Introduction to Database (Oracle Academy)

Data Vs Information

Data Information
- Collected facts about topic - The result of combining,
or item comparing and performing
The difference between them can be calculations on data
‫(مجموعة حقائق عن موضوع أو‬
explained using an example such as test ‫(نتيجة تجميع ومقارنة وتنفيذ عمليات‬
)‫سلعة‬
scores )‫على البيانات‬
Ex: Each student’s test score
Ex: The school’s average score

Database Definition
What is the database according to Oracle Academy Course ?
Database

Centralized Structured set of Stored on a

data Computer
)‫(مركزي‬
)‫(مجموعة بيانات مهيكلة‬ ّ (
)‫مخزنة في الكمبيوتر‬

The properties of database: )‫(خصائص قواعد البيانات‬

❖ Provides facilities for retrieving, adding, modifying and deleting the data when required
❖ Provides facilities for transforming retrieved data into useful information
Why do we need to use database ? )‫(لماذا نحتاج إلى إستخدام قواعد البيانات؟‬
Every organization needs to collect and maintain data to meets its requirements (GOALS), so
they use information system to be defined as a formal system for storing and processing data, AT THE END
they are using databases to AUTOMATE THEIR INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Some important terminologies: )‫(بعض المصطلحات الها ّمة‬

The Relational database: database to collect, store and retrieve related data for use by database apps.
Database Application: Software program that interacts with a database to access and manipulate data.

• NOTE ! database is usually managed by a DATABASE ADMINSTRATOR (DBA) – Person -

Made by: Yousef Elbaroudy

 Some Criticizes on the Definition (Dr. Fady) – ‫ فادي‬.‫بعض اإلنتقادات لتعريف قواعد البيانات تبعا ً لـ د‬
Is it appropriate (The database) to be Centralized ? ‫هل بالضّروري أن تكون قواعد البيانات مركزية ؟‬
ّ
- Answer: No, the database could be Distributed )‫(موزعة‬ over many regions and zones,
not only at one.
Is it appropriate (The data) to be Structured ? ‫هل بالضّروري أن تكون البيانات مهيكلة ؟‬
- Answer: No, the data stored in databases could also be Semi-Structured )‫(نصف مهيكلة‬
such as XML Files, or could be Unstructured )‫ (غير مهيكلة‬such as Flat files

Introduction to Relational database

As defined before, a Relational database is database to collect and stores information in tables with rows and
columns

Row Column
Table or Entity
Typically called record Referred to as a field
A collection of (or instance) (or attribute)
records
* ‫هي الريكورد ذات نفسها‬ ‫ زي‬،‫هي خصائص الجدول‬
‫ على سبيل المثال‬ID ‫الـ‬

- Each relational database Table contains collection of records (Rows)

- Each record is an information, each cell or field indicates what it contains according to its Column
- NOTE ! each table of records has a relationship with another table of records when they are sharing a
common field (Primary key in the first table, is the foreign key in the second one)

What is the database applications mentioned before ? ‫ماهي تطبيقات قواعد البيانات التي ذكرت ؟‬
Database Management System (DBMS)

Software program that controls the (1) storage, (2) organization and (3) retrieval of data

(1) Memory and Storage (2) Data Dictionary - (3) Query Language -
management -Storage- Organization- Retrieval-
The kernel code manages The repository of It enables applications to
memory and storage for metadata ‫(مجموعة بيانات‬ access the data
DBMS )‫ بيانات أخرى‬-‫توصف‬- ‫وصفية‬

Made by: Yousef Elbaroudy

 Key Computing Terms – ‫بعض المصطلحات الحوسبية الها ّمة‬

Hardware: The physical part “bits and pieces” of a Software: set of instructions (programs) tell the
computer Ex: mouse, keyboard, screen and Memory computer what to do

Operating System: a software program that directly

Application: A software program that carries out a
controls and manages the hardware Ex: Linux,
specific tasks on behalf of users, Ex: Microsoft Word
Microsoft Windows

