Complex Homework Summer 2014

Based on Brown and Churchill 7th Edition

June 21, 2014

Contents
1 hw1, Complex Arithmetic, Conjugates, Polar Form 2

2 hw2 nth roots, Domains, Functions 2

3 hw3 Images, Transformations 3

4 hw4 Limits 3

5 hw5 Unbounded 4

6 hw6 Derivatives, Cauchy-Riemann 4

7 hw7 Exp and Log 5

8 hw8 Log and log 5

9 hw9 Principal values, Integrals over a Real Variable 6

10 hw10 Contour Integrals 6

11 hw11 More on Contour Integrals 7

12 hw12 Path independence 7

13 hw13 Cauchy Goursat 8

14 hw14 Applications of Cauchy Integral Formula 8

15 hw15 Liouville 9

16 hw16 Series 9

17 hw17 Taylor Series 10

18 hw18 Laurent Series 10

19 hw19 Derivative of Series, Substituting, Poles, Residues 11

20 hw20 Singular points 12

21 hw21 Residues, Poles, Order of a Pole 12

1
22 hw22 Computing Integrals 13

23 hw23 Poles and Zeros 13

24 hw24 Cool Integrals 13

These are problems will be due both daily and at the end of classes. This PDF file was created on June
21, 2014.

1 hw1, Complex Arithmetic, Conjugates, Polar Form

1. (BC3.1) Reduce each of these 3 expressions to a real number

1 + 2i 2 − i 5i
+ and (1 − i)4
3 − 4i 5i (1 − i)(2 − i)(3 − i)

2. (BC4.1) In each case locate z1 + z2 and z1 − z2 vectorially

√ √
z1 = 2i, z2 = 23 − i z1 = (− 3, 0), z2 = ( 3, 0)
z1 = (−3, 1), z2 = (1, 4) z1 = x1 + iy1 , z2 = x1 − iy1

3. (BC4.4) Sketch the set of points determined by each equation

|z − 1 + i| = 1 |z + i| ≤ 3 and |z + 4i| ≥ 4

4. (BC5.3,4) Verify z1 − z2 = z1 − z2 , z1 z2 = z 1 z 2 , z1 z2 z3 = z 1 z 2 z 3 and z 4 = z 4 .

5. (BC5.5) Verify
z1 |z1 |
= (z2 6= 0)
z2 |z2 |

6. (BC5.15) Show that the hyperbola x2 − y 2 = 1 can be written z 2 + z 2 = 2

7. (BC7.1) Find the principal argument Arg z for both

i √
z= and z = ( 3 − i)6
−2 − 2i

8. (BC7.2) Show |eiθ | = 1 and eiθ = e−iθ

9. (BC7.15) Use de Moivre’s formula to derive the following trig identities.

cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ

sin 3θ = 3 cos2 θ sin θ − sin3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ

2 hw2 nth roots, Domains, Functions

1. (BC7.7) Show if <z1 > 0 and <z2 > 0 then Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg z1 + Arg z2
√
2. (BC9.1) Find the square roots of 2i and 1 − i 3 expressed in rectangular form

3. (BC9.3) Find all of the roots in rectangle coordinates of (−1)1/3 and 81/6 .

2
 4. (BC9.6) Find the 4 roots of p(z) = z 4 + 4 = 0 and use them to factor p(z) into quadratic factors with
real coefficients.

5. (BC10.1-3) Sketch the 6 sets and determine which are domains, which are bounded, which are neither
open nor closed:
|z − 2 + i| ≤ 1 |2z + 3| > 4 =z > 1
=z = 1 0 ≤ arg z ≤ π/4 (z 6= 0) |z − 4| ≤ |z|

6. (BC10.4) Find the closure of the 4 sets:

1 1
−π < arg z < π (z 6= 0) |<z| < |z| <( ) ≤ and <(z 2 ) > 0
z 2
7. (BC11.1) For each function, describe the domain that is understood:

