06: INPUT AND OUTPUT

Programming Technique I
(SCSJ1013)
Formatting Output
 Introduction to Output Formatting
 Can control how output displays for numeric and string
data:
 size
 position
 number of digits

 Done through the use of manipulators, special variables or

objects that are placed on the output stream.

 Most of the standard manipulators are found in <iostream>,

some requires <iomanip> header file.
 Stream Manipulators
Stream
Description
Manipulator
setw(n) Establishes a print field on n spaces.
fixed Displays floating-point numbers in fixed point
notation.
showpoint Causes a decimal point and trailing zeros to be
displayed, even there is no fractional part.
setprecision(n) Sets the precision of floating-point numbers.
left Causes subsequent output to be left justified.
right Causes subsequent output to be right justified.
 Formatting Output: setw()
 Used to ouput the value of an expression in a specific
number of columns

 setw(x) - outputs the value of the next expression in x

columns

 The output is right-justified

 Example: if you specify the number of columns to be 8 and the
output requires only 4 columns, then the first four columns are left
blank

 If the number of columns specified is less than the number

of columns required by the output, the output automatically
expands to the required number of columns
Example 1: setw()
 Example 2: setw()

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "*" << -17 << "*" << endl;
cout << "*" << setw(6) << -17 << "*" << endl << endl;

cout << "*" << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;
cout << "*" << setw(20) << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;
cout << "*" << setw(3) << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;

return 0;
}
 Example 1: left and right
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int x = 15;
int y = 7634;
cout << left;
cout << setw(5) << x << setw(7) << y << setw(8) << "Warm"
<< endl;

cout << right;

cout << setw(5) << x << setw(7) << y << setw(8) << "Warm"
<< endl;
return 0;
}
 Example 2: left and right
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "*" << -17 << "*" << endl;
cout << "*" << setw(6) << -17 << "*" << endl;
cout << left;
cout << "*" << setw(6) << -17 << "*" << endl << endl;

cout << "*" << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;
cout << "*" << setw(20) << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;
cout << right;
cout << "*" << setw(20) << "Hi there!" << "*" << endl;

return 0;
}
 Example 1: fixed
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double x = 15.674;
double y = 235.73;
double z = 9525.9874;

cout << fixed;

cout << x << endl << y << endl << z << endl;

return 0;
}
 Example 2: fixed
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float small = 3.1415926535897932384626;
float large = 6.0234567e17;
float whole = 2.000000000;
cout << "Some values in general format" << endl;
cout << "small: " << small << endl;
cout << "large: " << large << endl;
cout << "whole: " << whole << endl << endl;

cout << fixed;

cout << "The same values in fixed format" << endl;
cout << "small: " << small << endl;
cout << "large: " << large << endl;
cout << "whole: " << whole << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
 Example 1: showpoint

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double x = 15.674;
double y = 235.73;
double z = 9525.9874;

cout << showpoint;

cout << x << endl << y << endl << z << endl;
return 0;
}
 Example 2: showpoint
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float lots = 3.1415926535, little1 = 2.25;
float little2 = 1.5, whole = 4.00000;

cout << "Some values with noshowpoint (the default)" << endl;
cout << "lots: " << lots << endl;
cout << "little1: " << little1 << endl;
cout << "little2: " << little2 << endl;
cout << "whole: " << whole << endl << endl;

cout << "The same values with showpoint" << endl;

cout << showpoint;
cout << "lots: " << lots << endl;
cout << "little1: " << little1 << endl;
cout << "little2: " << little2 << endl;
cout << "whole: " << whole << endl;
return 0;
}
 Example: fixed and showpoint
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double x = 15.674;
double y = 235.73;
double z = 9525.9874;

cout << fixed << showpoint;

cout << x << endl << y << endl << z << endl;

return 0;
}
 setprecision() Manipulator
 To control the number of significant digits (or precision) of
the output, i.e., the total number of digits before and after
the decimal point.

 However, when used with fixed, it specifies the number of

floating-points (i.e., the number of digits after the decimal
point).

 Without fixed, the setprecision() is set to a lower value, it

will print floating-point value using scientific notation.

 setprecision(n) – n is the number of significant digits or the

number of floating-point (if used with fixed).
 Example 1: setprecision()
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double x = 15.674;
double y = 235.73;
double z = 9525.9874;

cout << setprecision(2);

cout << x << endl << y << endl << z << endl;
return 0;
}
 Example 2: setprecision()
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double x = 156.74, y = 235.765, z = 9525.9874;

cout << setprecision(5) << x << endl;

cout << setprecision(3) << x << endl;
cout << setprecision(2) << x << endl;
cout << setprecision(1) << x << endl;

cout << fixed << setprecision(2);

cout << x << endl << y << endl << z << endl;

return 0;
}
 In-Class Exercise
 What is the output of the following program:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{ double val = 10.345;
cout << setprecision(5) << val << endl; //(a)
cout << setprecision(4) << val << endl; //(b)
cout << setprecision(3) << val << endl; //(c)
cout << setprecision(2) << val << endl; //(d)
cout << setprecision(1) << val << endl; //(e)
cout << "Apa Khabar \n Semua /n" << endl; //(f)
cout << static_cast<int>(val)/2 << endl; //(g)
cout << setw(6) << val*5 << endl; //(h)
cout << showpoint << fixed << setw(8) << val << endl;//(i)
return 0;
}
Formatted Input
 Introduction to Input Formatting
 Can format field width for use with cin.

