Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

3
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Vcrcdîks pjr tgr hchj gssg pcssj napjrtcktg kc suc prgpcrcàåj, agu can`j(c). Xgajs
XJXCI egrtgzc hg qug gstg actgrnci vcn tg lczgr `ckbcr auntcs qugst÷gs g `crcktnr c suc
cprjvcàåj.
\jeí gstã tgkhj cegssj c`jrc æ Tjhchc 68. 68. Cs jutrcs 64 rjhchcs sgråj
hnspjkndninzchcs kc suc ãrgc hg agadrjs ejkljrag j erjkj`rcac cdcnxj=

Actgrnci Hctc
Tjhchc 63 Hnspjkávgi Naghnctcagktg
Tjhchc 64 Hnspjkávgi Naghnctcagktg
Tjhchc 65 Hnspjkávgi Naghnctc
Naghnctcagktg
agktg
Tjhchc 68 Hnspjkávgi Naghnctcagktg
Tjhchc 67 3</34
Tjhchc 6< 46/34

Ejkvîa agkenjkcr qug tjhjs qug chqunrnrga j actgrnci ejapigtj nråj rgegdgr XJHCU CU
TJHCHCU mã hnspjkávgns,
hnspjkávgns, nkhgpgkhgktg hc hctc hg ejaprc.

Kgssg actgrnci ljecajs tcadîa kjs tgacs acns snapigs g eja acns HGEJTGDC, pjns,
auntcs vgzgs, js hgnxcajs hg ichj g nssj pjhg, nklginzagktg, eustcr nkýagrcs pjsnà÷gs kj
rgsuitchj lnkci.

Igadrg-sg= uac djc rgvnsåj î j sg`rghj hc CVTJ\CÀÅJ.

CVTJ\CÀÅJ.

Vjrtcktj, utninzg j kjssj actgrnci eja tjhj j sgu gsljràj, gstuhckhj g cprjlukhckhj echc
uac hcs hnecs.

Ug bjuvgr quciqugr hývnhc, vjeí pjhg gktrcr ga ejktctj ejkjsej gkvnckhj sucs hývnhcs
pcrc= ctgkhnagktjFpgkscrejkeursjs.eja

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

4
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

ÁKHNEG

IÁK@WC
IÁK@WC VJTX
VJTXW@W
W@WGUC
GUC ....................................................................
.................................................................... 8
NKLJTAÃXNEC
NKLJTAÃX NEC ...............................................................................
............................................................................... 34
UG@WTNHC
UG@WTNHCHG
HG UJEN
UJENCI CI ....................................................................
.................................................................... 30
ÎXNEC............................................................................................
ÎXNEC............................................................................................ 73
TG@NAG MWTÁHNEJ ÝKNEJ ............................................................. 7<
HNTGNXJ
HNTGNXJ CHANK
CHANKNUX NUXTCXN\
TCXN\J J ........................................................... <3
HNTGNXJ EJKUXNXWENJKCI ........................................................... 08
TIA ...............................................................
..............................................................................................
............................... 26

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

5
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
IÁK@WC VJTXW@WGUC
HNEC 63
JTXJ@TCLNC JLNENCI - UG KÅJ R UGKÅJ
Gsscs pcicvrcs tía sja nhíktnej,
nhíktnej, acs c gserntc g sn`knlnechj såj hnlgrgktgs
hnlgrgktgs..
J UGKÅJ pjhgrã sgr uschj quckhj tnvgr j sn`knlnech
sn`knlnechj
j hg=

ACU UNA=
UNA= J ckgi kåj grc hg jurj, sgkåj hg prctc.
ECUJ EJKXTÃTNJ=
EJKXTÃTNJ= Hgvj trcdcibcr, sgkåj vgkhgrgn j ecrrj.
GREGXJ== Xjhjs, sgkåj agus nraåjs, pjhnca gktrcr kc lgstc.
GREGXJ
Mã, j UG KÅJ,
KÅJ, î uac ejkmukàåj ejkhnenjkci g quckhj gstã muktj eja j chvîrdnj ’kåj‑
pjhgrã sgr utninzchc quckhj
quckhj tnvgr j sn`knlnechj hg=
ECUJ KÅJ
KÅJ== Ug kåj ljr pjssávgi scnr bjmg, cvnsg sgu ebglg.
SWCKHJ KÅJ=
KÅJ= Bcvnc hucs pgssjcs kj pcrqug drnkeckhj, sg kåj trís.
HNEC 64
JKHG R CJKHG

Jkhg= lcz rglgríkenc c ua iu`cr ejkergtj.

ejkergtj. Hã c nhgnc hg iu`cr lnxj.
lnxj.
Gx.= Jkhg Mjkcs ajrc:
Sugrj lnecr jkhg gstã ankbc võ.
Cjkhg= î utninzchj quckhj j vgrdj gxprgssc ajvnagktj.
ajvnagktj. Î uschj eja vgrdjs qug
pghga c prgpjsnàåj ’c‑.
Gx.= Cjkhg gstcajs nkhj:
Gic ljn cjkhg jktga hg achru`chc:
HNEC 65
CEGTEC HG R EGTEC HG
Cegrec hg= pjssun j agsaj sgktnhj hg ’sjdrg‑ ju ’c rgspgntj hg‑.
Gx.= Gu g agu acrnhj gstãvcajs ejagktckhj cegrec hc lgstc hg ecscagktj.
↔ ’sjdrg‑ c lgstc hg ecscagktj.

C egrec hg= pjssun j agsaj sgktnhj hg ’cprjxnachcagktg‑.

