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Philo 3

The document discusses several key philosophical concepts relating to truth and opinion. It defines truth as difficult to define but discusses theories of truth. It also defines opinion and how to evaluate opinions based on the source, reliability, purpose, and presence of bias. Facts, knowledge, and beliefs are distinguished from opinions, with facts being observable propositions and knowledge requiring subjective and objective grounds.

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15 views

Philo 3

The document discusses several key philosophical concepts relating to truth and opinion. It defines truth as difficult to define but discusses theories of truth. It also defines opinion and how to evaluate opinions based on the source, reliability, purpose, and presence of bias. Facts, knowledge, and beliefs are distinguished from opinions, with facts being observable propositions and knowledge requiring subjective and objective grounds.

Uploaded by

MAF
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Reflection - requires a person to be willing to examine one's

thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn more about one's life
and experiences.

What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives?


 Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and
interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems.
 Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision making.
 A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly and
adequately present his or her ideas.
 Finally, knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-
development.

 Wisdom - is one intended product of philosophizing, and this


refers to a person's ability to apply knowledge to daily life
particularly in making sound choices and judgment.
 Knowledge - is the clear awareness and understanding of
something.
 It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers
provided by facts.
 is comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.
 Facts - propositions or statements which are observed to be
real or truthful
 “Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry”
 “Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.”
 Propositions – are statements about the world or reality and may
or may not carry truth
 Claims – statements that are not evidently or immediately known
to be true
 further examination is required to establish its truthfulness
 Truthful statements - can be considered as based on facts.
 science considers truth as something observable and
empirical.
 Doubt – claims, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and
analyzed
 helps determine the truth
 nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient reason and
evidence to prove it

How do we know if something is true?


 Can be justified or proven through the use of one's senses.
 Based on facts.
 Getting consensus or having people agree on a common belief

“Determining the truth is this case requires a person to prove a


statement through and action.”

“This can be true if they can be applied in real life.”

“Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to determine


truth and to prove their validity.”

“Discovering truths about oneself is merely the FIRST step toward


exploring knowledge and truth.”

 Opinions - these statements go beyond providing facts.


 provide a conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
situations. Some of the statements even advance a belief
about a certain thing or person.
 are also the bases for making arguments and convincing
people that a certain claim is a fact.
 judgment, viewpoint, or statement that is considered to be
subjective
 It is formed based on the person's understanding. feelings,
or desires about matters, topics, issues, or concerns
 Conclusion - is a judgment based on certain facts. This could still
be contested or questioned
 Beliefs - are statements that express convictions that are not
easily and clearly explained by facts.
 Explanations - are statements that assume the claim to be true
and provide reasons why the statement is true.
 Arguments - are a series of statements that provide reasons to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
 are made with the assumption that the truth of the claim or
opinion is still to be determined. truthfulness of the
proposition is made after hearing the arguments of both
sides.
 Logic – a branch of philosophy that focuses on the analysis of
arguments.
 “When looking at an opinion, be aware of BIAS.”
 Biases – refer to tendencies and influences which affect the
views of people.

HOW CAN UNDERSTANDING of the DIFFERENCE between


TRUTH and OPINION LEAD US TO WISDOM?

 Improve understanding and appreciation of varied views and


ideas.
 Help to form one's own personal point of view
 Help determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable

What is "TRUTH”?
 The term 'truth' is difficult to singularly define
 In philosophy, there is no generally acceptable definition of
truth. There are, however, various theories of truth (Estaris &
Gallinero, 2017).