1 1 z 1
f (z) = f (z) = Arg( ) f (z) = and f (z) =
z2 +1 z z+z 1 − |z|2

8. (BC11.2) Write z 3 + z + 1 as u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

9. (BC11.3) Write and simplify f (z) = x2 − y 2 − 2y + i(2x − 2xy) in terms of z using x = (z + z)/2 and
y = (z − z)/2i

10. (BC11.4) Write f (z) = z + 1/z (z 6= 0) in the form u(r, θ) + iv(r, θ)

3 hw3 Images, Transformations

1. (BC13.1) Find a domain in the z-plane whose image under the transformation w = z 2 is the square
domain in the w-plane bounded by the lines u = 1, u = 2, v = 1, v = 2

2. (BC13.3) Sketch the region onto which the sector r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/4 is mapped by the 3 transformations
w = z 2 , w = z 3 , and w = z 4

3. (BC13.4) Show that lines ay = x (a 6= 0) are mapped onto the spirals ρ = exp(aθ) under the transfor-
mation w = exp z, where w = ρ exp(iφ)

4. (BC13.7) Find the image of the semi-infinite strip x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ π under the transformation w = exp z.
Label the corresponding portions of the boundaries.

5. (BC13.8) Graphically indicate the vector fields represented by w = iz and w = z/|z|

4 hw4 Limits
1. (BC17.3) Find the limits. n is a positive integer, P (z) and Q(z) are polynomials with Q(z0 ) 6= 0

1 iz 3 − 1 P (z)
lim (z0 6= 0) lim and lim
z→z0 zn z→i z + i z→z0 Q(z)

2. (BC17.5) Show that the following limit does not exist

z
lim ( )2
z→0 z

3
 3. (BC17.10) Use a theorem to show:

4z 2 1 z2 + 1
lim =4 lim =∞ and lim =∞
z→∞ (z − 1)2 z→1 (z − 1)3 z→∞ z − 1

4. (BC17.11) Suppose ad − bc 6= 0 and let:

az + b
T (z) =
cz + d
Use a theorem to show
a
lim T (z) = ∞ (if c = 0) lim T (z) = (if c 6= 0) and lim T (z) = ∞ (if c 6= 0)
z→∞ z→∞ c z→−d/c

5 hw5 Unbounded
1. (BC17.13)( Show that a set S is unbounded if and only if every neighborhood of the point at infinity
contains at least one point of S.

6 hw6 Derivatives, Cauchy-Riemann

1. (BC19.1) Find f 0 (z) when

z−1 1 (1 + z 2 )4
f (z) = 3z 2 − 2z + 4 f (z) = (1 − 4z 2 )3 f (z) = (z 6= − ) and f (z) = (z 6= 0)
2z + 1 2 z2

2. (BC19.2) Show if P (z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + · · · + an z n then P 0 (z) = a1 + 2a2 z + · · · + naz z n−1 and

hence
P 0 (0) P 00 (0) P (n) (0)
a0 = P (0), a1 = , a2 = , . . . an =
1! 2! n!
3. (BC19.9) Let f denote the function whose values are
 2
z /z when z 6= 0
f (z) =
0 when z = 0

Show that if z = 0, then ∆w/∆z = 1 at each nonzero point on the real and imaginary axes in the ∆z
or ∆x∆y-plane. Then show then ∆w/∆z = −1 at each nonzero point along the line y = x. Conclude
that f 0 (0) does not exist.

4. (BC22.6) Let f denote the function above. Show that the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at
the origin z = (0, 0)
5. (BC22.1) Use a theorem to show that f 0 (z) does not exist at any point for each function:

f (z) = z f (z) = z − z f (z) = 2x + ixy 2 and f (x) = ex e−iy

6. (BC22.2) Use a theorem to show that f 0 (z) and its derivative f 00 (z) exist everywhere and find f 00 (z).

f (z) = iz + 2 f (z) = e−x e−iy f (z) = z 3 and f (z) = cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y

4
 7. Extra Credit (BC22.10) Recall z = x + iy implies x = (z + z)/2 and y = (z − z)/2i. Use the formal
chain rule to show
∂F ∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y 1 ∂F ∂F
= + = ( +i )
∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z 2 ∂x ∂y
Define the operator
∂ 1 ∂ ∂
= ( +i )
∂z 2 ∂x ∂y
and apply it to u(x, y)+iv(x, y) to obtain the complex form of the Cauchy-Reimann equations ∂f /∂z =
0.