Gx.= @rcvctcá lnec c egrec hg trnktc ankutjs hg Vjrtj Cig`rg.
↔ ’cprjxnachcagktg‑ trnktc ankutjs hg Vjrtj Cig`rg.
HNEC 68
HGACNU R HG ACNU
’Hg acns‑ î uac ijeuàåj chmgtnvc g gxprnag qucktnhchg.
qucktnhchg. Î j ejktrãrnj hg ’hg
agkjs‑.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

8
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gx.= Bã pnagktc hg acns kc acssc qug vjeí sgrvnu.
Xgkbj tgac hg acns pcrc lczgr.
Bcvnc `gktg hg acns kc ijmc.
’Hgacns‑ pjhgrã sgr ua chvîrdnj hg nktgksnhchg (nkhneckhj ua gxegssj) ju
pjhgrã sgr ua prjkjag nkhglnknhj (tgrã j sn`knlnechj hg ’js jutrjs‑).
Gx.= Tnajs hgacns hurcktg c lgstc ― chvîrdnj
Î eghj hgacns pcrc igvcktcr ― chvîrdnj
Cqugigs qug lnzgrca
lnzgrca c inàåj pjhga lnecr kc scic, js hgacns pjhga scnr.
↔ ’js jutrjs‑ pjhga scnr ― prjkjag nkhglnknhj

HNEC 67
ACNU R ACU
’Acs‑ î uac ejkmukàåj qug gxprnag chvgrsnhchg
chvgrsnhchg.. \jeí pjhgrã trjeã-ic pjr= pjrîa,
ejktuhj, gktrgtcktj.
gktrgtcktj.
Gx.= Gu jibgn vãrnjs vgstnhjs, acs kåj quns ejaprcr kgkbua.
↔ ’’pjrîa
pjrîa kåj quns ejaprcr kgkbua‑.
Gic tga tcktjs pnmcacs, acs kåj pcrc hg ejaprcr jutrjs.
↔ ’’gktrgtcktj
gktrgtcktj kåj pcrc hg ejaprcr jutrjs‑.
@grciagktg, j ’acns‑ sgrã ua chvîrdnj hg nktgksnhchg (cktøknaj hg ’agkjs‑).
Gx.= Ijic tga acns can`js hj qug nknan`js.
HNEC 6<
C LNA R CLNA
’C lna hg‑ î uac ijeuàåj prgpjsntnvc g pjssun j agsaj sn`knlnechj hg ’eja c
lnkcinhchg hg‑.
Gx.= Xgrankgn j tgac eghj c lna hg nr cj tgctrj.
↔ ’eja c lnkcinhchg hg‑ nr cj tgctrj.

XJAG KJXC= Wtninzc-sg ’c lna‑ pcrc hnzgr qug pjssun nktgrgssg ga ci`uîa.
Gx.= Gstju c lna hg ua agknkj runvj kc gsejic.
’Clna‑ pjhgrã sgr ua chmgtnvj g sg rglgrnr c ejnscs qug såj sgagibcktgs
sgagibcktgs.. Cnkhc,
sudstcktnvj,, nkhneckhj pgssjcs qug såj pcrgktgs
pjhgrã sgr ua sudstcktnvj pcrgktgs..
Gx.= Gu g agu acrnhj tgajs agtcs clnks.
clnks. 1 agtcs sgagibcktgs
Js clnks kåj ejapcrgegråj æ rguknåj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

7
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 60
CDUJI\GT g CDUJT\GT

CDUJI\GT R CDUJT\GT

C pcicvrc CDUJT\GT, `grciagktg, sn`knlnec ’ejksuanr‑? ’sjrvgr‑.

Gx.= J pckj qug ejaprgn cdsjrvg tjhc c sumgnrc hj Ebåj.

Cnkhc, pjhg sn`knlnecr ’ejkegktrcr-sg‑. Gxgapij= Aøknec cdsjrvg-sg kj trcdcibj.

C pcicvrc CDUJI\GT sn`knlnec ’pgrhjcr‑? ’nsgktcr‑? ’hgsjdrn`cr‑.

Gx.= J mýrn cdsjivgu j rîu.

HNEC 62
CEGKXWCÀÅJ @TÃLNEC - VCTJRÁXJKCU
Cs pcicvrcs såj pcrjxátjkcs pjrqug tía c suc pgkýitnac sáicdc tøknec.
tøknec. Bã cs
sg`unktgs rg`rcs=

TG@TCU VCTJRÁXJKCU
Vcicvrcs tgrankch
tgrankchcs
cs ga T Càýecr, ecrãtgr, kîetcr.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga R Eõrtgx, iãtgx, tõrcx, líknx.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga K Cdhøagk, põigk, prõtjk.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga I Ã`ni, lãeni, caãvgi.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga VU Dáegps, tráegps.

Vcicvrcs tgrankch
tgrankchcs
cs ga å(s), åj(s) Õrlå, õrlåjs, díkàåj.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga N, NU Xãxn, `rãtns, tíkns.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga GN, GNU Bõqugn, mõqugn.

Vcicvrcs tgrankchcs ga WU \árus, døkus.

Vcicvrcs tgrankch
tgrankchcs
cs ga ja, jks ua, uks Vrõtjks, ãidua, ãiduks.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

<
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 6>
VCTJRÁXJKCU
Eja j Kjvj Cejrhj Jrtj`rãlnej ljrca cdjinhjs=
J cegktj c`uhj kc vj`ci n g kc vj`ci u quckhj prgeghnhcs hg hntjk`js.
Gx.= Lgnurc

J cegktj c`uhj kjs hntjk`js cdgrtjs jn g gn.

