DAY THREE

Animal Kingdom
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Classification of Animals u Phylum–Aschelminthes u Phylum–Echinodermata

u Phylum–Porifera u Phylum–Annelida u Phylum–Hemichordata
u Phylum–Coelenterata u Phylum–Arthropoda u Phylum–Chordata
u Phylum–Platyhelminthes u Phylum–Mollusca

Animals are believed to have been evolved from ancestral protists by the process of
division of labour among the cells. The classification of animals is based on organisation
of the body, coelom, symmetry, habitat, germ layers, etc.
Coelom refers to a large fluid-filled space lying between outer body wall and inner
digestive tube.
The organisms may be acoelous (Porifera, Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes),
pseudocoelous (Aschelminthes and Nematoda) or eucoelous (Annelida, Echinodermata
and Chordata).

Classification of Animals
l
The aim of animal systematics is to arrange animals into groups that reflect
evolutionary relationship.
l
The group that originated from a single ancestral species and include all of its
descendants, such a group is called a monophyletic group, in which animal characters
indicate relatedness.
l
Members of polyphyletic groups are originated from different ancestors. Since, each
group should have a single ancestor, a polyphyletic group reflects insufficient
knowledge of the group.
l
A paraphyletic group includes some, but not all members of lineage.
l
Animal kingdom is divided into two sub kingdoms, i.e. Protozoa and Metazoa.
(i) Protozoa are defined as single-celled eukaryotic organisms that feed
heterotrophically and exhibit diverse motility mechanisms.
(ii) Metazoa are multicellular eukaryotes, which are further divided into three
branches, i.e. Mesozoa, Parazoa and Eumetazoa.
Animal kingdom is broadly classified as follows
Animal Kingdom

Protozoa Metazoa
Branch

Mesozoa Parazoa Enterozoa

No tissue, body comprises of No tissue, diploblastic, cellular Tissue or organ system
an external layer of ciliated level of body organisation, level of body organisation.
cells. Minute, worm-like. choanocytes present, called Phylum–Eumetazoa
Parasites of marine animals. sponges.
Phylum–Mesozoa, Phylum–Porifera
e.g. Dicyema e.g. Leucosolenia and Sycon
Division

Radiata Bilateria
Body radially symmetrical diploblastic, Body bilaterally symmetrical,
tissue level of body organisation triploblastic, organ system
level of body organisation
Phylum–Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Cnidoblasts present, e.g. Hydra
Phylum–Ctenophora, e.g. Ctenoplana
Sub-division

Acoelomata Pseudocoelomata Eucoelomata

No coelom Pseudocoelom True coelom
Phylum–Platyhelminthes, Phylum–Nemathelminthes, e.g. Ascaris Group
e.g. Fasciola and Taenia

Schizocoelomata Enterocoelomata
Coelom develops from solid mesoderm Coelom develops from enteric pouches
Phylum–Annelida, e.g. Earthworm Phylum–Echinodermata,
e.g. Star fish
Phylum–Mollusca, e.g. Pila
Phylum–Hemichordata,
Phylum–Arthropoda, e.g. Cockroach
e.g. Balanoglossus
Phylum–Chordata
Sub-phylum

Urochordata Cephalochordata
e.g. Herdmania Vertebrata
e.g. Amphioxus
Section

Agnatha Gnathostomata
Jawless vertebrates Jawed vertebrates
Class–Cyclostomata
e.g. Petromyzon and Myxine
Class–Ostracodermi, e.g. Cephalaspis and Super-class
Pteraspis

Pisces Tetrapoda
True fishes Typically four
limbs
Class

Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
Placodermi
All fossils, had protective bony Cartilaginous fishes, Bony fishes,
scales or plates, e.g. Climatius e.g. Scoliodon e.g. Labeo
Class

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

e.g. Uraeotyphlus, salamander and frog e.g. Tortoise, lizards and snakes e.g. Kiwi, e.g. Rabbit, rats
peacock (birds)
Non-chordates can be classified into following phylum l
Choanocytes or collar cells possess a central flagellum
and beating of flagella help to maintain water current
Phylum–Porifera and ingest the food particles.
Salient features of phylum-Porifera are as follows l
Leucosolenia has asconoid type of canal system.
l
It consists of primitive multicellular animals with cellular l
Nutrition is holozoic and digestion is intracellular. Food
grade of organisation. vacuole is transferred to amoebocytes and digestion is
l
Free-living, mostly marine either solitary or colonial. completed there.
l
Body is asymmetrical, lacks tissues or organs but possesses l
The chief nitrogenous waste of the sponge is ammonia.
large number of incurrent pores called ostia leading into a l
Leucosolenia reproduces asexually by external budding
spongocoel through a system of canals. and sexually by syngamy.
l
Spongocoel opens out side by one or two large excurrent l
No special gonads, sperms and ova are developed from
pores called oscula. Canals and spongocoel are lined by archaeocytes.
flagellated cells called choanocytes or collar cells. l
Fertilisation is internal. Cleavage is equal and
l
Sensory and nerve cells are absent in sponges. Body wall holoblastic. Parenchymula larva swims freely and get
with two layers, i.e., diploblastic (pinacoderm and attached to substratum.
choanoderm) of loosely arranged cell and a mesenchyme is
present between them. NOTE Study of sponges is called parazoology.
l
Body has an endoskeleton made up of spicules, composed of Proterospongia is a connecting link between Protozoa and
calcareous or siliceous spicules or spongin fibres. Porifera.

Digestion is intracellular and holozoic. Respiration and

Phylum–Coelenterata
l

excretion occur by simple diffusion. Reproduction is by

asexual (external or internal buds) or sexual methods. Salient features of this phylum are as follows
Gemmules are the mass of archaeocytes. l
It is composed of radially symmetrical, diploblastic
Common Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Porifera multicellular animals with a tissue grade of organisation.
l
The members of this phylum are freshwater or marine,
Class– Class– Class– solitary or colonial forms, which may be free-swimming
Characteristic
Calcarea Hexactinellida Demospongiae
or sedentary.
Habitat Marine Marine Marine or freshwater l
Body has a mouth at the oral end, which leads into a
Spicules Made up of Made up of silica Made up of spongin spacious cavity called gastrovascular cavity or
calcium fibres or absent
coelenteron.
carbonate
l
The presence of long, hollow structures called tentacles
Example Sycon and Euplectella (venus Spongilla (freshwater
Leucosolenia flower basket), sponge) and used for locomotion and food capturing.
Hyalonema Euspongia (bath l
The epidermis consists of epitheliomuscular cells (provide
(glassrope sponge), Cliona musculature), cnidoblasts, interstitial cells (totipotent
sponge) (boring sponge)
cells), nerve cells and sensory cells.
The presence of peculiar type of cells, called
Leucosolenia
l