7 hw7 Exp and Log

p
1. (BC28.1) Show that exp(2 ± 3πi) = −e2 , exp((2 + πi)/4) = (1 + i) e/2 and exp(z + πi) = − exp z.

2. (BC28.2) State why the function 2z 2 − 3 − zez + e−z is entire.

3. (BC28.3) Show f (z) = exp z is not analytic anywhere.

4. (BC28.7) Prove | exp(−2z)| < 1 if and only if <z > 0.

√
5. (BC28.8) Find all values of z such that ez = −2, or ez = 1 + 3i or exp(2z − 1) = 1

6. (BC28.10) Show that if ez is real, then =z = nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ). If ez is pure imaginary, what
restriction is placed on z?

7. (BC30.1) Show that Log(−ei) = 1 − π2 i and Log(1 − i) = 1

2 ln 2 − π4 i.

8 hw8 Log and log

1. (BC30.2) Verify for n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .:
1 √ 1
log e = 1 + 2nπi log i = (2n + )πi and log(−1 + 3i) = ln 2 + 2(n + )πi
2 3
.

2. (BC30.3) Show that Log(1 + i)2 = 2 Log(1 + i) and Log(−1 + i)2 6= 2 Log(−1 + i).

3. (BC30.5) Show that the set of values of log(i1/2 ) is {(n + 14 )πi : n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . } and that the same
is true of (1/2) log i.

4. (BC30.6) Given that the branch log z = ln r + iθ (r > 0, α < θ < α + 2π) of the logarithmic function is
analytic at each point z in the stated domain, obtain its derivative by differentiating each side of the
identity exp(log z) = z and using the chain rule.

5. (BC30.7) Find all the roots of the equation log z = iπ/2.

6. (BC30.9) Show that Log(z − i) is analytic everywhere except on the half line y = 1 (x ≤ 0). Show

Log(z + 4)
z2 + i
√
is analytic everywhere except at the points ±(1 − i)/ 2 and on the portion x ≤ −4 of the real axis.

5
9 hw9 Principal values, Integrals over a Real Variable
1. (BC31.1) Show if <z1 > 0 and <z2 > 0 then Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 .
2. (BC31.2) Show that for any two complex numbers z1 and z2 , Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 + 2N πi
where N has one of the values 0, ±1.
3. (BC32.1) Show that when n = 0, ±1, ±2 . . .
π i
(1 + i)i = exp(− + 2nπ) exp( ln 2) and (−1)1/π = e(2n+1)i
4 2

4. (BC32.2) Find the principal values of each expression:

e √
ii [ (−1 − 3i)]3πi and (1 − i)4i
2

5. (BC32.5) Show that the principal n-th root of a nonzero complex number z0 is the same as the principal
1/n
value of z0 that was previously defined.
6. (BC32.8) Let c, d, z be complex numbers with z 6= 0. Prove that if all the powers involved are principal
values, then
1 zc
= z −c (z c )n = z cn (n = 1, 2, . . . ) z c z d = z c+d and = z c−d
zc zd

7. (BC37.2) Evaluate
Z 2 Z π/6 Z ∞
1
( − i)2 dt i2t
e dt and e−zt dt (<z > 0)
1 t 0 0
.
8. (BC37.5) Let w(t) be a continuous complex-valued funtion of t defined on an interval a ≤ t ≤ b. By
considering the special case w(t) = eit on the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, show that it is not always true that
there is a number c in the interval a < t < b such that
Z b
w(t) dt = w(c)(b − a)
a