EWNHCHJ! Kcs pcicvrcs jxátjkcs, cnkhc bã j cegktj c`uhj, ejaj ga= bgrõn, pcpîns.
Gx.= bgrjnej, mjnc, pcrckjnc, mndjnc.
J cegktj enreukligxj kjs gkejktr
gkejktrjs
js jj g gg.
Gx.= cdgkàjj, vjj, gkmjj, igga, ergga.
HNEC 36
GAVTG@J HCU EICUUGU HG VCIC\TCU - CTXN@J G CHMGXN\J
Crtn`j= Î c pcicvrc qug sg cktgp÷g cj sudstcktnvj g nkhnec sg gig gstã sgkhj
gaprg`chj hg ljrac nkhglnknhc ju hglnknhc.
hglnknhc.

CTXN@JU

HGLNKNHJU NKHGLNKNHJU

J, C, JU, CU. WA, WAC, WKU, WACU.

Ejaprgn j invrj hg tgrrjr. Ejaprgn ua invrj hg tgrrjr.
Gxprnag c nhgnc hg ua invrj hg tgrrjr Gxprnag c nhgnc hg ua invrj hg tgrrjr
gspgeálnej. quciqugr.

Chmgtnvj= Vcicvrc qug gxprgssc qucinhchg ju ecrcetgrástnec hj sgr.

HNEC 33
@TCW HJ CHMGXN\J
Js chmgtnvjs såj ligxnjkchjs ga `rcu pcrc nkhnecr c nktgksnhchg hc ecrcetgrástnec hj
sgr.. Js `rcus hj chmgtnvj pjh
sgr pjhga
ga sgr= j ejapcrctnvj g j supgrictnvj
supgrictnvj..

EJAVCTCXN\J UWVGTICXN\J

Ejapcrcàåj gktrg 4 ju + sgrgs. Ecrcetgrástnecs kua `rcu auntj gigvchj ju

ga `rcu aãxnaj.
Ejapcrctnvj hg n`ucihchg=
Gx.= Acrn î tåj táanhc qucktj suc Uupgrictnvj cdsjiutj snktîtnej=
snktîtnej=
nraå. Chm + sulnxj
Ejapcrctnvj hg nklgrnjrnhchg
nklgrnjrnhchg== Gx.= Acrn î nktgin`gktássnac.
nktgin`gktássnac.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

0
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

EJAVCTCXN\J UWVGTICXN\J
Gx.= Acrn î agkjs táanhc qug suc nraå. Uupgrictnvj cdsjiutj ckciátnej=
ckciátnej=
Ejapcrctnvj hg supgrnjrnhchg
supgrnjrnhchg== Chvîrdnj hg nktgksnhchg
nktgksnhchg + chm.
Gx.= Acrn î acns táanhc qug suc nraå. Gx.= Acrn î auntj nktgin`gktg.
nktgin`gktg.
EWNHCHJ eja j ejapcrctnvj
nrrg`uicr hg supgrnjrnhchg=
supgrnjrnhchg= Uupgrictnvj
nkhnváhuj eja j rgictnvj
rgictnvj=
`rupj. = rgicàåj hg ua
Gx.= Iuecs î ’acns dja‑ qug Vghrj. Uupgrictnvj rgictnvj hg
(Gstã grrchj, pjns j ejrrgtj sgrnc supgrnjrnhchg
supgrnjrnhchg==
’’agibjr
agibjr‑).
‑). Gx.= Tjdgrtj î j agknkj acns ljrtg hj
Gx.= Acurj î ’acns runa‑ qug Lãdnj. dcnrrj.
(Gstã grrchj, pjns j ejrrgtj sgrnc ’pnjr‑). Uupgrictnvj rgictnvj hg nklgrnjrnhchg=
nklgrnjrnhchg=
Gx.= Acregij î j gaprg`chj agkjs
Dja ― agibjr
prjhutnvj hc gaprgsc.
Tuna/aci ― pnjr

@rckhg ― acnjr

Vgqugkj ― agkjr

EWNHCHJ, gstgs agsajs chmgtnvjs

EWNHCHJ,
vjitca æ ljrac rg`uicr quckhj ejapcrj
4 ecrcetgrástnecs hj agsaj nkhnváhuj=
nkhnváhuj=
Gx.= Actncs î acns `rckhg qug
pgqugkj.. (ejrrgtj)
pgqugkj
Gx.= Iuecs î acns dja qug runa.
runa.
(ejrrgtj)

HNEC 34
GRGAVIJU HG UWVGTICXN\JU UNKXÎXNEJU
Î ua cssuktj auntj ejdrchj
ejdrchj.. Cdcnxj, ci`uks gxgapijs qug pjhga ecnr kc suc prjvc=

Dja - djkássnaj ju õtnaj

Erugi ― eruhgiássnaj

Hnláeni ― hnlneáinaj

Lrã`ni ― lrc`áinaj

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

2
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Lrnj - lrnássnaj ju lrn`nhássnaj

