Mr Bwalya

 Von Neumann Architecture

 Computer subsystems
 Computer hardware
 Computer software
 Data representation
 Numbers systems
 Model for designing and building
computers, based on the following three
characteristics:
1) The computer consists of four main sub-
systems:
 Memory
 ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
 Control Unit
 Input/Output System (I/O)
2) Program is stored in memory during execution.
3) Program instructions are executed sequentially.
 Bus

Processor (CPU)

Memory Input-Output
Control Unit

ALU
Communicate with
Store data and program
"outside world", e.g.
• Screen
Execute program • Keyboard
• Storage devices
• ...
Do arithmetic/logic operations
requested by program
 According to dictionary.com:
A group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex
whole.
 A computer system is a particular type of
system that its primary purpose is that of
performing computations. Before the time of
the electronic computers, a computer was a
person that performed computations.
 A computer system is composed of a Central
Processing Unit (Control Unit and Arithmetic
& Logic Unit), Memory and Input/Output
subsystems.
 CU

Input/Output Memory

ALU
 The Central Processing Unit is composed of a
Control Unit and an Arithmetic & Logic Unit.
 The Control Unit controls the different
components of the system and it is
responsible for fetching, decoding and
executing the instructions of a program.
 The Arithmetic & Logic Unit is performs
arithmetic and logical operations such as
addition, division, comparison, etc.
 The Control Unit is the part of the CPU that
fetches (reads) instructions from memory.
 Each instruction is decoded to determine
what exactly it is supposed to do.
 Once decoded, each instruction is executed.
 The cycle continues until the system is
powered down.
 Fetch

Execute Decode
 The Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) performs
the arithmetic operations as well as the
logical operations.
 The arithmetic operations include addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.
 The logical operations are commonly used
to compare values and determine whether
they are greater, lesser or equal to one
another.
 These operations are normally carried out
with registers that are part of the CPU.
 Bus C

Register 1 Register 2 Register 3

Bus A

ALU
Bus B
 The Storage subsystem is a unit that is capable
of retrieving and saving instructions as well as
data.
 There are two main types of storage: Primary
Storage and Secondary Storage.
 Primary Storage is the memory that is
immediately available to the CPU and it is
normally fast (RAM or Random Access
Memory).
 Secondary Storage is indirectly available to the
CPU and it is typically slower. (Hard disks,
tapes, etc.)
 Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is
located close to the CPU on the computer
motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from
primary memory very quickly indeed.
 It is used to store data that the CPU needs imminently
so that it does not have to wait for it to be delivered.

 Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically

located within a separate storage device, such as a
hard disk drive or solid state drive (SSD), which is
connected to the computer system either directly or
over a network.
 The cost per gigabyte of secondary memory is much
lower, but the read and write speeds are significantly
slower.
 There are two key types of primary memory:
 RAM, or random access memory
 ROM, or read-only memory
 The I/O subsystem is critical since it is the
one responsible for receiving and sending
data to the outside world. The computer
would be useless to us without this system.
 There are many devices that can be used for
input and/or output. Typical input devices
are keyboards, mice, and graphics tablets.
Typical output devices are screens and force-
feedback joysticks.
 All physical contents of computer are
hardware.
 This form is given to all electrical and
mechanical devices attached to the computer
for the purpose of input, process, and
storage and output operations
 System components
– Motherboard (Ports, Buses)
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Peripheral devices – Input and output devices
 Storage devices
 Main printed circuit board (PCB)
– Holds principal components
– Provides communication between principle
components
– Provides connectors to peripheral devices
 Interprets and executes instructions
 Computer’s “brain” responsible for all
operations
 Has its own memory which serves as a “work
area”
 Multi-core processor has two or more
processing units that act independently
 Modern computers can have multiple
processors
 Hardware that connects to computer but is
not part of its essential architecture
 Input devices: Transform external information
for computer processing (Mouse, Keyboard
etc)
 Output devices: Communicate results of the
data processing in a form comprehensible to
humans (Monitor, Printer, Projector,Speakers
etc)
 VGA (Video Graphics Array)
– Three-row, 15-pin
connector used to connect
a monitor to computer
 DVI (Digital Visual
Interface) – Port provides
high-quality output to flat
panel monitors
 HDMI (High-Definition
Multimedia Interface) –
Small, rectangular monitor
port that provides high
definition video output
 Primary (RAM)
 Secondary (USB flashdisks, SATA HDD)
 Any hardware capable of
– Recording
– Storing
– Retrieving data
 Store information temporarily or permanently
 Be internal or external to a computing device
 Secondary storage (non-volatile) devices are
capable of storing data indefinitely
 Classified as internal or external
– Internal storage device installed inside
computer’s case, on motherboard
– External storage device connected to
computer via a port
 Disk drives connect to the motherboard through
variety of cable types
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) drives use 40-
or 80-pin cable to connect to motherboard
 SATA designed to replace IDE
– Internal SATA drives connect to motherboard by
7-pin wire and operate much faster than IDE
 Solid state drive (SSD) Flash memory is the
primary competing technology for secondary
storage
– Better reliability
– Higher data transfer rates
– Lower latency and access times
– Considerably more expensive than HDD
 Software is a general term used for computer
Programs.
 A computer program is a planned, step by
step set of instructions that directs the
computer what to do and how to do
 System Software – The programs directly
related to the computer hardware and
perform tasks associated with controlling and
utilizing computer hardware
 Application Software – An application is a job
or task a user wants to accomplish through a
computer.
• Application software are programs that help a
user perform a specific job.
 System software is computer software
designed to operate the computer hardware,
to provide basic functionality, and to provide
a platform for running application software.
 System software includes device drivers,
operating systems and utilities
 System software is responsible for managing
a variety of independent hardware
components, so that they can work together
harmoniously.
Utilities
 Utilities software is system software which is
manufactured to help ,analyze, configure,
optimize or to maintain a computer.
 It also helps in maintenance and problem solving
of a computer.
 Common types of Utility Programs.
• Hardware utilities
• Virus-detection and recovery utilities
• File-compression utilities
• Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
• Backup
• Uninstall
Device driver
 Device driver is actually a communication
device between device and computer
 It loads every time in memory
 When a new device is added the driver should
be installed in order to run the program
 Close to system
 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 Less interactive
 Smaller in size
 Difficult to manipulate
 Generally written in low level language
 Application software are the software that are
designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment.
 All software prepared by us in the computer
lab.
 Examples of application software are-student
record software, railway reservation software,
income tax software, word processors etc.
 Other Examples include enterprise software,
accounting software, office suites, graphics
software and media players
 Opera (Web Browser)
 Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
 Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
 MySQL (Database Software)
 Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software)
 iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
 VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
 World of Warcraft (Game Software)
 Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
 Proprietary: Proprietary software is a licensed
software under exclusive legal right of owner.
 In-house: In In-house software we develop
application with the help of company
resources
 Off-the-shelf: An existing software program
that can be used without any changes
expected.
 Contract: The software which is developed for
a specific company for their requirement.
 Package software: A software which is sold in a
bundle due to similar function of programs.
Example -Microsoft office
 Custom Software: This is software which is
specially made for an organization as per their
requirement.
Example I. Attendance system II. Security code
system.
 Share ware: Share ware is actually delivered free
of charge but some time the owner ask for
money to get registered ,so that they can send
updates in future. It can be copied but cannot be
sold.
 Open source software: Open source software
is made available to every one and can be
change, modify and distribute to public
without any notification.
.Example –Moodle, Wordpress, Drupal, joomla
 Free ware: Free ware is the software that is
freely available to public but author has a
copy right, means that you can only use it
,not sell it.
Example I. Antivirus
 Office Productivity
 Business Software
 Graphic & Multimedia
 Home / Personal / Education
 Communication
 Cloud
Office Productivity Software
Spreadsheet software

Microsoft OpenOffice
Excel Calc

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Office Productivity Software
Presentation software

Microsoft OpenOffice
PowerPoint Impress

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Entertainment Software
Multimedia Software

Proprietary:
WMP
Winamp
FOSS: VLC Real Player
player Quick Time

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Graphics/ Design Software
Web Designing

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Communications Software
Internet software

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Communications Software
Internet software

© Copyright 2000 Indiana University Board of Trustees

 This topic introduces the numbering
systems:
• decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal.

