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Lecture 14. Unsymetrical Faults

This document introduces symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in power systems. Symmetrical faults affect all phases equally, like three-phase short circuits. Unsymmetrical faults produce unequal currents with phase shifts, such as single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. The symmetrical components method models faults through zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence components. It transforms fault conditions into the sequence domain to determine sequence voltages and currents, which can then be transformed back to the phase domain.

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38 views23 pages

Lecture 14. Unsymetrical Faults

This document introduces symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in power systems. Symmetrical faults affect all phases equally, like three-phase short circuits. Unsymmetrical faults produce unequal currents with phase shifts, such as single line-to-ground, line-to-line, and double line-to-ground faults. The symmetrical components method models faults through zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence components. It transforms fault conditions into the sequence domain to determine sequence voltages and currents, which can then be transformed back to the phase domain.

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filip.porebski69
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Introduction to symetrical

components and
unsymetrical faults
Adrianna Maciąg 299092
Łukasz Kawiński 299086
Adam Dereszewski 299081
What is symetrical fault? Where are we use
it?

 A symmetrical fault is a fault where all phases are affected so that the
system remains balanced. A three-phase fault is a symmetrical fault.
 They are used in case of short circuits.
 A short circuit is simply a low resistance connection between the two
conductors supplying electrical power to any circuit. This results in excessive
current flow in the power source through the 'short,' and may even cause the
power source to be destroyed.
Symmetrical components

 The symmetrical component method is basically a modeling technique that


permits systematic analysis and design of three phase system.
 But how this method works?
Definition of symmetrical components

 1. Zero-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal


magnitudes and with zero phase displacement, as shown in Figure 8.1(a)
 2. Positive-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal
magnitudes, +/-120 phase displacement, and positive sequence.
 3. Negative-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal
magnitudes, +/-120 phase displacement, and negative sequence.
Definition of symmetrical components
 They are defined by following transformation:

 Where:

 Writing matrix as three separate equation:

(1)
(2)
(3)
Definition of symmetrical components

 Equation (1) can be rewritten more compactly using matrix


notation:

 Using definitions:

 The inverse of matrix A is:


Definition of symmetrical components
 Using equations, we obtain:

 Writing matrix as three separate equations:


Definition of symmetrical components
 The symmetrical component transformation can be also applied to currents in
very similar way:

 Where:

 Also:

(5)
(4) (6)
(7)
Definition of symmetrical components
 And the sequence currents are:

 In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current In is the sum of the


line currents:
Unsymmetrical faults

 Unsymmetrical faults are the faults which leads unequal currents with
unequal phase shifts in a three phase system. The unsymmetrical fault occurs
in a system due to presence of an open circuit or short circuit of transmission
or distribution line. It can occur either by natural disturbances or by manual
errors.
 Short circuits occur in three – phase power systems as follows, in order of
frequency of occurance:
❖ single line – to – ground;
❖ line – to - line;
❖ double line – to – ground.
General three – phase bus
Sequences networks at a general three-
phase bus
Single line – to – ground fault
Single line – to – ground fault
 Transforming fault conditio to the sequence domain:

 Then using equation (1) and (5) in second fault condition

 Coming back to fault conditions:

 From this, sequance components of the fault current are:


Single line – to – ground fault
 Transforming to phase domain:

 These are obvious, since the single line-to-ground fault is on phase a, not
phase b or c. The sequence components of the line-to-ground voltages at the
fault are determined from first fault condition. The line-to-ground voltages at
the fault can then be obtained by transforming the sequence voltages to the
phase domain.
Line – to – line fault
Line – to – line fault
 Transforming fault conditio to the sequence domain:

 Then using equation (1), (2) and (6) in third fault condition

 Coming back to fault conditions:


Line – to – line fault
 The fault current are:

 Transforming to phase domain:


Double line – to – ground fault
Double line – to – ground fault
 Transforming fault condition to the sequance domain via (5)

 Also using (2) and (3) we obtain:

 Simplyfing:

 Now, using:
Double line – to – ground fault
 Then:

 Summarizing:
Double line – to – ground fault
 From this positive – sequence fault current is:

 Using current division, the negative- and zero- sequence fault current are:

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