10 hw10 Contour Integrals

1. (BC38.2) Let C denote the right-hand half of the circle |z| = 2, in the counterclockwise direction and
note that two parametric representations for C are
π π
z = z(θ) = 2eiθ (− ≤θ≤ )
2 2
and p
z = Z(y) = 4 − y 2 + iy (−2 ≤ y ≤ 2)
Verify that Z(y) = z[φ(y)], where
y π π
φ(y) = arctan p (− ≤ arctan t ≤ )
4− y2 2 2

Also, show that this function φ has a positive derivative, as required in the conditions following (9)
Sec 38.

6
 2. (BC40.1,2,3,5,6) Evaluate Z
f (z) dz
C

for the given f (z) and contour C

f (z) = (z + 2)/z C is z = 2eiθ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π)
f (z) = (z + 2)/z C is z = 2eiθ (π ≤ θ ≤ 2π)
f (z) = (z + 2)/z C is z = 2eiθ (0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π)
f (z) = z + 1 C is z = 1 + eiθ (π ≤ θ ≤ 2π)
f (z) = z + 1 C is z = t (0 ≤ t ≤ 2)
f (z) = π exp(πz) C is square from 0, 1, 1 + i, i
f (z) = 1 C is arbitrary curve from z1 to z2
f (z) = z −1+i C is |z| = 1 positively oriented
use branch exp[(−1 + i) log z] (|z| > 0, 0 < arg z < 2π)

3. (BC40.10) Let C0 denote the circle |z − z0 | = R taken counterclockwise. Use the parametric represen-
tation z = z0 + Reiθ (−π ≤ θ ≤ π) for C0 to derive the following integration formula’s:
Z Z
dz
= 2πi and (z − z0 )n−1 dz = 0 (n = ±1, ±2, . . . )
C 0 z − z0 C0

11 hw11 More on Contour Integrals

1. (BC41.4) Let CR denote the upper half of the circle |z| = R (R > 2), taken in the counterclockwise
direction. Show that
2z 2 − 1 πR(2R2 + 1)
Z
4 2
dz ≤
CR z + 5z + 4 (R2 − 1)(R2 − 4)

2. (BC43.1) Use an antiderivative to show that, for every contour C extending from a point z1 to a point
z2 , Z
1
z n dz = (z2n+1 − z1n+1 ) (n = 0, 1, . . . )
C n + 1

3. (BC43.2) By finding an antiderivative, evaluate each of these integrals, where the path is any contour
between the indicated limits of integration.
Z i/2 Z π+2i Z 3
πz z
e dz cos( ) dz and (z − 2)3 dz
i 0 2 1

12 hw12 Path independence

1. (BC43.3) Use a theorem to show
Z
(z − z0 )n−1 dz = 0 (n = ±1, ±2, . . . )
C0

when C0 is any closed contour which does not pass through the point z0 .

2. (BC43.4) Let C1 , (resp. C2 ), be any contour from z = −3 to z = 3 that except for its end points, lies
above (resp. below) the x-axis. Find an antiderivative F2 (z) of the branch f2 (z) of
√ π 5π
z 1/2 = reiθ/2 (r > 0, <θ< )
2 2

7
 to show that the integral Z
z 1/2 dz
C2
√
has value 2 3(−1 + i). Note that the value of the integral of the function
√
z 1/2 = reiθ/2
√
around the closed contour C2 − C1 in that example is, therefore −4 3 given that
Z √
z 1/2 dz = 2 3(1 + i)
C1

. (Lots of parts from example 43.4.)