 Useful when reading string data to be stored in a character

array:
const int SIZE = 10;
char firstName[SIZE];
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin >> setw(SIZE) >> firstName;

 cin reads one less character than specified with the setw()
manipulator.
 Example: Input Formatting
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
const int SIZE = 10;
char firstName[SIZE];

cout << "Enter your name: ";

cin >> setw(SIZE) >> firstName;
cout << firstName << endl;

return 0;
}
 Example: Problem using cin
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
string name;
cout << "Enter your name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << name << endl;
return 0;
}
 Input Formatting: getline()
 To read an entire line of input, use getline().

 When reading string data to be stored in a character array,

use getline() with two arguments:
 Name of array to store string
 Size of the array

 When reading string data to be stored as an object of string,

use getline() with two arguments:
 istream object, i.e cin
 string object
 Example 1: getline()

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
const int SIZE = 20;
char firstName[SIZE];

cout << "Enter your name: ";

cin.getline (firstName, SIZE);
cout << firstName << endl;

return 0;
}
 Example 2: getline()
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
string name;
cout << "Enter your name: ";
getline (cin, name);
cout << name << endl;
return 0;
}
 In-Class Exercise
 Write C++ program to solve the flow chart:

START

Read name

Read address1

Read address2

Display name, address1 and address2

END
 Input Formatting: get()
 To read a single character, use cin.
char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin >> ch;
Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <ENTER>

 Solution to read a single character, use get().

char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin.get(ch);
Advantage: Will read the next character entered, even
whitespace.
 In-Class Exercise
 Write C++ program to solve the flow chart:

START

Read name

Read address1

Read address2

Display name, address1 and address2

END
 Input Formatting: ignore()
 Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same program can cause
input errors that are hard to detect.

 To skip over unneeded characters that are still in the

keyboard buffer, use cin.ignore():
//skip next char
cin.ignore();
//skip the next 10 char. @ until a ‘\n'
cin.ignore(10,'\n');
 In-Class Exercise
 What will be displayed if the user enters the following input:
202
L
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int id;
char code;
cout << "Enter an integer id: ";
cin >> id;
cout << "Enter a code: ";
cin.get(code);
cout << "Output\n" << id << "\t" << code;
return 0;
}
Introduction to Files
 File Input and Output
 Can use files instead of keyboard and monitor screen for
program input and output.

 File: a set of data stored on a computer, often on a disk drive.

 Allows data to be retained between program runs.

 Programs can read from and/ or write to files.

 Used in many applications: word processing, databases,

spreadsheets, compilers.

 Steps: (1) Open the file (2) Use the file (read from, write to,
or both) (3) Close the file.
 File Operations
 Requires fstream header file:
 use ifstream data type for input files.
 use ofstream data type for output files.
 use fstream data type for both input, output files.

 ifstream:
 Open for input only and file cannot be written to.
 Open fails if file does not exist.

 ofstream:
 Open for output only and file cannot be read from.
 File created if no file exists.
 File contents erased if file exists.
 File Operations (cont.)

 fstream object can be used for either input or output.

 fstream: must specify mode on the open statement. Sample

modes:
 ios::in for input mode.
 ios::out for output mode.
 ios::binary for binary mode.
 ios::app for append mode. All output operations are performed at
the end of the file, appending the content to the current content of
the file.
 Opening Files
 Create a link between file name (outside the program) and
file stream object (inside the program).

 Filename may include drive and/or path info.

 ifstream and ofstream - use the open() member function:

infile.open("inventory.dat");
outfile.open("report.txt");

 fstream - use the open() member function and mode(s):

infile.open("inventory.dat", ios::in);
outfile.open("report.txt", ios::out);
 Opening Files (cont.)
 fstream - can be combined on open call:
dFile.open("class.txt", ios::in | ios::out);

 Can open file at declaration:

ifstream gradeList("grades.txt");
fstream infile("inventory.dat", ios::in);
fstream file("class.txt", ios::in | ios::out);

 Output file will be created if necessary; existing file will be

erased first.

 Input file must exist for open to work.

 Opening Files (cont.)
 File stream object set to 0(false), if open failed. Example:
if (!input)
{ cout << “ERROR: Cannot open file\n”;
exit(1); }

 Can use fail() member function to detect file open error:

if (input.fail())
{ cout << “ERROR: Cannot open file\n”;
exit(1); }

 Can use is_open() member function to check if a file is open:

if (!input.is_open())
{ cout << “ERROR: Cannot open file\n”;
exit(1); }
 Using Files
 Can use output file object and << to send data to a file:
outfile << "Inventory report";

 Can use input file object and >> to copy data from file to
variables:
infile >> partNum;
infile >> qtyInStock >> qtyOnOrder;

 Can use eof() member function to test for end of input file.
 Closing Files
 Use the close() member function:
infile.close();
outfile.close();

 Don’t wait for operating system to close files at program end:

 may be limit on number of open files.
 may be buffered output data waiting to send to file.
 Example 1: File Operations
#include <iostream> //copy 10 numbers between files
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
fstream infile("input.txt", ios::in); // open the files
fstream outfile("output.txt", ios::out);
int num;

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

infile >> num; // use the files
outfile << num; }

infile.close(); // close the files

outfile.close();
}
Example 2: File Operations
Example 3: File Operations
 Example 4: File Operations
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
ifstream input("inputfile.txt");
char str[80];

if (!input)
{
cout << "While opening a file an error is encountered" << endl;
return 0;
}
else
cout << "File is successfully opened" << endl;
while(!input.eof())
{
input.getline(str, 80);
cout << str << endl;
}
input.close();
return 0;
}
 Example 5: File Operations
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int num;
ifstream inp("input.txt"); // open the input file
ofstream out("output.txt"); // open the output file
if (!inp.is_open()) // check for successful opening
{
cout << "Input file could not be opened! Terminating!\n;
return 0;
}
while (inp >> num)
out << num * 2 << endl;

inp.close();
out.close();
cout << "Done!" << endl;
return 0;
}