Buanihg - buaáinaj

Invrg ― indîrrnaj

Ac`kálnej - ac`knlnegktássn
ac`knlnegktássnaj
aj

Ac`rj - aceîrrnaj ju ac`rássnaj

Vrg`unàjsj - pn`îrrnaj

Vrõspgrj ― prjspîrrnaj

Xgrrávgi ― X
Xgrrndniássnaj
grrndniássnaj

HNEC 35
UNKXCRG HC JTCÀÅJ - HN\NUÅJ HCU JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU
UWDJTHNKCHCU
Cs jrcà÷gs sudjrhnkchcs pjhga sg hnvnhnr ga=
Uudstcktnvcs== kgstg ecsj, gxgrega c lukàåj hg sudstcktnvj. Vjhga sgr jrcà÷gs
Uudstcktnvcs
sudjrhnkchcs sudstcktnvcs sudmgtnvcs, jdmgtnvcs hnrgtcs, jdmgtnvcs nkhnrgtcs,
ejapigtnvcs kjankcns, prghnectnvcs g cpjsntnvcs
cpjsntnvcs..
Chmgtnvcs= kgstg ecsj, gxgrega c lukàåj hg chmuktj chkjankci.
Chvgrdncns= kgstg ecsj, gxgrega c lukàåj hg chmuktj chvgrdnci.
HNEC 38
JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU UWDUXCKXN\CU (JUU) UWDMGXN\C
JUU Uudmgtnvc= Xgrã c lukàåj hg UWMGNXJ pcrc c jrcàåj prnkenpci.
C jrcàåj prnkenpci î cqugic qug kåj tga ejkmukàåj g c jrcàåj sudjrhnkchc î
cqugic qug tga c ejkmukàåj.
Cs ejkmukà÷gs nktg`rcktgs såj rgspjksãvgns ga in`cr c jrcàåj prnkenpci æ sudjrhnkchc
(sg/qug
sg/qug).
).
Gx.= Î kgegssãrnj qug vjeí cssnkg gssg pcpgi pcrc c rgcinzcàåj hc actráeuic.
C pcrtg ga ’czui‑ î c jrcàåj sudjrhnkchc sudstcktnvc sudmgtnvc (JUU Uudmgtnvc).
↔ gic î j UWMGNXJ hc prnagnrc jrcàåj ’î kgegssãrnj‑.
HNEC 37
JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU UWDUXCKXN\CU (JUU) JDMGXN\CU HNTGXCU G
NKHNTGXCU
JUU Jdmgtnvcs Hnrgtcs= Xgråj lukàåj hg JDMGXJ HNTGXJ (kåj tga prgpjsnàåj) hj
vgrdj prgsgktg kc jrcàåj prnkenpci.
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

>
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gx.= C ciukc hnssg qug jhgnc actgaãtnec
actgaãtnec..
- Ujdrg j gxgapij cenac, vgmc= J qug c ciukc hnssg: ’qug jhgnc actgaãtnec‑ (î j
JH hj vgrdj HNUUG).
JUU Jdmgtnvcs Nkhnrgtcs= Xgråj c lukàåj hg JDMGXJ NKHNTGXJ (î cqugig qug tga
prgpjsnàåj) hj vgrdj prgsgktg kc jrcàåj prnkenpci.
Gx.= Knk`uîa hgsejklnc
hgsejklncvc
vc hg qug c rgegntc hgsckhcssg. (JUU Jdm. Nkh.)
Suga hgsejklnc, hgsejklnc HG ci`uac ejnsc.
HNEC 3<
JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU UWDUXCKXN\CU
UWDUXCKXN\CU (JUU) EJAVIGXN\CU KJANKCNU
JUU Ejapigtnvcs Kjankcns= Gics ejapigagktca j kjag (sudstcktnvj cdstrctj
eja prgpjsnàåj) qug gstã kc jrcàåj prnkenpci.
Gx.= Gu tgkbj egrtgzc hg qug gigs pcsscrå
pcsscråj
j kc prjvc.
\gmc qug ’hg qug gigs pcsscråj kc prjvc‑ ejapigagktc ’egrtgzc‑ qug î ua
sudstcktnvj cdstrctj eja prgpjsnàåj.
HNEC 30
JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU UWDUXCKXN\CU (JUU) VTGHNECXN\CU G
CVJUXN\CU
JUU Vrghnectnvcs= Xgråj lukàåj hg prghnectnvj hj sumgntj pcrc c jrcàåj prnkenpci.
Gx.= J prjdigac î qug j prczj
p rczj mã gxpnrju. (JUU Vrghnectnvc)
\gmc qug c JUU Vrghnectnvc cenac sg in`c cj sumgntj hc jrcàåj prnkenpci pjr agnj hj
vgrdj hg in`càåj ’î‑.
JUU Cpjsntnvcs= Xgråj c lukàåj hg cpjstj (tgraj gxpinectnvj hc jrcàåj prnkenpci).
Gx.= Xgajs cpgkcs ua hgsgmj= qug pcssgajs kj ejkeursj. (JUU Cpjsntnvc) 
gxpinec quci î j hgsgmj.
HNEC 32

JTCÀ×GU UWDJTHNKCHCU CH\GTDNCNU= XGAVJTCI

Xgapjrci= nkhnec uac nhgnc hg tgapj
tgapj..
Gxgapijs hg ejkmukà÷gs tgapjrcns= ij`j qug, quckhj, gkqucktj, c`jrc qug, hgpjns
qug...
Gx.= Suckhj juàj Acráinc Agkhjkàc, pgksj ga vjeí. ↔ Kjtg qug ’quckhj‑
tgapj..
nkhnec uac nhgnc hg tgapj
HNEC 3>
VJKXWCÀÅJ - HJNU VJKXJU
Hjns pjktjs=
Vjhg sgr utninzchj cktgs hg uac ENXCÀÅJ=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