13 hw13 Cauchy Goursat

1. (BC46.1) Apply the Cauchy-Goursat theorem to show that
Z
f (z) dz = 0
C

when the contour C is the circle |z| = 1, in either direction and when

z2 1
f (z) = f (z) = ze−z f (z) =
z−3 z 2 + 2z + 2
f (z) = sech z f (z) = tan z f (z) = Log(z + 2)

2. (BC46.2) Let C1 be the positively oriented circle |z| = 4 and let C2 be the positively oriented boundary
of the square whose sides lie along the lines x = ±1, y = ±1. Point out why
Z Z
f (z) dz = f (z) dz
C1 C2

when
1 z+2 z
f (z) = f (z) = and f (z) =
3z 2 + 1 sin(z/2) 1 − ez

3. (BC46.3) If C is the boundary of the rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, described in the positive sense,

then Z
(z − 2 − i)n−1 = 2πi when n = 0 and 0 when n = ±1, ±2, . . .
C

4. (BC46.4) Extra Credit ????

14 hw14 Applications of Cauchy Integral Formula

1. (BC48.1abc) Let C denote the positively oriented boundary of the square whose sides lie along the
lines x = ±2, y = ±2. Evaluate the integrals

e−z dz
Z Z Z
cos z dz z dz
2 + 8)
and
C z − (πi/2) C z(z C 2z +1

8
 2. (BC48.2) Find the integral of g(z) around the circle |z − i| = 2 in the positive sense when g(z) =
1/(z 2 + 4) and when g(z) = 1/(z 2 + 4)2 .
3. (BC48.3) Let C be the circle |z| = 3 decribed in the positive sense. Show that if

2z 2 − z − 2
Z
g(w) = dz 6 3)
(|w| =
C z−w

then g(2) = 8πi. What is the value of g(w) when |w| > 3?
4. (BC48.7) Let C be the unit circle z = eiθ (−π ≤ θ ≤ π). First show that for any real constant a,
Z az
e
dz = 2πi
C z

Then write this integral in terms of θ to derive the integration formula

Z π
ea cos θ cos(a sin θ) dθ = π
0

5. (BC48.6) Extra Credit ???? Let f denote a function that is continuous on a simple closed contour C.
Prove the function Z
1 f (ξ) dξ
g(z) =
2πi C ξ − z
is analytic as each point z interior to C and and that
Z
0 1 f (ξ) dξ
g (z) =
2πi C (ξ − z)2
at such a point.

15 hw15 Liouville
1. (BC50.1) Let f be an entire function such that |f (z)| ≤ A|z| for all z, where A is a fixed positive
number. Show that f (z) = a1 z, where a1 is a complex constant. [Hint: use Cauchy’s inequality to
show f 00 (z) is zero.]
2. (BC50.1) Suppose f (z) is entire and that the harmonic function u(x, y) = <f (z) has an upper bound
u0 : that is, u(x, y) ≤ u0 for all points (x, y) in the xy-plane. Show that u(x, y) must be constant
throughout the plane. [Hint: use Liouville’s theorem on exp(f (z)).]
3. (BC50.4,5) Let a function f be continuous in a closed bounded region R, and let it be analytic and
not constant throughout the interior of R. Assuming f (z) 6= 0 anywhere in R, prove that |f (z)| has a
minimum value m in R which occurs on the boundary of R and never in the interior. [Hint: look at
1/f (z).]
Use the function f (z) = z to show that the condition f (z) 6= 0 anywhere is necessary for this conclusion.

16 hw16 Series
P∞ P∞
1. (BC52.6) Show if n=1 zn = S, thenz n = S.
n=1
P∞ P∞
2. (BC52.7) Show for any complex number c Show if n=1 zn = S, then n=1 czn = cS.
P∞ P∞ P∞
3. (BC52.8) Show if n=1 zn = S and n=1 wn = T , then n=1 (zn + wn ) = S + T .