cnidoblasts, nematocysts or stinging cells, in the

l
Body is cylindrical and radially symmetrical. ectoderm, especially in the tentacles, is used for offence
l
Porocytes are special cells for passage of incoming water. and defence.
l
Outer layer of cells is called pinacoderm made of pinacocytes. l
Digestion is both intracellular and extracellular.
l
A mesenchyma is found in between the two layers containing l
Respiration and excretion by simple diffusion.
free amoebocytes and skeletal elements. Different types of
amoebocytes are as follows
l
The network of nerves spreads all over the body.
n Archaeocytes Undifferentiated totipotent cells.
l
Many forms exhibit polymorphism. Different types of
individuals are present in a colony for different
n Chromocytes With pigment granules.
functions. These individuals are called zooids.
n Thesocytes With reserve food granules.
l
Reproduction is either asexual (by external budding) or
n Myocytes Contractile, spindle-shaped cells.
sexual (formation of gametes).
n Trophocytes Supply nutrients to developing cells.
l
Metagenesis is the alternation of two phases, i.e.
n Gland cells Secrete slimy substance.
polypoid and medusoid phases, e.g. in life cycle of
n Sex cells Develop from archaeocytes only during breeding Obelia.
season.
 Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Coelenterata l
Nervous system is ladder-like consisting of a brain and a
Class– Class– Class–
pair of longitudinal nerves connected by many transverse
Characteristic nerves.
Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa
l
They have high capacity of regeneration due to the
Habitat Freshwater or Marine Marine
marine presence of neoblast cells. These cells are scattered all over
the body.
Body form Polypoid or Medusoid Polypoid
medusoid
l
Reproduction is usually by sexual methods. Majority of the
forms are bisexual. Development is direct or indirect.
Example Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia and Sea anemone
Physalia Cassoprea corals, Fungia, Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Platyhelminthes
(Portuguese man (jelly fishes) Gorgonia
Class– Class– Class–
of war) (seafan) Characteristic
Turbellaria Trematoda Cestoda
Habit and habitat Free-living, Ecto or Endoparasites
Hydra aquatic endoparasites
Digestive system Present Present Absent
l
It was discovered by Trembley in 1744. Linnaeus (1758)
gave the name Hydra. Example Planaria Fasciola (liver fluke) Taenia solium
(flatworm) and Schistosoma (tapeworm)
l
It is diploblastic and radially symmetrical. (blood fluke)
l
Separate coelom is absent in Hydra, so can be called
acoelomate.
l
It has tissue grade of organisation with division of labour.
Fasciola hepatica
l
It is also called liver fluke as it inhabit liver and bile ducts
l
Body cavity of Hydra is called coelenteron or gastrovascular
of different vertebrates like cattle, goat, rabbit, pig, dog and
cavity.
human.
l
Nematocyst plays an important role in locomotion, food l
It is an endoparasite and completes its life history in two
capture, for offence and defence.
hosts.
l
It is carnivorous. Digestion in Hydra is first extracellular l
The vertebrate sheep acts as its primary host and mostly
and then intracellular. gastropod snail Limnaea tranculata, as intermediate host.
l
It has no anus. It has nerve cells but no nerves. l
The broad anterior portion of animal bears a distinct
l
Reproduction is both asexual and sexual. triangular projection called the head lobe or oral cone. This
l
No free larval stage (only a planula-like stage) occurs and structure bears mouth at its anterior tip, which is some
during development, there is no moulting or ecdysis. what surrounded by the muscular oral sucker.
l
On the ventral side, at some distance from oral sucker, one
NOTE Phylum-Ctenophora includes exclusively marine animals
which swim with the help of cilia. They are radially symmetrical
more sucker is present called ventral sucker or posterior
and diploblastic animals, e.g. Ctenoplana. sucker of acetabulum.
l
Both the suckers are the structures containing radial
Phylum–Platyhelminthes muscles.

General characteristics of this phylum are as follows

l
Alimentary canal is incomplete as there is single opening for
ingestion and egestion. It is called blind sac body plan.
l
It is bilaterally symmetrical, true multicellular animals
with organ grade of organisation. Free-living (aquatic or
l
In between the acetabulum and the oral sucker (i.e. mid
terrestrial) but mostly parasitic (ecto or endoparasites). ventrally), an opening is present called gonopore or genital
Body is dorsoventrally compressed and leaf-like. opening. This opening is nearer to the acetabulum as
compared to oral sucker.
l
Body is triploblastic and they have blind sac body plan.
l
During breeding season, a temporary opening called
l
A body cavity is absent and the space between body wall
opening of Laurer’s canal is seen on the dorsal surface, a
and alimentary canal is filled with mesenchyme
little upwards to the middle of body.
(connective tissue).
l
Due to its parasitic mode of life, liver fluke is practically
l
Digestive system is incomplete and anus is absent.
anaerobic or anoxybiotic in nature.
Respiration occurs by simple diffusion.
l
The animal is hermaphrodite or monoecious and male as
l
Excretion occurs with the help of specialised cells called
well as female genital ducts open into a common chamber
flame cells or solenocytes.
called genital atrium.
 The male reproductive system consists of two testes, one pair
Ascaris lumbricoides
l

of vas deferens, seminal vesicle and an ejaculatory duct on a

penis.
l
It is also called roundworm and is the most common
endoparasite in the small intestine of childern.
l
The female reproductive system contains an ovary with its
oviduct, vitelline glands with their ducts and yolk reservoir,
l
Male is smaller than female with curved tail, two
shell glands, ootype, vitelline duct, uterus and the female pineal setae (copulatory organs) and cloaca.
genital pore. l
The epidermis of Ascaris is syncytial.
l
The fertilisation is internal and takes place at the distal end of l
The body cavity of Ascaris is pseudocoel.
oviduct. l
Excretory system consists of a single excretory cell or
l
The life cycle of liver fluke passes through the following renette cell.
developmental stages l
Ascaris is monogenetic, only one host is required for
Egg → Miracidium → Sporocyst → Redia → Cercaria the development.
→ Metacercaria → Adult l
The larva is called rhabditiform.
l
The parasite attains sexual maturity and starts laying eggs in l
Ascaris causes the disease ascariasis.
about 11-13 weeks after its entry into the body of vertebrate
host. Wuchereria bancrofti
l
The symptoms of liver rot (acute fascioliasis) caused by the
fluke are more acute in lambs than in sheeps and appear about It is also called filarial worm. It causes elephantiasis.
The disease is characterised by the symptoms like
one month after the infection.
headache, anaemia, fever, lymphatic tumours, swelling
in limbs, etc.
Phylum–Aschelminthes
Salient features of this phylum are as follows Phylum–Annelida
l
These animals are mostly parasitic (in animals and plants) and Salient features of this phylum are as follows
few are free-living forms.
l
It is free-living, terrestrial or aquatic form animal
l
Body is long, cylindrical, fusiform (pointed at both the ends) (freshwater or marine).
and bilateral symmetrical.
l
Body is long, cylindrical and metamerically segmented.
l
Body wall is composed of cuticle, epidermis and musculature.
l
Body wall consists of cuticle, epidermis and
l
They possess false body pseudocoelom not lined by musculature.
mesodermal epithelium and is derived from embryonic
l
Body cavity is a true coelom, lined by mesoderm.
blastocoel.
l
Coelom is filled with milky, alkaline fluid called
l
Digestive system is complete and respiration by simple
coelomic fluid containing different types of corpuscles.
diffusion.
l
These corpuscles are of four types– phagocytic, mucocytes,
l
Nervous system consists of a nerve ring and many longitudinal
circular nucleated cells and chloragogen cells. Digestive
nerve cords. They reproduce by sexual reproduction.
system is complete.
l
Males are usually shorter than females, e.g. Ascaris
l
Respiration is either through skin or through gills.
(roundworm, a parasite, faculatative aerobic), Rhabditis
(free-living), Dracunculus (guinea worm), Enterobius (pinworm), l
Excretion with the help of characteristic nephridia.
Trichuris (whip worm), Wuchereria (filarial worm), Loa loa (eye Chloragogen cells or yellow cells of earthworm are
worm). analogous to vertebrate liver cells.