36
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gx.= Eicrneg Inspgetjr hnssg=
hnssg= ’Ctî ejrtcr js prõprnjs hglgntjs pjhg sgr pgrn`jsj.‑
Vjhg sgr utninzchj cktgs hg CVJUXJ HNUETNANKCXN\J=
Gx.= C scic hg cuic pjssuác hnvgrsjs jdmgtjs= acpcs, quchrjs, echgnrcs.
HNEC 46
VJKXWCÀÅJ - HJNU VJKXJU ― EJKXNKWCÀÅJ

Xgkhj ga vnstc c `rckhg ebckeg hgssg tgac ecnr,

ecnr, agkenjkcajs jutrcs bnpõtgsgs ga
qug js hjns pjktjs såj utninzchjs. \gmc sõ=
Vjhg sgr utninzchj pcrc nkhnecr GKWAGTCÀÅJ=
Gx.= Lun cj agrechj g ejaprgn=
ejaprgn= lrutcs, vgrhurcs, acssc, czgntg.
Vjhg sgr utninzchj cktgs hg uac GRVINECÀÅJ sjdrg ci`j=
Gx.= Xgkbj sjagktg ua sjkbj=
sjkbj= vncmcr pgij aukhj!

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

33
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
NKLJTAÃXNEC
HNEC 43
GUXTWXWTC DÃUNEC HJU HJEWAGKXJU, GHNÀÅJ G LJTACXCÀÅJ HG XGRXJU=
Hjs gigagktjs qug ejap÷ga c gstruturc hj hjeuagktj, î napjrtcktg igadrcr hc Dcrrc
hg Agkus g sgus ctcibjs.
ctcibjs. \gmcajs=

CTSWN\J Tglgrg-sg
hjeuagktjcj(EXTI
`grgkencagktj hjshjeuagktj
+ K), cdrnr ua hjeuagktjs
hjeuagktjs= = erncr
(EXTI uascivcr
+ J), kjvj
(EXTI + U), scivcr ejaj (EXTI + UBNLX + U), naprnanr (EXTI +
V), scnr (EXTI + S)

GHNXCT Tglgrg-sg cj `grgkencagktj hc ghnàåj hj hjeuagktj g ejktîa

nkstruà÷gs ejaj ejpncr
ejpncr (EXTI + E), ejicr (EXTI + \), ejicr gspgenci
(EXTI + UBNLX + \), sgigenjkcr tuhj (EXTI + C), ijecinzcr (EXTI +
L), ijecinzcr g sudstntunr (EXTI + B)

GRNDNT Tglgrg-sg cjs gigagktjs hg gxndnàåj ga tgic,

tgic, ajstrcr/gsejkhgr
ajstrcr/gsejkhgr
dcrrc hg lgrrcagktcs, dcrrc hg stctus, rî`uc, dcrrc hg rjic`ga,
zjja

NKUGTNT Tglgrg-sg æ nksgràåj hg gigagktjs cj hjeuagktj, ejaj Ln`urc,

auitnaáhnc, `rãlnej, jdmgtj, bnpgrinko, suaãrnj g ákhnegs
LJTACXCT Ljractcàåj hj tgxtj,
tgxtj, nstj î, gspcàcagktj, cinkbcr, eijkcr
ljractcàåj, gstnij hc pã`nkc, ljractcàåj hj pcrã`rclj

GUXNIJU tgxtj,, uac ljrac hg pchrjknzcr j

Tglgrg-sg cj gstnij hj tgxtj
hjeuagktj, ejijeckhj Xátuij g Uudtátuij

XCDGIC @grgkencagktj hg tcdgics kj hjeuagktj

hjeuagktj,, pjhgkhj nksgrnr
tcdgic (EXTI + 34), nksgrnr ju gxeiunr inkbcs g ejiukcs, agseicr g
hnvnhnr eîiuics g prjtg`gr eîiuics.

LJTAWIÃTNJ ljrauiãrnjs,, pjhgkhj nksgrnr gtnqugtc

Wtninzchj pcrc erncàåj hg ljrauiãrnjs gtnqugtcs,
s,
djt÷gs, rõtuijs, instcs, lnitrj hg hchjs

LGTTCAGKXCU lgrrcagktcs pcrc cuxnincr kc ghnàåj hj hjeuagktj ejaj

jrtj`rclnc (L0), vgrnlnecàåj jrtj`rãlnec cutjaãtnec (UBNLX + L0),
nhnjac, ejktc`ga hg pcicvrcs, cutjejrrgàåj, cssnstgktg hg acic
hnrgtc, prjtg`gr hjeuagktj, acerjs, pgrsjkci
pgrsjkcinzcr
nzcr

MCKGIC Prntgr,, erncr kjvc mckgic, lgebcr

citgrkcr gktrg cs mckgics hj Prntgr
mckgic (EXTI + P)

CMWHC Cmuhc g nkljracà÷gs sjdrg j IndrgJllneg

IndrgJllneg,, `unc hg usuãrnj g
vgrnlnecàåj hg ctucinzcà÷gs

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

34
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 44
IG@GKHCU, ÁKHNEGU, NKUGTÀÅJ HG JDMGXJU, ECAVJU VTGHGLNKNHJU, ECNRCU
HG XGRXJ.