The Seeking of the Truth by the Human Person


 Only the human person is capable of higher order thinking by
relying on the following types of senses:
PHYSICAL FACULTIES
1. External (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching)
2. Internal (memory, imagination, consciousness, and instinct)

SPIRITUAL FACULTY
3. The mind as its locus and thinking, its central activity

The Ultimate Truth


"The human person will always seek the truth, specifically the
ultimate truth, because that is what he is bound to do in accordance
with his nature"

Immanuel Kant - Considered as the central figure of modern


philosophy
- The human person has three ways of "taking-something- to-be-
true" (Fürwahrhalten) - a judgment that a cognition which is
presented is true

THREE WAYS OF FÜRWAHRHALTEN

1. Opinion-conscious acceptance of a claim without subjective or


objective grounds/ foundation

2. Knowledge-conscious judgment on the basis of both subjective and


objective grounds

3. Belief-conscious acceptance of a claim on the basis of a subjective


ground but without any objective ground

How to Evaluate Opinions

1. Source - to evaluate a source, one must consider

a. reputation
b. audience whom it was intended for
c. whether authentic documents were provided as proof
2. Reliability - how reliable is the person giving the opinion? Asses
how long the person has spent studying the topic and how wide
his/her experience is in relation to the topic

3. Purpose - Why was the information given? Is the gist of the


information to convince or persuade? Make sure to evaluate a
particular viewpoint for reasoning and evidence

4. Bias - Does the author give partiality, preference, or prejudice


for or against and idea/ subject matter?

5. Assumption - What are the ideas presented?

An assumption is an idea or principle that a person accepts as true


but makes no effort to prove or substantiate it

FALLACY – claim of fact and are phrase in ways that seems


reasonable. May be intentional, to convince.

COMMON BIAS

BIAS Characteristics
Correspondence
Judge person by actions, without
bias or attribution
regrading influences
effect
Look for readily accept information which
Confirmation bias fits own belief to reject ideas that against
it
Focusing on a certain problem and
Framing
ignoring other
See past events as predictable, or
Hindsight
ascribe pattern
Conflict of Person or group connected/has vested
interest in issue being discuss
Analyzing issue base on one cultural
Cultural bias
standards
 MAN – entire human race
 HUMAN – species – Homo sapiens or modern human kind
 HUMAN BEING – distinguish man from other animals
 PERSON – granted recognition of rights, protection,
responsibilities and dignity.
 FOR PHILOSOPHERS human person is the totality of
individual, possessing awareness, self-determination and
capacity to interact
 PERSONHOOD – state of being a person
 HUMAN NATURE – characteristic that distinguish human from
all other creature. Example thinking, feeling, and acting. These
traits are considered to form essence of humanity.

TRAITS THAT DEFINE A PERSON


 SELF-AWARENESS
 Clear perception of oneself (thoughts, emotions, identity and
action)
▪ RATIONALITY (human thought) - deeper awareness is
driven by rationality
▪ SELF – philosopher describe as a person who is actively
AWARE of reality
▪ INTERIORITY – quality of being FOCUS on one’s inner
life and identity. It enables CREATIVITY (a person can
create what is not yet existing outside)

 SELF-DETERMINATION
 Capability of a person to make choices and decisions based on
their own preference
▪ FREE WILL – enables us to do actions WHENEVER WE
WANT to and make self-determination possible
▪ CONSEQUENCES – result or effect of an action or
condition
▪ PHILOSOPHERS assume that person acts freely and with
due regard for consequences of action.
▪ MORALITY – goodness or badness of an act
 EXTERNALITY
 Capability to reach out and interact with others
 PHILOSOPHER consider man as SOCIAL BEING, person
never exist in ISOLATION
 Interaction defines us as a Person
 DIGNITY
 Innate right to be valued and respected
 PHILOSOPHER consider humans having INHERENT WORTH.
However, they do not equate worth with QUANTIFIABLE
measure such as PRICE.
 HUMAN DIGNITY is ROOTED on nature of Human being
 HUMAN DIGNITY Drives us to SEEK what is GOOD

PERSON AS EMBODIED SPIRIT


 SPIRIT
 Intangible element, that enables us to exercise thought,
possess awareness, interiority, and capacity to reach out.
 HUMAN PERSON – union of body and spirit (The Human Person
is an embodied spirit)

PRODUCT OF EMBODIMENT
 LOVE
▪ HEART – center of feelings and affection
 EXPERIENCE
 HUMAN BODY – Stand as the mediator between material world
and spiritual world

EXPLORE LIMITS
 TRANSCEDENCE – ability to surpass limits. Also one important
trait to distinguish human person from other existence

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