Common characteristics of Classes of

l
The circulatory system is of closed type.
Phylum–Aschelminthes l
Haemoglobin dissolves directly in the plasma.

Characteristics Class–Aphasmidia Class–Phasmidia

l
Nervous system consists of a nerve ring and a double
ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia.
Phasmids Absent Present near hind end of l
Locomotion with the help of setae or parapodia (in
body
aquatic annelids, e.g. Nereis).
Amphids Various types Present near anterior end l
Reproduction by sexual methods and development
Example Trichinella (trichina worm) Ascaris and Wuchereria may be direct or indirect.
 Common Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Annelida
Characteristics Class–Polychaeta Class–Oligochaeta Class–Hirudinea Class–Archiannelida
Habit and habitat Free-living, marine Free-living forms found in moist soil Freshwater forms. Temporary Marine forms
ectoparasites
Locomotory Parapodia Setae Absent Absent
structure
Life cycle Unisexual with indirect Bisexual with direct development Bisexual with direct Bisexual with indirect
development development development
Example Nereis (ragworm) Pheretima (Indian earthworm) Hirudinaria (leech) Polygordius
Megascole, (earthworm of South India)

Earthworm Hirudinaria
l
Pheretima posthuma is brown or clay-coloured l
It is a freshwater and ectoparasitic annelid.
because of the pigment porphyrin. l
Body is elongated and divided into 33 metameres by annuli.
l
Three regions in the body of earthworm are l
It is sanguivorous and feeds upon the blood of cattle.
preclitellar region (1-13), clitellar region (14, 15, 16) l
Blood is stored in a 10-chambered crop and blood clotting is
and postclitellar region (17-last). prevented by mixing an anticoagulant called hirudin.
l
Setae help in locomotion. l
It shows cutaneous respiration.
l
Body cavity is a true coelom (schizocoel), containing l
Male and female gonopores lie on ventral side of 10th and 11th
milky white alkaline coelomic fluid. During segments respectively. It is hermaphrodite but shows
burrowing, the coelomic fluid becomes turgid and cross-fertilisation due to protandrous condition. Development is
acts as hydraulic skeleton. direct.
l
Chloragogen cells are small yellow cells, concerned
with storage of reserve food, formation of urea and Phylum–Arthropoda
also excretory (analogous to the liver) in function.
General characteristics of this phylum are as follows
l
Typhlosole (26-35 segments) is a highly glandular, l
This phylum is the largest in the animal kingdom comprising of
vascular longitudinal ridge increasing the area for more than 75% of the animal species.
absorption of digested food.
l
These are free-living, aquatic (freshwater or marine) or terrestrial
l
Blood vascular system of earthworm is closed type. and some are parasitic forms also.
Blood is red in colour, respiratory pigment l
Body is elongated and segmented, usually distinguished into
haemoglobin, dissolved in the blood plasma.
regions-like head, thorax and abdomen.
l
Earthworm respires, but has no respiratory organs, l
Body has exoskeleton made up of a hard, impermeable substance
exchange of gases takes place through moist skin. called chitin.
l
Excretory organs are segmental nephridia analogous l
Digestive system is complete with mouth and anus. Circulatory
to vertebrate kidney. Pores in the body wall system is of open type. Blood flows freely in the body cavity
concerned with reproduction are 11. (haemocoel).
l
They are spermathecal pores present in the l
Respiration through gills or trachea or book lungs.
intersegmental grooves of 5/6, 6/7 7/8 and 8/9 l
Excretion through coxal glands or Malpighian tubules.
(4 pairs). l
Nervous system consists of a nerve ring and double ventral nerve
l
Female genital pore is mid-ventral on 14th segment. cord.
l
Male genital pores are ventrolateral (1 pair) on 18th l
Locomotory organs are represented by segmentally arranged
segment. Male genital papillae are present on jointed appendages. Cilia are totally absent. Reproduce sexually,
segments 17 and 19 (2 pairs). Spermathecae are used sexes are separate. Development may be direct or indirect.
to store sperms after copulation. Cocoons are formed l
Luminescent insects Photinus, Lampreys and some other genera
by glandular clitellum. Cleavage is holoblastic and bear light producing organs on abdomen, e.g. mosquito,
unequal, development is direct without any larval cockroach, Apis (honeybee), Aranea (spider), Palaemon (prawn),
stage. Scolopendra (centipede).
 Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Arthropoda l
The abdomen is 8 segmented in male and 9 segmented in
Class Respiratory Common female. Last four segments form genital pouch and other
Walking Leg accessory reproductive structures.
(habitat) Organ Example
l
Mesothorax possess a pair of halteres which perceive sound
Diplopoda Trachea Many, two pairs in Millipede
(terrestrial) each segment and acts as balancing organ during flight.
l
Sexes are separate, females are bigger than males, under
Chilopoda Trachea Many, one pair in Centipede
(terrestrial) each segment complete metamorphosis and the larva moults twice, thus
indicating three stages of instars.
Crustacea Gills Five pairs Crab, prawn,
(aquatic) lobster
Book lungs Four pairs Scorpion,
Phylum–Mollusca
Arachnida
(terrestrial) spider General characteristics of this phylum are as follows
Insecta Trachea Three pairs Cockroach,
l
It has free-living aquatic forms (freshwater or marine) and
(terrestrial) butterfly some are amphibious.
Onychophora Trachea Many, unjointed Peripatus
l
Body is soft and unsegmented. Body can be differentiated
(terrestrial) into three regions, i.e. head, visceral hump and foot. Visceral
hump is covered by a thin, fleshy mantle which secretes a
Common Insect Orders with Important Examples calcareous shell (external or internal).
Order Example l
Coelom is reduced to a cavity around the heart.
Thysanura Lepisma (silver fish, wingless insect)
l
The study of molluscs is called ‘malacology’.
l
Digestive system is complete. Respiratory organs are in the
Orthoptera Schistocerca (locust), Poecilocerus (grasshopper),
Gryllus (house cricket) form of gills called ctenidia. Locomotory structure is
represented by muscular foot.
Dictyoptera Periplaneta (cockroach), Mantis (praying mantis) l
Reproduction is sexual, organisms are either unisexual or
Phasmida Phyllium (leaf insect), Carausius (stick insect) bisexual, development is direct, e.g. Pila (snail), Sepia, Unio
(freshwater mussel), Octopus and Chiton.
Isoptera Microtermes (termites = white ants)