9
17 hw17 Taylor Series
1. (BC54.2) Obtain the Taylor
∞
X (z − 1)n
ez = e (|z − 1| < ∞)
n=0
n!

two ways. First using f (n) (1) and second by using ez = eez−1 .
2. (BC54.3) Find the Maclaurin series expansion for the function
z z 1
f (z) = = ·
z4 + 9 9 1 + z 4 /9

3. (BC54.5) Derive the Maclaurin series for cos z by showing f (2n) (0) = (−1)n and f (2n+1) (0) = 0 and
by using cos z = (eiz + e−iz )/2.
4. (BC54.11) Show when z 6= 0,
ez 1 1 1 z z2
= + + + + + ···
z2 z2 z 2! 3! 4!
sin(z 2 ) 1 z2 z6 z 10
4
= 2− + − + ···
z z 3! 5! 7!
5. (BC54.13) Show that when 0 < |z| < 4,
∞
X zn
1 1
= +
4z − z 2 4z n=0 4n+2

18 hw18 Laurent Series

1. (BC56.1) Find the Laurent series that represents the function f (z) = z 2 sin(1/z 2 ) in the domain
0 < z < ∞.
2. (BC56.2) Derive the Laurent series representation
"∞ #
ez 1 X (z + 1)n 1 1
= + +
(z + 1)2 e n=0 (n + 2)! z + 1 (z + 1)2

3. (BC56.3) Find a representation for the function

1 1 1
f (z) = = ·
1+z z 1 + (1/z)
in negative powers of z that is valid for 1 < |z| < ∞.
4. (BC56.4) Give two Laurent series expansions in powers of z for the function f (z) = 1/[z 2 (1 − z)] and
specify the regions in which the expansions are valid. [Hint: about 0 and ∞]
5. (BC56.5) Represent the function
z+1
f (z) =
z−1
by both its Maclaurin series (stating where it is valid) and by a Laurent series in the domain 1 < |z| < ∞
6. (BC56.6) Show that when 0 < |z − 1| < 2,
∞
z X (z − 1)n 1
= −3 n+2
−
(z − 1)(z − 3) n=0
2 2(z − 1)

10
19 hw19 Derivative of Series, Substituting, Poles, Residues
1. (BC60.1) By differentiating the Maclaurin series representation
∞
1 X
= zn (|z| < 1)
1 − z n=0
obtain the expressions
∞
1 X
= (n + 1)z n (|z| < 1)
(1 − z)2 n=0
and
∞
2 X
= (n + 1)(n + 2)z n (|z| < 1)
(1 − z)3 n=0

2. (BC60.2) By substituting 1/(1 − z) for z in the expansion

∞
1 X
= (n + 1)z n (|z| < 1)
(1 − z)2 n=0

found above, derive the Laurent series representation

∞
1 X (−1)n (n − 1)
= (1 < |z − 1| < ∞)
z2 n=2
(z − 1)n

3. (BC60.3) Find the Taylor series for the function

1 1 1 1
= = ·
z 2 + (z − 2) 2 1 + (z − 2)/2
about the point z0 = 2. Then by differentiating that series term by term, show that
∞
1 1X z−2 n
= (−1)n (n + 1)( ) (|z − 2| < 2)
z2 4 n=0 2

4. (BC61.1) Use multiplication of series to show that

ez 1 1 5
2
= + 1 − z − z2 + · · · (0 < |z| < 1)
z(z + 1) z 2 6
5. (BC61.3) Use division to obtain the Laurent series representation
1 1 1 1 1 3
= − + z− z + ··· (0 < |z| < 2π)
ez −1 z 2 12 720
6. (BC64.1) Find the residue at z = 0 of the functions
1 1 z − sin z cot z sinh z
z cos( ) and
z + z2 z z z4 z 4 (1 − z 2 )
7. (BC64.2) Use Cauchy’s residue theorem to evaluate the integral of each of these functions around the
circle |z| = 3 in the positive sense:
exp(−z) exp(−z) 1 z+1
z 2 exp( ) and
z2 (z − 1)2 z z 2 − 2z
8. (BC64.3) Use a theorem involving a single residue to evaluate the integral of each of these functions
around the circle |z| = 2 in the positive sense.
z5 1 1
and
1 − z3 1 + z2 z

11
20 hw20 Singular points
1. (BC65.1) In each case, write the principal part of the function at its isolated singular point and
determine whether that point is a pole, a removable singular point or an essential singular pont.
1 z2 sin z cos z 1
z exp( ) and
z 1+z z z (2 − z)3

2. (BC65.2) Show that the singular point of each of the following functions is a pole. Determine the order
m of the pole and the corresponding residue B.
1 − cosh z 1 − exp(2z) exp(2z)
and
z3 z4 (z − 1)2

3. (BC65.3) Suppose f is analytic at z0 and write g(z) = f (z)/(z − z0 ). Show that:

(a) If f (z0 ) 6= 0, then z0 is a simple pole of g, with residue f (z0 ).