Vcrc nksgrnr jdmgtjs, dcstc prgssnjkcr js áejkgs qug rgprgsgktca nksgrnr

ln`urc,, `rãlnej ju ecnxc hg tgxtj
ln`urc tgxtj,, rgspgetnvcagktg. Js `rãlnejs pjhga sgr hj tnpj
pnzzc, ejiukc,
pnzzc, ejiukc, dcrrc,
dcrrc, ãrgc,
ãrgc, inkbc,
inkbc, gte
gte.. Js hchjs hj `rãlnej såj nksgrnhjs ctrcvîs hj
djtåj Xcdgic hg hchjs. Î pjssávgi nksgrnr tátuij cj `rãlnej.
`rãlnej. @rãlnejs g ln`urcs pjhga
tgr ig`gkhcs.
ig`gkhcs. Vjhg-sg chnenjkcr ln`urcs gxtgrkcs, tcadîa, ctrcvîs hj áejkg ju hj
ctcibj EXTI + \.
Uuaãrnj g ákhnegs,
ákhnegs, prgsgktgs kj agku Nksgrnr, våj cprgsgktcr js tõpnejs hj tgxtj hg
cejrhj eja j gstnij. Js ákhnegs pjhga sgr cilcdîtnejs, hg ln`urcs, hg tcdgics, hg jdmgtjs.
Ecapjs prghglnknhjs cuxninca kc nksgràåj hg hctcs, bjrc, kýagrj tjtci hg pã`nkcs.
Nssj lcenintc kc erncàåj hg ajhgijs.
ajhgijs. Vjr gxgapij, c hctc nksgrnhc, sgrã sgaprg c hctc
hg ghnàåj hj hjeuagktj.
Ecnxcs hg tgxtj såj dijejs hg tgxtj jr`cknzchjs qug pjhga sgr ejijechjs ga
quciqugr pcrtg hj crqunvj. Vjhga sgr pgrsjkcinzchjs eja ejr hg lukhj, djrhcs g äk`uij
hj tgxtj.
HNEC 45
GHNÀÅJ G LJTACXCÀÅJ HG XGRXJU
Î napjrtcktg kåj sõ ejkbgegr js áejkgs, acs tcadîa nhgktnlnecr quci c lukàåj hg echc
Áejkg g c ejadnkcàåj hgigs
hgigs.. Vjr gxgapij, cj einecr kj áejkg g hgpjns kj áejkg
c pcicvrc lnecrã= cprjvchj
Î napjrtcktg igadrcr qug c jrhga kgstg ecsj kåj napjrtc
napjrtc,, j rgsuitchj sgrã j
agsaj.
Ugkhj cssna, uac pcicvrc pjhg lnecr ljractchc hg vãrncs ljracs ejaj= kg`rntj
kg`rntj,, ntãinej,
sudinkbchj,
sudinkbch gcieg hg tgxtj, ejr hc ljktg,
j, rrgcieg ljktg, sudserntj, sjdrgserntj .
HNEC 48
PNKHJPU 36 - AGKW HG EJKXGRXJ
Js Agkus hg Ejktgxtj ajstrca jpà÷gs cj sg utninzcr j djtåj hnrgntj hj ajusg
sjdrg j gigagktj. J gigagktj pjhg sgr c ãrgc hg trcdcibj, ua crqunvj, j Pnkhjws
Gxpijrgr. Kj agku hg ejktgxtj hc ãrgc hg trcdcibj tga cs sg`unktgs jpà÷gs=
GRNDNT Áejkgs @rckhgs, Áejkgs Aîhnjs, Áejkgs Vgqugkjs, Ajstrcr
Áejkgs hc Ãrgc hg trcdcibj
EICUUNLNECT VJT Kjag, Xcackbj, Xnpj, Hctc hg Ajhnlnecàåj,
KJ\J Vcstc, Ctcibj, Hjeuagktj hg Xgxtj, Vcstc Ejapcetchc
Ej apcetchc gte
VGTUJKCIN]CT Cdrg j pcnkgi Vgrsjkcinzcr hj Vcnkgi hg Ejkln`urcà÷gs
EJKLN@WTCÀ×GU Cdrg c jpà÷gs hg Ejkln`urcà÷gs hg Unstgac kc jpàåj \áhgj hj
HG GRNDNÀÅJ pcnkgi hg Ejkln`urcà÷gs
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

35
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 47
ÁEJKGU HJ PNKHJPU GRVIJTGT

ÁEJKGU HC CDC NKÁENJ=

Ugigenjkcr Xuhj Inapcr Ugigàåj Nkvgrtgr Ugigàåj

Kjvj Ntga Lãeni Cegssj ejpncr ecankbj

ÁEJKGU HC CDC GRNDNT

C`rupcr pjr Chnenjkcr ejiukcs

Eicssnlnecr pjr

Hnagksnjkcr tjhcs cs ejiukcs pcrc ecdgr

Jpà÷gs

ÁEJKG HJ VCNKGI HG KC\G@CÀÅJ

Cegssj rãpnhj

HNEC 4<
EJKEGNXJ HG VCUXCU, HNTGXÕTNJU,
HNTGXÕTNJU, CTSWN\JU
Vcstcs såj utninzchcs pcrc c`rupcr ntgks,
ntgks, î uac ljrac hg jr`cknzcàåj. Wa hnrgtõrnj
tga c agsac lukàåj qug uac pcstc.
Wa crqunvj î ua ejapjkgktg qug tga ejktgýhj ejktgýhj,, qug tga nkljracàåj. Gig pjhg sgr
hj tnpj Xgxtj, Hchj, Dnkãrnj, Gxgeutãvgi gte.
Kj Pnkhjws
Pnkhjws,, Vcstcs g crqunvjs tía pgranssåj hg cegssj,
cegssj, qug î hglnknhj kj agku hg
ejktgxtj kc jpàåj prjprnghchgs cj einecr eja djtåj hnrgntj sjdrg j ntga, kc cdc
sg`urckàc.
Crqunvjs tía gxtgks÷gs, gics rgprgsgktca quci j tnpj hg crqunvj g lcenintca quci
prj`rcac pjhg cdrn-ij.
cdrn-ij. Vjr gxgapij Crqunvj3.hjex î ua crqunvj hj Pjrh.
Gxgeutcvgi.gxg î ua crqunvj qug sgrã gxgeutchj pgij Pnkhjws.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