Odonata Sympetrum (dragonfly) Pila

Anoplura Pediculus (human louse) l
It is also known as apple snail. It is an amphibious mollusc
found in ponds, rice, field, etc.
Ephemerida Ephemera (may fly) l
It shows creeping locomotion, herbivorous in nutrition,
Hemiptera Cimex (bed bug), Dysdercus (red cotton rug) aestivates during summer, respires with gill in water and
Homoptera Aphis (aphid – plant louse), Laccifer or Tachardia
with pulmonary sac on land.
lacca (lac insect) l
Body is covered by a univalvular, unilocular and
spirally-coiled shell which has vertical lines of growth.
Coleoptera Coccinella (lady bird beetle), Sitophilus (rice weevil) l
Lowermost hole, called body whorl, is largest and is opened
Lepidoptera Bombyx (silk moth), Pieris (cabbage butterfly) by lunate-shaped mouth, which can be closed by an
Diptera Musca (housefly), Anopheles, Culex, Aedes (all the
operculum during defence.
three-mosquitoes), Glossina (tse-tse fly) l
Sexes show sexual-dimorphism (male has large sized penis).
Fertilisation is internal. Female is oviparous and
Siphonaptera Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea)
development is direct.
Hymenoptera Apis (honeybee), Vespa (wasp), Camponotus
(common black house ant) Sepia
l
It is also called cuttle fish.
Housefly l
It is a marine mollusc, a good swimmer and carnivorous in
nutrition (feed on fishes, crustaceans, etc.).
l
Common housefly (Musca domestica) is a genera of
order–Diptera.
l
It defends by protective colouration, a smoke-screen of Sepia
ink and backward darting (with its siphon).
l
Its body is divisible into head, thorax and abdomen. The
head bears two antennae, a pair of compound eyes.
l
Body is differentiated into two parts, i.e. head and trunk.
consisting of ommatidia and three ocellia (light sensitive l
Head has one pair of eyes, 8 sucker-bearing arms and 2 long
spots). tentacles surrounding the mouth.
l
Mouth parts are sponging type, adapted to suck liquid. l
Trunk bears one pair of lateral fins for swimming. On the
They consist of long fleshy proboscis formed by labium. ventral side on junction of head and trunk, it has a funnel or
Mandibles are absent. siphon for backward darting.
l
Sexes show sexual-dimorphism (male with hectocotylised l
There are microscopic pincer-like structures known as
arm). Fertilisation is internal, development is direct. pedicellariae, which also act as organs of offence.
Pedicellariae also remove foreign substances and keep the
Phylum–Echinodermata body surface clean.
Salient features of this phylum are as follows l
Development is indirect which involves bipinnaria larva.
l
These are free-living, exclusively marine forms.
l
Adults are radially symmetrical, while larvae are bilaterally Echinus
symmetrical. l
It is also called sea urchin. It is found in rocky sea bottom.
l
Body is represented by a central disc covered by ossicles It is omnivorous and use teeth for feeding. The mouth is
with spines called pedicellariae. present in the centre of oral surface.
l
Disc may bear extensions called arms.
l
It moves with the help of spines which possesses
pedicellariae.
l
Digestive system is complete.
l
The sea urchin has a masticatory apparatus, called
l
A unique ambulacral or water vascular system is present.
Aristotle’s Lantern, which is formed by five strong and
l
Tube feet are present for locomotion and respiration. sharp teeth. It projects slightly through the mouth. The
These are extended and retracted by variation in hydraulic anus is a small aperture.
pressure of the fluid in them and contraction of their
muscles. NOTE Auricularia is the connecting link between chordates and
non-chordates
l
Nervous system has a central nerve ring with five radiating
nerves.
l
Reproduction is sexual, sexes are separate and development
Phylum-Hemichordata
is indirect. It shows very high power of regeneration.
l
It consist of marine deuterostome animals having
worm-like appearance (Acorn worms).
Characteristics of Classes of Phylum–Echinodermata l
They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic animals,
Nature of the exclusively marine and have a true body coelom.
Class Nature of Arm Example
Disc l
The digestive tract is complete and a buccal diverticulum
Asteroidea Compressed Five, continuous Asterias is present in the proboscis.
along the with the disc (starfish) l
Body is divided into three regions–proboscis, collar and
oro-aboral axis
trunk. The proboscis has a glomerulus which is the
Ophiuroidea Compressed Five, long and Ophiothrix excretory organ.
along the slender joined arms l
Circulatory system is of closed type and respiration occurs
oro-aboral axis
through gills.
Echinoidea Globular or flat Absent Echinus l
Exhibit sexual reproduction, fertilisation is external,
(sea urchin)
development is mostly indirect through a free-swimming
Holothuroidea Elongated and Modified into Holothuria tornaria larva.
cylindrical tentacles (sea cucumber)

