts Doubts about a particular sense experience, or some other occurrence at a
particular point in time.
Foundational Belief I cannot doubt my own existence, I can doubt everything else but I cannot doubt that I am
very minimum a mind having thoughts.

CLEAR AND DISTINCT IDEA GOD IS REAL

•The previous example talks about transcendence or a state of "existence above and beyond the
limits of material experience." Transcendence originated from the words "trans" meaning "go
beyond", and "scandare" meaning "climb."

The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

•In totality, a man is a living soul (the inner self; mortal), and a spirit(the life-force; immortal).
•The spirit takes form in the mortal, physical body to represent its qualities in the conscious,
physical world. Each body part has its worldly function that is expressed in an expressive and
understandable form.
•For Socrates, the soul was instrumental in understanding the purpose of life: "The end of life is
to be like God, and the soul following God will be like him." Socrates spoke of the need to tend,
nourish and protect the soul's immortality.
"You don't have a soul. You are a soul. You have a body."
•For Aristotle, a human person is a personal being possessing its intellectual nature as joined in a
natural unity with a material body. This unity is called "man as a rational animal."
•For St. Thomas, the total vision of man would be the "embodied spirit."
Limitations and Possibilities for Transcendence

Limitations
•may does not occur to everyone
•does not come at a specified period
•varies across all people
• physical limitations of the body
Possibilities
•developing a positive outlook on life
•working towards reaching the goal
•learning from experience
Bodily Limitations
•mental and emotional disorders (e.g. anxiety, intellectual disability)
•disabilities (e.g. amputated leg, deafness)
•diseases and illnesses (e.g. hypertension, cough)
•failures and experiences (e.g. failing a subject)
Social and Environmental Limitations
•Socio-economic status
•Location of neighborhood
•Abusive relationships
•Negative influences

TIPS
•Soul refers to a man or the life of a person while spirit relates to that which gives life to a body.
•The terms transcendent and transcendental should not be used interchangeably. According to
Immanuel Kant, "transcendent" is a term used to refer to God, while "transcendental" refers to all other matter.
• While transcendence may not occur for everyone, all people have the capacity to experience it
regardless of any sociodemographic, biological, or personal factors.
KEY POINTS
•Transcendence is a state of being or existence above and beyond physical needs and realities.
•From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be recognized that the human body, although it
can perform many functions, also has limitations and possibilities.
•In assessing yourself for transcendence, it is important to evaluate the feasibility of your goals,
the work you would need to put in it, the challenges you will face, and other factors that you may
consider.

Environmental Philosophy is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship
between human beings and nature, as well as the value and moral status of the environment and
its non-human contents (Brennan and Lo, 2010)

3 VIEWS OF PHILOSOPHICAL ENVIRONMENT.

1. Anthropocentrism philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most
significant entities in the world.
2. Biocentrism is the ethical perspective that all living things deserve equal moral consideration.
3. Ecocentrism is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of all living things including the
importance of their environment.
What is the difference between biocentric and ecocentric?
Biocentrism is a philosophy, practiced by many environmentalists, that emphasizes the
importance of living things like animals, plants, and other organisms. Ecocentrism goes beyond
biocentrism in that it places intrinsic value on non-living things as well, including rock, soil,
water, air, etc.
Environmental Aesthetics A philosophical view that believes in maintaining order in the
environment will bring out the natural beauty of surroundings and contribute to the well-being of
people and other organisms living in it. (Endriga, 2017)

Sustainable DevelopmentIt is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.It is a way of reconciling human activities and economic
advances while protecting our environment.

Principles of Sustainability
1.Environmental Integrity Means that any human activities or economic advances should not
unduly disrupt the environment and human communities located in the area. The environment
should not be drastically impacted by human activities
(Abella, 2016)
2. Economic efficiency This is to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste in using our natural
resources. (Abella, 2016)
3. Equity It refers to conserving our natural resources so that the future generations will still be