38
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 40
PNKHJPU GRVIJTGT - XNVJU HG \NUWCIN]CÀÅJ
Kj Pnkhjws Gxpijrgr î pjssávgi gsejibgr c ljrac ejaj js crqunvjs såj
ajstrchjs,, cs
ajstrchjs cs jp
jpà÷
à÷gs
gs såj=
såj= áejk
áejkggs gxt
gxtrc
rc`r
`rck
ckhg
hgss , ááej
ejkg
kgss `
`rc
rckh
khgs
gs , ááej
ejkg
kgss a
aîh
îhnj
njss
, áejkgs pgqugkjs , instc , hgtcibgs , dijejs , ejktgýhj

C jpà÷gs
ejaj Hgtcibgs
Kjag, î cajhnlnecàåj,
Hctc hg acns ejapigtc
Xnpj, gtcackbj
a
ajstrc
jstrc gte.
vãrncs nkljracà÷gs
C jpàåj sjdrg
ejktgýhj js crqunvjs
ajstrc c hctc
hg ajhnlnecàåj, tnpj, tcackbj. C jpàåj Dijejs ajstrc cpgkcs j tnpj hj crqunvj ju
ci`uac jutrc nkljracàåj rgigvcktg. Cs hgacns jpà÷gs kåj ajstrca kgkbuac nkljracàåj
sjdrg j crqunvj

Î pjssávgi bcdnintcr kj Pnkhjws Gxpijrgr tcadîa j pcnkgi hg vnsucinzcàåj qug

ajstrc uac prîvnc hj crqunvj, quckhj pjssávgi g j pcnkgi hg hgtcibgs hj crqunvj.
Cadjs lneca ijecinzchjs c hnrgntc kj Pnkhjws Gxpijrgr

J pcnkgi hg Kcvg`càåj tga cs sg`unktgs jpà÷gs= Gxpckhnr ctî c pcstc cdgrtc,

Ajstrcr Xjhcs cs pcstcs, Ajstrcr Dndinjtgec
Dndinjtgecs,
s, Ajstrcr Lcvjrntjs.
HNEC 42
CVINECXN\JU HG EJTTGNJ GIGXTØKNEJ - ECTXÅJ HG \NUNXC G CUUNKCXWTC

Wa Ecrtåj hg \nsntc pjhg sgr gkvnchj kj sgu g-acni ejktgkhj sucs

nkljracà÷gs hg ejktctj, gkhgrgàj, ljtjs g jutrjs. J ecrtåj hg vnsntc î chnenjkchj æ
cssnkcturc. C cssnkcturc î ua ecapj jpenjkci qug î chnenjkchj `grciagktg cj lna hj
g-acni pcrc trczgr nkljracà÷gs sjdrg j rgagtgktg. Vcrc nkeiunr uac cssnkcturc dcstc nr kc

mckgic Kjvc Agksc`

Agksc`ga,
ga, kc `
`unc
unc Agksc
Agksc`ga,
`ga, kj `rupj Nk
Nkeiunr
eiunr kj djtåj cssnkcturc
HNEC 4>
KJÀ×GU DÃUNECU HG UG@WTCKÀC ― \ÁTWU - VBCTANK@
Ejksnstg kc tîeknec hg citgrcr j hgstnkj hg cegssj hj usuãrnj,
usuãrnj , nstj î, quckhj
qugrgajs cegsscr uac pã`nkc, j ejaputchjr utninzc j HKU pcrc rgcinzcr c ejkvgrsåj g
nhgktnlnecrr quci sntg sgrã cegsschj.
nhgktnlnec
J Vbcrank` ctcec mustcagktg gssc ejkvgrsåj, lczgkhj eja qug cj nkvîs hj sntg
jrn`nkci sgmc cegsschj, j usuãrnj sgmc rghnrgenjkchj pcrc uac pã`nkc lcisc. lcisc . Vjhg
sgr lgntj citgrckhj j crqunvj Bjsts hj Pnkhjws, qug acktîa uac instc hg NVs g kjags
clgtckhj cpgkcs j usuãrnj hgstg hnspjsntnvj ju pjhg sgr lgntj gkvgkgkckhj j HKU,
lczgkhj eja qug quga utninzg gstg HKU sgmc clgtchj, cieckàckhj acns vátnacs.
HNEC 56
TCKUJAPCTG
Ejksnstg kj sgqugstrj hj ejaputchjr,
ejaputchjr, nstj î, j ctcecktg nrã ernptj`rclcr tjhjs js
hchjs kj ejaputchjr g nrã sjinentcr ua rgs`ctg pcrc qug j ejaputchjr sgmc indgrchj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