Crinoidea Reduced and Ten, long and Antedon Phylum–Chordata

attached to the branched (sea lily) Silent features and classification of
substratum l
This phylum is characterised by three unique features, at
least during the early stages of their development.
Asterias (Starfish) l
These include presence of a rod-like structure called
l
Mouth is present on the oral surface, five narrow notochord lying above the digestive tract, a tubular dorsal
ambulacral grooves are also found. Bright red eyes lie at the nerve cord lying above the notochord and a pair of gill slits
terminal end of each ambulacral groove. in the pharyngeal region. Only the nerve cord persists
throughout the life of the organism.
l
The aboral surface bears many stout spines which are
distributed irregularly. Soft dermal branchiae are present
l
The notochord is usually replaced by a vertebral column in
between the spines. They act as respiratory and excretory vertebrates and the gill slits disappear during the
organs. embryonic stage. Only in Amphioxus all three chordate
characters present throughout life.
l
In between two arms, near the anus, a perforated circular
plate is present, called the madreporite.
l
The phylum is divided into three subphyla, namely
Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata.
Subphylum–Urochordata 1. Class–Ostracodermi
l
It includes marine animals, notochord is found in the tail in l They are extinct, vertebrates which appeared in
larval form. Hollow nerve cord is also present in the larva. Ordovician period.
Body is covered by a tunic. l They had well-developed dermal scales and hence, also
l
Adult is a sessile filter feeder, structurally nothing like a called armoured fishes, e.g. Pteraspis, Cephalaspis, etc.
chordate. 2. Class–Cyclostomata
l
Gill slits in adult is multiplied to form large filter-feeding
l They are circular mouthed fishes and jawless.
pharynx.
l They have 1-16 pairs of gill slits, fins are unpaired,
l
Larva is ascidian tadpole which possesses features like
notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal tubular nerve cord, l Head and brain are poorly-developed, cranial nerves are
segmental myotomes, post-anal tail, e.g. Herdmania, 8-10 pairs, lateral line sense organs are present.
Doliolum Pyrosoma, Ciona l Endoskeleton is cartilaginous, stomach is absent,
respiration through gills and kidneys are mesonephric.
Subphylum–Cephalochordata l Fertilisation is external and development is indirect
l
It has headless, tiny fish-like chordates. Notochord, nerve through ammocoete larva, e.g. Petromyzon (Lamprey),
cord without a distinct brain, gill slits and a post-anal tail Myxine (Hagfish).
present.
l
Fish-like animals showing all recognisable chordate Gnathostomata
features. Includes jawed vertebrates in which embryonic notochord is
l
Notochord extends along the length of body in larval and replaced by a vertebral column in adults. Fins and nostrils
adult stages. are paired and internal ear has three semicircular canals.
l
Large pharynx with clefts forms feeding mechanism. It is divided into two super-classes
Ciliated gill bars.
1. Superclass–Pisces
l
Pharyngeal slits open into atrium. Segmental myotomes,
e.g. Amphioxus lanceolatus (Branchiostoma).
l
It includes true fishes with fins.
l
Heart is two chambered and have aortic arches, on both
NOTE Hemichordates, urochordates and cephalochordates together sides.
known as protochordates. l
It is divided into three classes
Subphylum–Vertebrata (i) Class–Placodermi includes fishes having an external
protective armour of bony plates, all species are
It includes the majority of chordates.
extinct, e.g. Climatius.
l
Head is prominent.
(ii) Class–Chondrichthyes includes marine, cartilaginous
l
Nervous system and exoskeleton are highly developed. fishes. skin with minute placoid scales.
l
Notochord is replaced by a jointed vertebral column and two l Gill slits not covered by operculum (except in
pairs of appendages (limbs) are present. Chimaera).
l
Mammals exhibit the following unique features l Lung or air bladder is absent.
n Presence of mammary glands to nourish the young ones. l Males possess claspers, i.e. copulatory organ.
n Presence of muscular diaphragm that separates thorax l Fertilisation is internal, oviparous or
from abdomen. ovoviviparous, development is direct, e.g. Pristis,
n Presence of external ear called pinna. Torpedo, Scoliodon.
n Presence of seven vertebrae in the neck region, (iii) Class–Osteicthyes It includes marine or freshwater
e.g. phylum-Chordata. fishes with streamlined body.
Subphylum–Vertebrata is divided into two sections; Agnatha l Endoskeleton is made up of bone, notochord is
and Gnathostomata. persistent throughout life as vertebral column.
l Skin is covered by cycloid, ctenoid or ganoid scales.
Agnatha l Gills are covered by an operculum.
It includes jawless vertebrates, notochord persist throughout l Claspers are absent in males.
life, do not have paired appendages, cold–blooded, single
l Fertilisation is external, oviparous, development is
nostril and internal ear has one or two semicircular canals. It
direct. e.g. Labeo rohita, Anabas, Mystus.
has two classes
2. Superclass–Tetrapoda l Sexes are separate, fertilisation is internal and
development is direct, e.g. crow, pigeon, ostrich, etc.
It includes land animals with two pairs of pentadactyl
limbs, cornified skin and lungs. (iv) Class–Mammalia
It includes four classes as follows l They are terrestrial (except blue whale and dolphin)
animals. Their skin is covered by hairs.
(i) Class–Amphibia
l They possess milk producing mammary glands.
l They can live in both aquatic and terrestrial
habitats. l They are viviparous (except platypus and echidna which
is oviparous) and produce live young ones.
l The skin is moist without scales but possess mucous
glands. l They are warm-blooded, heart is four-chambered and
l The eyes have eyelids and tympanum represents respiration occurs by lungs.
the ear. l External ear or pinnae are present, different types of teeth
l Heart is three–chambered (2 auricles and one are present in the jaws.
ventricle). They are cold-blooded. l Sexes are separate, fertilisation is internal and
l Respiration occurs through gills (in water) and development is direct.
lungs (on land). Comparison between Invertebrata
l Sexes are separate and fertilisation is external, and Vertebrata
development is indirect through tadpole larva,
Feature Invertebrata Vertebrata
e.g. toad, frogs, salamander, etc.
(ii) Class–Reptilia Symmetry Radial, biradial or Bilateral
lacking
l They are terrestrial animals that exhibit creeping
mode of locomotion. Grade of organisation Protoplasmic level Organ system
to organ system
l Their body is covered by dry and cornified skin,
epidermal scales or scutes. Snakes and lizard Germ layers Diploblastic or Triploblastic
triploblastic or lacking
shed their scales as skin cast.
l External ear opening is absent, ears are Coelom Acoelomate, True coelomate
pseudocoelomate
represented by tympanum.
or true
l Heart is three-chambered, except in crocodiles
Notochord Lacking Present or replaced by
(4-chambered), they are poikilotherms. a backbone made up of
l Sexes are separate, fertilisation is internal, vertebrae
oviparous, eggs are with tough coverings and Gut position Dorsal to nerve cord Ventral to nerve cord
development is direct, e.g. Chelona (turtle),
Pharyngeal gill slits Absent They present at some
tortoise, Chameleon, crocodile, snakes.
stages of life
(iii) Class–Aves
Blood vascular system Open, closed Closed and much
l They possess feathers for flying and forelimbs are or absent developed
modified into wings.
Heart Dorsal, lateral Ventrally placed
l The hindlimbs are modified for walking, or absent
swimming, clasping, etc., and have scales.
Dorsal blood vessel Blood flows anteriorly Blood flows posteriorly
l Skin does not possess glands except oil glands
which are found at the base of the tail. Hepatic portal system Absent Present

l Endoskeleton is ossified (bony) and long bones Haemoglobin In plasma or absent In red blood corpuscles
are pneumatic, i.e. possess air cavities. Respiration Through body surface, Through gills or lungs
l The digestive tract is complete and has additional gills or trachea
chambers–crop and gizzard. Nervous system Solid Hollow
l Heart is four-chambered and they are Brain Above pharynx or Dorsal to pharynx in
warm-blooded or homeotherms, i.e. they can absent head
maintain a constant body temperature. Nerve cord Double and ventral Single and dorsal
l Respiration through lungs which are connected Body temperature Cold-blooded Cold or warm-blooded
to air sacs.
50 40 DAYS ~ NEET BIOLOGY DAY THREE

