The title page:

Report Title Transformers

Course name Electrical Machines

Student name Student ID

Mohamed Yahia Mohamed Hassan 7162
Experiment:
Equivalent circuit of transformer

Objective:
To find the equivalent circuit of transformer and calculate Rc, Xm, Res, and Xes

Introduction:
In a practical transformer:

a) Some leakage flux is present at both primary and secondary sides. This
leakage gives rise to leakage reactance at both sides, which are denoted as
X1 and X2 respectively.
b) Both the primary and secondary winding possesses resistance, denoted as
R1 and R2 respectively. These resistances cause voltage drop as, I1R1 and
I2R2 and copper loss I12R1 and I22R2.
c) Permeability of the core cannot be infinite; hence some magnetizing
current is needed. Mutual flux also causes core loss in iron parts of the
transformer.

We need to consider all the above things to derive equivalent circuit of a

transformer.

The circuit:

The open circuit and short circuit test are performed for determining the
parameter of the transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit
constant etc.
Equipment:
 AC source
 Transformer
 Wattmeter
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter

1) Open Circuit Test

The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and
losses of the transformer because of which their no-load parameters are
determined. This test is performed on the primary winding of the transformer.
The wattmeter, ammeter and the voltage are connected to their primary
winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their primary winding with
the help of the ac source.

The secondary winding of the transformer is kept open, and the voltmeter is
connected to their terminal. This voltmeter measures the secondary induced
voltage. As the secondary of the transformer is open, thus no-load current flows
through the primary winding.
The value of no-load current is very small as compared to the full rated current.
The copper loss occurs only on the primary winding of the transformer because
the secondary winding is open. The reading of the wattmeter only represents the
core and iron losses. The core loss of the transformer is the same for all types of
loads.

Experiment procedures:
 1) Connect the circuit as shown in the above picture.
2) Choose a high range of voltage for voltmeter and a small range of current
for ammeter.
3) Increase the voltage until it reaches its rated value and measure the
current in ammeter and power in wattmeter.

Calculation of open-circuit test

Let,

 W0 – wattmeter reading
 V1 – voltmeter reading
 I0 – ammeter reading
Then the iron loss of the transformer Pi = W0 and

The no-load power factor is

Working component Iw is

Putting the value of W0 from the equation (1) in equation (2) you will get the
value of the working component as

Magnetizing component is

No-load parameters are given below:

Equivalent exciting resistance is

Equivalent exciting reactance is

Readings:
I0 = 0.22A

V1 = 220V

W0 = 20W

Results:
20
cos ∅ = =0.413
220 × 0.22

i c 1=0.22× 0.413=90.86 mA

−1
i m 1=0.22 ×sin cos 0.413=200 mA

220
Rc = =2.42 k Ω
90.86

220
X m= =1.1 k Ω
200

2) Short Circuit Test

The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention parameter
of the transformer.

 It determines the copper loss occur on the full load. The copper loss
is used for finding the efficiency of the transformer.
 The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are
known by the short circuit test.
The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of
the transformer. The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter and
ammeter are connected to the high voltage winding of the transformer. Their
primary winding is short-circuited by the help of thick strip or ammeter which is
connected to its terminal.

The low voltage source is connected across the secondary winding because of
which the full load current flows from both the secondary and the primary
winding of the transformer. The full load current is measured by the ammeter
connected across their secondary winding.

The circuit diagram of the short circuit test is shown below:

The low voltage source is applied across the secondary winding, which is
approximately 5 to 10% of the normal rated voltage. The flux is set up in the
core of the transformer. The magnitude of the flux is small as compared to the
normal flux.

The iron loss of the transformer depends on the flux. It is less occur in the short
circuit test because of the low value of flux. The reading of the wattmeter only
determines the copper loss occurred, in their windings. The voltmeter measures
the voltage applied to their high voltage winding. The secondary current induces
in the transformer because of the applied voltage.

Experiment procedures:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the above picture.
2) Choose a high range of current for ammeter and a small range of voltage
for voltmeter.
3) Increase the voltage until the current reaches its rated value and measure
the voltage in voltmeter and power in wattmeter.

Calculation of Short Circuit Test

Let,

 Wc – Wattmeter reading
 V2sc – voltmeter reading
 I2sc – ammeter reading
Then the full load copper loss of the transformer is given by

Equivalent resistance referred to the secondary

side is

The phasor diagram of the short circuit test of the

transformer is shown

From the phasor diagram

Equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side is given by

The equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side is given by

The voltage regulation of the transformer can be determined at any load and
power factor after knowing the values of Zes and Res.

In the short circuit test the wattmeter record, the total losses, including core loss
but the value of core loss are very small as compared to copper loss so the core
loss can be neglected.

Readings:
I2sc = 4.5 A

V2sc = 9 V

Wc = 20W

Results:
V 2 sc 9
Z sc=Z eq = = =2 Ω
I 2 sc 4.5

20
R sc= 2
=0.988 Ω
4.5

X sc= √22−0.9882=1.739 Ω

20
cos Φ= =0.4938
9 × 4.5