 The topic covers the conversion between

numbering systems.
 Bit - a fundamental unit of information having
just two possible values, as either of the binary
digits 0 or 1.
 Byte - a unit of digital information in computing
and telecommunications
 Within a computer, information is represented
and stored in a digital binary format.
 The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit
and represents the smallest piece of data.
 Humans interpret words and pictures; computers
interpret only patterns of bits.
 Everything that the computer handles is
stored in the form of numbers. The
numbers are meaningless by themselves
and we need to associate significance so
that they can be useful.

 We associate symbols with the concept of a

number
 We use the decimal number system in our
daily lives. It is called the decimal system
because it uses 10 distinct symbols: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
 We can represent any number by combining
these symbols. The number three million
seven hundred forty eight thousand and three
hundred twenty one can be represented with
3748321.
 If we want a computer to use the decimal
number system we need to have devices
capable of storing, retrieving and
manipulating ten values or primitive symbols.
 Although possible, this system would be
subject to error and deterioration and would
imply a short lifetime.
 What is the simplest number system we could
use?
 We could use the unary number system but it
does not lend itself to simple and speedy
manipulation in terms of arithmetic and other
operations.
 We use the Binary Number System inside the
computers. This system only has two
symbols, 0 and 1.
 We usually assign meaning to different
symbols. As long as we agree on what symbol
has what meaning we are able to
communicate with each other using those
symbols.
 We can use 0 and 1 in place of no and yes.
They could also mean closed and open, agree
and disagree, bad and good.
 Binary: 11101101

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Hexadecimal: 1D63A7A

Most significant digit Least significant digit

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 Also called the “Base 2 system”
 The binary number system is used to model
the series of electrical signals computers
use to represent information
 0 represents the no voltage or an off state
 1 represents the presence of voltage or an
on state

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Base 2 Base 10 Positional
Power
Number Equivalent Value

000 0 20 1
001 1 21 2
010 2 22 4
011 3 23 8
100 4 24 16
101 5 25 32
110 6 26 64
111 7 27 128

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 The easiest way to convert a decimal
number to its binary equivalent is to use the
Division Algorithm
 This method repeatedly divides a decimal
number by 2 and records the quotient and
remainder
◦ The remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and
ones) form the binary equivalent in least
significant to most significant digit sequence

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Convert 67 to its binary equivalent:
6710 = x2
Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next
row

Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next

row

Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again

Step 4: 8 / 2 = 4 R 0 Repeat again

Step 5: 4 / 2 = 2 R 0 Repeat again

Step 6: 2 / 2 = 1 R 0 Repeat again

Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 12
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 The easiest method for converting a binary
number to its decimal equivalent is to use the
Multiplication Algorithm
 Multiply the binary digits by increasing
powers of two, starting from the right
 Then, to find the decimal number equivalent,
sum those products

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© Copyright 2000 Indiana University Board of Trustees
Convert (10101101)2 to its decimal equivalent:

Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Positional Values
x x x x x x x x
27 26 2 5 24 23 2 2 2 1 2 0
Products 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1

17310

© Copyright 2000 Indiana University Board of Trustees

 3410 = 1000102
 310 = 112
 374832110 = 11100100110001111000012
 2310 + 7410 = 9710
 101112 + 10010102 = 11000012
 748010 / 1010 = 74810
 10000101102 / 102 = 1000010112
 Also known as the Base 8 System
 Uses digits 0 - 7
 Readily converts to binary
 Groups of three (binary) digits can be used to
represent each octal digit
 Also uses multiplication and division
algorithms for conversion to and from base
10

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 Base 16 system
 Uses digits 0-9 &
letters A,B,C,D,E,F
 Groups of four bits
represent each
base 16 digit

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Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent:

830 / 16 = 51 R14
51 / 16 = 3 R3 = E in Hex
3 / 16 = 0 R3

33E16

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Convert 3B4F16 to its decimal equivalent:

Hex Digits

3 B 4 F
x x x x
Positional Values
163 162 161 160
Products 12288 +2816 + 64 +15

15,18310

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 The easiest method for converting binary to
hexadecimal is to use a substitution code
 Each hex number converts to 4 binary digits

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 Questions ??

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