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Schizocoelomates and enterocoelomates are 12 Acoelomate, triploblastic body with bilateral symmetry is
(a) acoelomates (b) true coelomates characteristic of
(c) invertebrates (d) echinoderms only (a) flatworm (b) roundworm
(c) segmented worm (d) mollusc
2 Which of the following is not correct?
(a) Sponges have tissue level of organisation 13 The excretory structure of flatworm/Taenia are
(b) Organ level of organisation is found in Platyhelminthes (a) flame cells (b) nephridia
(c) In annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and (c) Malpighian tubules (d) green glands
chordates organ system level of organisation is found 14 Which is not a characteristic of Taenia?
(d) Coelenterates, ctenophores and echinoderms have (a) Apolysis (b) Proglottids
radial symmetry (c) Metamerism (d) Strobila
3 Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined 15 Which one of the following kinds of animals are
with food filtering flagellated cells and indirect triploblastic? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2010
development are the characteristics of phylum (a) Flatworms (b) Sponges
ª CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (c) Ctenophores (d) Corals
(a) Coelenterata (b) Porifera
16 In contrast to annelids, the platyhelminths show
(c) Mollusca (d) Protozoa
(a) radial symmetry (b) the presence of pseudocoel
4 In case of poriferans, the spongocoel is lined with (c) bilateral symmetry (d) the absence of body cavity
flagellated cells called ª NEET 2017
17 One example of animal having a single opening to the
(a) ostia (b) oscula
outside that serves both as mouth as well as anus is
(c) choanocytes (d) mesenchymal cells
ª CBSE-AIPMT 2010
5 Canal system in Porifera is not concerned with (a) Octopus (b) Asterias (c) Ascidia (d) Fasciola
(a) respiration (b) nutrition
18 Planaria possesses high capacity of ª CBSE-AIPMT 2014
(c) sexual reproduction (d) None of these
(a) metamorphosis (b) regeneration
6 The previous marriage gift in Japan is (c) alternation of generation (d) bioluminescence
(a) Leucosolenia (b) Euplectella
19 Elephantiasis is caused by a member of
(c) Hyalonema (d) Spongilla
(a) Aschelminthes (b) Platyhelminthes
7 Select the taxon mentioned that represents both marine (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda
and freshwater species ª CBSE-AIPMT 2014
20 Which one of the following statements about certain
(a) Echinodermata (b) Ctenophora
given animals is correct? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2010
(c) Cephalochordata (d) Cnidaria
(a) Roundworms (Aschelminthes) are pseudocoelomates
8 Which of the following is not correctly matched? (b) Molluscs are acoelomates
(a) Physalia — Portugese man of war (c) Insects are pseudocoelomates
(b) Pennatula — Sea anemone (d) Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are coelomates
(c) Gorgonia — Seafan
21 Which one of the following groups of animals is bilaterally
(d) Meandrina — Brain coral
symmetrical and triploblastic? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2009
9 Which one of the following living organisms completely (a) Coelenterates (cnidarians)
lacks a cell wall? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2014 (b) Aschelminthes (roundworms)
(a) Cyanobacteria (b) Seafan (Gorgonia) (c) Ctenophores
(c) Saccharomyces (d) Blue-green algae (d) Sponges

10 Precious red coral which is used as ornament is 22 Heart to pump blood evolved for the first time in
(a) Astraea (b) Fungia (c) Corallium (d) Tubipora (a) annelids (b) arthropods (c) roundworms (d) flatworms

11 Asexual reproduction in Hydra occurs in 23 Which one of the following animals does not undergo
(a) Scyphozoa (b) Hydrozoa metamorphosis? ª NEET 2018
(c) Actinozoa (d) Cnidaria (a) Moth (b) Tunicate (c) Earthworm (d) Starfish
24 Which one of the following is a matching pair of a body 34 Two common characters found in centipede, cockroach
feature and the animal possessing it? and crab are
(a) Post-anal tail — Octopus (a) compound eyes and anal cerci
(b) jointed legs and chitinous exoskeleton
(b) Ventral central nervous system — Leech
(c) green glands and trachea
(c) Pharyngeal gill slits absent in embryo — Chaemeleon (d) book lungs and antennae
(d) Ventral heart — Scorpion 35 Which group of animals belongs to the same phylum?
25 Pheretima and its close relatives derive nourishment from (a) Malarial parasite, Amoeba, mosquito ª NEET 2013
(b) Earthworm, pinworm, tapeworm
ª CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(c) Prawn, scorpion, locust
(a) sugarcane roots (d) Sponge, sea anemone, starfish
(b) decaying fallen leaves and soil organic matter
(c) soil insects 36 Deuterostomate and enterocoelomate invertebrate is
(d) small pieces of fresh fallen leaves of maize (a) Pila (b) Ascaris (c) Aphrodite (d) Asterias