(b) Iff (z0 ) = 0, then z0 is a removable singular point of g.

21 hw21 Residues, Poles, Order of a Pole

1. (BC65.4) Write the function
8a3 z 2
f (z) = (a > 0)
(z 2 + a2 )3
as
φ(z) 8a3 z 2
f (z) = 3
where φ(z) =
(z − ai) (z + ai)3
Point out why φ(z) has a Taylor series representation about z = ai, and then use it to show that the
principal part of f at that point is
φ00 (ai)/2 φ0 (ai) φ(ai) i/2 a/2 a2 i
+ 2
+ 3
=− − 2
−
z − ai (z − ai) (z − ai) z − ai (z − ai) (z − ai)3

2. (BC67.1) In each case, show that any singular point of the function is a pole. Determine the order m
of the pole and find the corresponding residue B
z2 + 2 z exp z
( )3 and
z−1 2z + 1 z2 + π2

3. (BC67.2) Show that

z 1/4 1+i
Res = √ (|z| > 0, 0 < arg z < 2π)
z=−1 z + 1 2
Log z π + 2i
Res 2 =
z=i (z + 1)2 8
z 1/2 1−i
Res 2 2
= √ (|z| > 0, 0 < arg z < 2π)
z=i (z + 1) 8 2
4. (BC67.3) Find the value of the integral
3z 3 + 2
Z
dz
C (z − 1)(z 2 + 9)
taken counterclockwise around both circles |z − 2| = 2 and |z| = 4

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22 hw22 Computing Integrals
1. (BC67.4) Find the value of the integral Z
dz
C z 3 (z + 4)
taken counterclockwise around both circles |z| = 2 and |z + 2| = 3
2. (BC69.1) Show that the point z = 0 is a simple pole of the function f (z) = csc z = 1/ sin z by a
theorem and by computing the Laurent series.
3. (BC69.3a) Show that
π
Res (z sec z) = (−1)n+1 zn , where zn = + nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
z=zn 2

4. (BC69.4a) Let C denote the positively oriented circle |z| = 2 and evaluate the integral
Z
tan z dz
C

5. (BC69.5) Let CN denote the positive oriented boundary of the square whose edges lie along the lines
1 1
x = ±(N + )π and y = ±(N + )π
2 2
where N is a positive integer. Show that
" N
#
(−1)n
Z
dz 1 X
= 2πi +2
CN z 2 sin z 6 n=1
n2 π 2

then using the fact that the value of this integral tends to zero as N tends to infinity, point out how
it follows that
∞
X (−1)n π2
2
=
n=1
n 12

23 hw23 Poles and Zeros

1. (BC69.9) Let p and q denote functions that are analytic at a point z0 where p(z0 ) 6= 0 and q(z0 ) = 0.
Show that if the quotient p(z)/q(z) has a pole of order m at z0 , then z0 is a zero of order m of q.

24 hw24 Cool Integrals

1. (BC72.1,2,4) Use residues to evaluate the following integrals
Z ∞ Z ∞ ∞
x2 dx
Z
dx dx
2+1 2 + 1)2
and
0 x 0 (x 0 (x2 + 1)(x2 + 4)

2. (BC74.1,2) Use residues to evaluate the following integrals

Z ∞ Z ∞
cos x dx cos ax dx
2 2 2 2
(a > b > 0) and (a > 0)
−∞ (x + a )(x + b ) 0 x2 + 1

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