Server: A more powerful computer that accepts work

Client: a workstation or desktop computers used by
requests from clients, does the work, and sends back
users to communicate directly with each other
the result to the client

Transformation in Computing – ‫تحول الحوسبة عبر الزمن‬

ّ

(1) File-based
systems

The idea

Early computer applications focused on tasks that were

clerical in nature, Ex: Payroll, accounting, Inventory

The mechanism
These applications accessed data stored in a computer
files converting the data into information, then
generating reports

What it calls ? ‫ماذا تسمى ؟‬

These systems called File-based Systems

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 (2) Mainframe
Computing -
1970s-

The idea

Build database systems with integrated Hardwre and

Software (Mainframes)

The mechanism
Smaller computers (Dump terminals) used to access the
large mainframe and executre commands (Centralized
Processing)

How ?
The terminals depended on the mainframe, and the
result displayed only after the processing was
completed in the mainframe (one-by-one)

(3) Desktop
Computing
(Localized)
The idea
PCs became faster and widely available. So, the
processing moved from mainframes to clients (PCs) -
Localized Processing -

The mechanism
PCs had their own software and were capable of doing some processing
on their own, they came to be known as smart clients or Workstations
NOTE ! The procedures and triggers is stored in the database

How ?
Having the processing power (LOCAL) within the client
machine in addition to GUI applications that help
process data such as (Word, Excel ... etc)

Made by: Yousef Elbaroudy

 (4) Client-
Server
Computing

The idea
Client/Server computing uses the Internet and fast
processing servers to meet the needs of organization in
storing data and producing information

The mechanism
- The software that manages the data is on database server, it performs processing for storage and
retrieval (Centralized)
- business operations (procedures and triggers) moved to an application server, it performs
processing for document creation, developing, interacting or manipulationg the data (Localized)

How ?
Clients can have applications of their own, but the
essential business applications are accessed from the
clients by using Internet browser (Centralized and Local)

(5) Grid
Computing
(Shared)

The idea
All of an organization's computers in different locations
can be utililized ‫ تشيّر البيانات مع بعضها‬just like a pool of
computing resources (Distributed)

The mechanism
Grid computing builds a software infrastructure that can
run on a large number of networked servers (Shared
Processing)

How ?
a user makes a request for information or computation from his workstation,
and that request is processed somewhere in the grid as efficiently as possible.
Ex: the electric company, you ask for electricity but you don't know where the
generator is.

Made by: Yousef Elbaroudy

 (6) Cloud
Computing
(Internet)

The processing completely moved to the Internet, and now provided as Services. So, it allows the delivery of a
services over the Internet
Storing files online such as photos, using movie subscription services or online game playing are examples of Cloud Computing

Infrastructure as a Service Platform as a Service (PaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS)

(IaaS)
Gives access to an online Delivers software direct from
Allows you to rent cloud environment for developing the Internet, accessing it
based servers, storage, and testing software without through a Web Browser such
operating systems … etc any setup costs. as (365 Office on Browser)

What is the key components of the Cloud Computing ? ‫ماهي أساسيات الحوسبة السحابية ؟‬
1. On-demand self-service ‫اعتماد على النفس‬: No human intervention needed to get resources
2. Broad network access ‫القدرة على الوصول عبر الشبكة‬: Access from anywhere
3. Resource pooling )‫بحر من المصادر (الهاردوير‬: Provider shares resources to customers
4. Rapid elasticity ‫إتساع سريع‬: Get more resources quickly as needed
5. Measured Service ‫خدمة قياسية قدر اإلحتياج‬: Pay only for what you consume

For the History of the Database Timeline

Revise the PDF Slide 19 (DFo1-add)
Examples of using Database (Use-cases)

Keeping track of purchases on Schools and colleges use Telecommunications departments

credit and debit card, which databases to maintain details store information about the
helps generate monthly about courses, students and communication network, call
statements faculty details and bills in database

In the health-care industry: To Organization use databases for

Airlines and railways use online storing information about their
maintain and track patient
databases for reservations employees, salaries, benefits, taxes
health care details.
and for generating paychecks

Made by: Yousef Elbaroudy