26 One very special feature in the earthworm (Pheretima) is 37 Ink gland occurs in
that ª CBSE-AIPMT 2011 (a) Asterias (b) Sepia (c) Pila (d) Fasciola
(a) the typhlosole greatly increases the effective absorption 38 Osphradium is meant for
area of the digested food in the intestine (a) excretion (b) nutrition
(b) the S–shaped setae embedded in the integument are (c) grinding of food (d) selection and rejection of food
the defensive weapons used against the enemies
(c) it has a long dorsal tubular heart 39 Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(d) fertilisation of eggs occurs inside the body (a) Acoelomated — Platyhelminthes
(b) Acoelomates — Molluscs
27 Insects have (c) Pseudocoelomates— Aschelminthes
(a) 2 pairs of legs (b) 3 pairs of legs (d) Coelomates — Arthropods
(c) 4 pairs of legs (d) 1 pair of legs
40 Which one of the following is a matching set of a phylum
28 The adhesive pads (soft-pads) present in legs of and its three examples?
cockroach are (a) Cnidaria — Bonellia, Physalia and Aurelia
(a) galea (b) lacinea (b) Platyhelminthes — Planaria, Schistosoma and Enterobius
(c) glossa (d) plantula
(c) Mollusca — Loligo, Teredo and Octopus
29 Which of the following features is not present in the (d) Porifera — Spongilla, Euplectella and Pennatula
phylum–Arthropoda? ª NEET-I 2016
41 In which one of the following, the genus name, its two
(a) Metameric segmentation
characters and its phylum are not correctly matched,
(b) Parapodia
(c) Jointed appendages whereas the remaining three are correct? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(d) Chitinous exoskeleton Genus Name Two characters Phylum
(a) Pila (i) Body segmented Mollusca
30 The arthropod, which is known as living fossil is
(ii) Mouth with radula
(a) Bombyx (silkworm) (b) Locusta (locust)
(b) Asterias (i) Spiny skinned Echinodermata
(c) Limulus (king crab) (d) Apis (honeybee)
(ii) Water vascular system
31 One of the representative of phylum–Arthropoda is (c) Sycon (i) Pore bearing Porifera
(a) cuttle fish (b) silver fish ª NEET 2013 (ii) Canal system
(c) puffer fish (d) flying fish (d) Periplaneta (i) Jointed appendages Arthropoda
32 What is true about Nereis, scorpion, cockroach and silver (ii) Chitinous exoskeleton
fish? 42 Which one of the following phyla is correctly matched
(a) They all have jointed paired appendages with its two general characteristics?
(b) They all possess dorsal heart (a) Arthropoda Body divided into head, thorax and
(c) None of them is aquatic abdomen and respiration by trachea.
(d) They all belong to the same phylum
(b) Chordata Notochord is present at some stage and
33 Metameric segmentation is the characteristic of separate anal and urinary openings to the
outside.
(a) Platyhelminthes and Arthropoda
(b) Echinodermata and Annelida (c) Echinodermata Pentamerous radial symmetry and mostly
(c) Annelida and Arthropoda internal fertilisation.
(d) Mollusca and Chordata (d) Mollusca Normally oviparous and development
through a trochophore or veliger larva.
43 In phylum–Echinodermata, 52 A marine cartilaginous fish that can produce electric
(a) adults are radially symmetrical, but larvae are bilaterally current is ª CBSE-AIPMT 2014
symmetrical (a) Pristis (b) Torpedo
(b) adults are bilaterally symmetrical and larvae are radially (c) Trygon (d) Scoliodon
symmetrical
53 Which of the following characteristic features always
(c) adults and larvae both are bilaterally symmetrical
holds true for the corresponding group of animals?
(d) adults and larvae both are radially symmetrical
ª NEET-I 2016
44 Which of the following statements are true/false? (a) Viviparous–Mammalia
I. In higher phyla, cellular level of organisation is seen. (b) Possess a mouth with an upper and a lower
II. Phylum–Platyhelminthes have cellular level of jaw–Chordata
organisation. (c) 3–chambered heart with one incompletely divided
III. Cellular level of organisation is seen when the cells are ventricle–Reptilia
not arranged as loose cell aggregates. (d) Cartilaginous endoskeleton–Chondrichthyes
IV. Molluscs exhibit tissue level of organisation. 54 What will you look for to identify the sex of the following?
Choose the correct option of the following ª CBSE-AIPMT 2011
(a) Male frog –– A copulatory pad on the first digit of the
(a) I and II are true but III and IV are false
hindlimb
(b) III and IV are true but I and II are false
(b) Female cockroach –– Anal cerci
(c) All statements are true
(c) Male shark –– Claspers borne on pelvic fins
(d) All statements are false
(d) Female Ascaris –– Sharply curved posterior end
45 Acorn worms are included in
55 Urinary bladder is absent in
(a) Cestoda (b) Trematoda
(c) Hemichordata (d) Echinodermata (a) amphibians (b) mammals
(c) lizards (d) aves
46 Larva of Balanoglossus is
56 Which one of these animals is not a homeotherm?
(a) Muller’s larva (b) tadpole
(c) tornaria larva (d) kentrogen larva ª NEET 2018
(a) Camelus (b) Chelone
47 The animal having notochord throughout life is (c) Macropus (d) Psittacula
(a) fish (b) Amphioxus
57 Identify the vertebrate group of animals characterised by
(c) snakes (d) birds
crop and gizzard in its digestive system. ª NEET 2018
48 An important characteristic that hemichordates share (a) Aves (b) Reptilia
with chordates is ª NEET 2017 (c) Amphibia (d) Osteichthyes
(a) absence of notochord (b) ventral tubular nerve cord
58 Compared to those of humans, the erythrocytes in frog
(c) pharynx with gill slits (d) pharynx without gill slits
are ª CBSE-AIPMT 2012
49 Match the following columns. ª NEET 2013 (a) Without nucleus but with haemoglobin
Column I Column II Column III (b) nucleated and with haemoglobin
(c) verymuch smaller and fewer
(a) Petromyzon Ectoparasite Cyclostomata
(d) nucleated and without haemoglobin
(b) Ichthyophis Terrestrial Reptilia
59 In which one of the following the genus name, its two
(c) Limulus Body covered by Pisces characters and its class/phylum are correctly matched?
chitinous exoskeleton
ª CBSE-AIPMT 2011
(d) Adamsia Radially symmetrical Porifera
Genus Two characters Class/phylum
(a) Salamandra (i) A tympanum represents Amphibia
50 Which one of the following pairs of animal comprises
ear
‘jawless fishes’? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2009
(ii) Fertilisation is external
(a) Lampreys and eels
(b) Pteropus (i) Skin possesses hair Mammalia
(b) Mackerals and rohu
(c) Lampreys and hag fishes (ii) Oviparous
(d) Guppies and hag fishes (c) Aurelia (i) Cnidoblast Coelenterata
(ii) Organ level of
51 Choose the correct statement. ª NEET-I 2016 organisation
(a) All mammals are viviparous (d) Ascaris (i) Body segmented Annelida
(b) All cyclostomes do not possess jaws and paired fins (ii) Males and females
(c) All reptiles have a three–chambered heart distinct
(d) All pisces have gills covered by an operculum
60 Adaptation to colour vision occurs in Animal Characteristic Taxon
(a) Reptilia (b) Aves (a) Millipede Ventral nerve cord Arachnida
(c) Mammalia (d) All of these (b) Duck-billed platypus Oviparous Mammalian
61 Which one of the following characteristics is not shared (c) Silver fish Pectoral and pelvic fins Chordate
by birds and mammals? ª NEET-I 2016 (d) Sea anemone Triploblastic Cnidaria
(a) Breathing using lungs 66 Which one of the following is not a characteristic of
(b) Viviparity
class-Mammalia? ª NEET-I 2016
(c) Warm-blooded nature
(d) Ossified endoskeleton (a) Nucleated RBC
(b) Presence of muscular diaphragm
62 Which among these is the correct combination of aquatic (c) 12 pairs of cranial nerves
mammals? ª NEET 2017 (d) Dicondylic skull
(a) Seals, Dolphins, Sharks
(b) Dolphins, Seals, Trygon
Directions (Q. Nos. 67 and 68) In each of the following
questions a statement of Assertion is given followed by a
(c) Whales, Dolphins, Seals
corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the
(d) Trygon, Whales, Seals statements, mark the correct answer as
63 What is common between parrot, platypus and (a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
kangaroo? ª CBSE-AIPMT 2007 correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) Homeothermy (b) If both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
(b) Toothless jaws correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Functional post-anal tail (c) If Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(d) Oviparity (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
64 Which of the following animals is not viviparous? 67 Assertion Birds were called glorified reptiles by Huxley.
ª CBSE-AIPMT 2015 Reason They are originated from reptiles.
(a) Flying fox (bat) (b) Elephant
(c) Platypus (d) Whale 68 Assertion Group–Amniota comprises three classes of
vertebrates, i.e. reptiles, birds and mammals.
65 Which one of the following animals is correctly matched Reason All of these contain a special membrane called
with its one characteristic and the taxon? amnion.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Incomplete digestive system is found in 4 From the following statements select the incorrect one.
(a) Porifera, Coelenterata and Ctenophora (a) Millepedes have two pairs of appendages in each
(b) Coelenterata, Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes segment of the body
(c) Aschelminthes, Annelida and Arthropoda (b) Prawn has two pairs of antennae
(d) Annelida, Mollusca and Chordata (c) Animals belonging to phylum–Porifera are exclusively
2 Biradial symmetry and lack of cnidoblasts are the marine
characteristics of (d) Nematocysts are characteristic of the
phylum–Cnidaria
(a) Starfish and sea anemone
(b) Ctenoplana and Beroe 5 Ascaris is characterised by
(c) Aurelia and Paramecium (a) the absence of true coelom but the presence of
(d) Hydra and starfish metamerism
3 The groups of animals, which have radial symmetry are (b) the presence of neither true coelom nor metamerism
(c) the presence of true coelom but the absence of
(a) Coelenterata, Mollusca, Annelida
metamerism
(b) Ctenophora, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
(c) Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Echinodermata (d) the presence of true coelom and metamerism
(d) Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata (metamerisation)
 6 Which of the following pairs of animals has 15 Sycon belongs to a group of animals which are best
non-glandular skin? described as
(a) Snake and frog (a) multicellular with a gastrovascular system
(b) Chameleon and turtle (b) multicellular having tissue organisation, but no body cavity
(c) Frog and pigeon (c) unicellular or acellular
(d) Crocodile and tiger (d) multicellular without any tissue organisation

7 Besides Annelida and Arthropoda, the metamarism is 16 Which one of the following groups of animals is correctly
exhibited by matched with its one characteristic feature without even
(a) Cestoda (b) Chordata a single exception?
(c) Mollusca (d) Acanthocephala (a) Chordata – Possess a mouth provided with an upper
and a lower jaw
8 What is true about all sponges without exception?
(b) Chondrichthyes– Possess cartilaginous endoskeleton
(a) They are all marine (c) Mammalia – Give birth to young ones
(b) They have flagellated collar cells
(d) Reptilia – Possess 3–chambered heart with one
(c) They have a mixed skeleton consisting of spicules and
incompletely divided ventricle
spongin fibres
(d) They reproduce only asexually by budding 17 Which one of the following statements about all the four
9 Radial symmetry is often exhibited by animals having Spongilla, leech, dolphin and penguin is correct?
(a) one opening of alimentary canal (a) Penguin is homiothermic, while the remaining three are
(b) aquatic mode of living poikilothermic
(c) benthos/sedentary (b) Leech is a freshwater form, while all other are marine
(c) Spongilla has special collared cells called
(d) ciliary mode of feeding
choanocytes, not found in the remaining three
10 Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of all (d) All are bilaterally symmetrial
the chordates? 18 Which one of the following features is common in silver
(a) The presence of coelom fish, scorpion, dragonfly and prawn?
(b) Pharyngeal gill clefts in the early embryonic stages (a) Three pairs of legs and segmented body
(c) A diaphragm that separates thorax from abdomen (b) Chitinous cuticle and two pairs of antennae
(d) Dorsal nerve cord (c) Jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton
11 Which one of the following sets of animals share a (d) Cephalothorax and tracheae
four-chambered heart? 19 True coelom is the space lying between the alimentary
(a) Amphibian, reptiles, birds canal and body wall enclosed by the layers of
(b) Crocodiles, birds, mammals (a) ectoderm on both sides
(c) Crocodiles, lizards, turtles (b) endoderm on one side and ectoderm on the other
(d) Lizards, mammals, birds (c) mesoderm on one side and ectoderm on the other
12 Which one feature is common to leech, cockroach and (d) mesoderm on both sides
scorpion? 20 In Arthropoda, head and thorax are often fused to form
(a) Nephridia (b) Ventral nerve cord cephalothorax but, in which, one of the following classes,
(c) Cephalisation (d) Antennae is the body divided into head, thorax and abdomen?
13 In retrogressive metamorphosis, the urochordate larva (a) Insecta
(a) lose notochord (b) Myriapoda
(b) lose tail (c) Crustacea
(c) experience reduction of nervous system to a visceral (d) Arachnida and Crustacea
ganglion
21 Which one of the following correctly discribes the location
(d) All of the above
of some body parts in the earthworm (Pheretima)?
14 The animal with bilateral symmetry in young stage and (a) Four pairs of spermathecae in 4-7 segments
radial pentamerous symmetry in the adult stage belong (b) One pair of ovaries attached at inter segmental septum
to the phylum of 14th and 15th segments
(a) Annelida (b) Mollusca (c) Two pairs of testes in 10th and 11th segments
(c) Cnidaria (d) Echinodermata (d) Two pairs of accessory glands in 16th-18th segments
22 A larval stage occurs in the life history of all members of 25 Match the following columns.
the group Column I Column II
(a) frog, lizard and cockroach
A. Nematocyst 1. Acoelomate
(b) Ascaris, housefly and frog
(c) housefly, earthworm and mosquito B. Platyhelminthes 2. Moulting process
(d) butterfly, frog and mosquito C. Annelida 3. Coelenterata
23 Which of the following are correctly matched with respect D. Ecdysis 4. Excretion
to their taxonomic classification? 5. Metameric segmentation
(a) Flying fish, cuttle fish, silver fish – Pisces
Codes
(b) Centipede, millipede, spider, scorpion– Insecta
(c) Housefly, butterfly, tse–tse fly, silver fish– Insecta A B C D
(d) Spiny anteater, sea urchin, sea cucumber (a) 3 1 5 2
– Echinodermata (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 3 2 1 4
24 Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? (d) 1 2 3 4
Animals Morphological features 26 Given below are four matchings of an animal and its kind
I. Crocodile — Four-chambered heart of respiratory organ. ª CBSE-AIPMT 2003
II. Sea urchin — Parapodia I. Silver fish – trachea
II. Scorpion – book lungs
III. Obelia — Metagenesis
III. Sea squirt – pharyngeal gills
IV. Lemur — Thecodont IV. Dolphin – skin
The correct matchings are
(a) I, III and IV (b) II, III and IV
(a) II and IV (b) III and IV
(c) I and IV (d) I and II
(c) I and IV (d) I, II and III

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (a) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (d) 18 (b) 19 (a) 20 (a)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (b) 25 (b) 26 (a) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (b) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (c) 34 (b) 35 (c) 36 (d) 37 (b) 38 (d) 39 (b) 40 (c)
41 (a) 42 (a) 43 (a) 44 (d) 45 (c) 46 (c) 47 (b) 48 (c) 49 (a) 50 (c)
51 (b) 52 (b) 53 (d) 54 (c) 55 (a) 56 (b) 57 (a) 58 (b) 59 (a) 60 (b)
61 (b) 62 (c) 63 (a) 64 (c) 65 (b) 66 (a) 67 (a) 68 (a)

SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (c)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (d) 15 (d) 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20 (d)
21 (c) 22 (d) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (d)