37
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
@grciagktg c tîeknec kåj pjhg sgr hgslgntc, lczgkhj eja qug j usuãrnj pgrec sgus hchjs
hglnkntnvcagktg.
Nkeiusnvg, î ejaua
ejaua qug ernankjsj
ernankjsjss kåj tgkbca c ebcvg pcrc hgsernpt
hgsernptj`rclcr,
j`rclcr, hgstc
ljrac, agsaj rgcinzckhj j pc`cagktj, î prjvãvgi qug kåj ejksn`ca hgsernptj`rclcr js
hchjs. Cssna, î gxtrgacagktg napjrtcktg acktgr uac euiturc hg dceoup pcrc
acktgr sgus hchjs prjtg`nhjs ejktrc gstg tnpj hg ctcqug.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

3<
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
UG@WTNHCHG UJENCI
HNEC 53
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HCU
CVJUGKXCHJTNCU
CVJUGKXCHJTNCU \JIWKXÃTNCU
Ctî c GE 365/3>, grca prgvnstcs hucs ljracs hg cpjsgktch
cpjsgktchjrncs
jrncs vjiuktãrncs hnstnktcs=
Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj?
Cpjsgktchjrnc
Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr nhchg?
Cpõs c GE 365/3>=
Cpjsgktchjrnc
Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj ljn gxtnktc
gxtnktc??
Cpjsgktchjrnc
Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr nhchg + tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj (aáknaj).

CXGKÀÅJ!
J UXM g j NKUU chantga pcrc eøaputj hj tgapj hg sgrvnàj hg tgapj lnetáenj, kjs
ecsjs hg hnrgntj chqunrnhj.
chqunrnhj.
C GE 365/3> vghc j eøaputj hg tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj lnetáenj pcrc ejkegssåj hjs
dgkgláenjs prgvnhgkenãrnjs.

HNEC 54
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HCU
CVJUGKXCHJTNCU
CVJUGKXCHJTNCU \JIWKXÃTNCU
C cpjsgktchjrnc pjr nhchg î hgvnhc=

cj sg`urchj gaprg`chj, nkeiusnvg j hjaîstne

hjaîstnej,
j, c pcrtnr=

hc hctc hj hgsin`cagktj hj gaprg`j, quckhj rgqugrnhc ctî gssc hctc ju ctî >6
(kjvgktc) hncs hgpjns hgic? ju

hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj, quckhj kåj bjuvgr hgsin`cagktj hj gaprg`j ju quckhj ljr

rgqugrnhc cpõs j prczj hg >6 hncs?
pcrc js hgacns sg`urchjs, hc hctc hc gktrchc hj rgqugrnagktj.

Tg`rc pgrackgktg cpinechc

cpinechc cjs lninchjs cj T@VU cpõs c pudinecàåj hc GE 365/3>.
Gxtnkàåj hc cpjsgktchjrnc sga c nhchg aáknac, g uknlneju-sg c cpjsgktchjrnc pjr nhchg
eja tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj aáknaj (cpjsgktch
(cpjsgktchjrnc
jrnc prj`rcachc).

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

30
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Bjaga nhchg
aáknac= <7 ckjs hg
nhchg
Cpjsgktchjrnc
Wrdckc
Auibgr nhchg
aáknac= <4 ckjs hg
nhchg

Bjaga nhchg
aáknac=<6
aáknac= <6 ckjs hg
nhchg
Cpjsgktchjrnc Turci
Auibgr nhchg
aáknac= 77 ckjs hg
nhchg

HNEC 55
JU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― CVJUGKXCHJTNC
VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA ― VJT NHCHG G XGAVJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ
Kc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc
prj`rcachc c rgkhc nknenci sgrã ecieuichc hc sg`unktg ljrac=
Aîhnc hjs sciãrnjs hg ejktrndunàåj, hgshg muibj hg 3>>8?
Tgkhc agksci nknenci hg <6% hj sciãrnj-dgkgláenj?
Cerîsenaj hg 4% pjr echc ckj trcdcibchj ciîa hj aáknaj gxn`nhj.
Ecríkenc hg 326 agsgs.

XGAVJ AÁKNAJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ (Tg`rc GE 365/3>)

Auibgr= 37 ckjs Auibgr= acns hg Bjaga= 46 Bjaga= acns hg

37 ckjs ckjs 46 ckjs

Tgkhc nknenci= Tgkhc nknenci= <6

<6%
%
Tgkhc nknenci= <6
<6%
% <6% Cerîsenaj hg Tgkhc nknenci= <6
<6%
% Cerîsenaj hg 4%
4% pjr ckj ciîa pjr ckj ciîa hjs
hjs 37
37.. 46..
46

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

32
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 58
JU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― CVJUGKXCHJTNC
VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA ― VJT NHCHG G XGAVJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ
Napjrtcktg hgstcecr qug kc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc pjr tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj,
ecsj j sg`urchj mã ljssg clninchj cj T@VU cktgs hc GE 365/3>,
365/3>, g pjssc cpjsgktcr eja
37 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj (bjaga), j chnenjkci hg 4% sõ î ejkeghnhj c pcrtnr hjs 46 ckjs
hg ejktrndunàåj.
Gx.= Mjsî, mã clninchj cj Tg`nag @grci hc Vrgvnhíkenc Ujenci cktgs hc GE 365/3>
(rgljrac hc prgvnhíkenc), cpjsgktju-sg pgic cpjsgktchjrnc pjr tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj,
eja 3< ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj. Kgstg ecsj, gig tgrã ejaj sciãrnj-dgkgláenj, ecieuichj ga
<6%
<6%,, kåj tgkhj hnrgntj cj chnenjkci.
C prj`rgssåj sg nknenc eja 46 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj=

BJAGA
Ejglnengktg Xgapj hg ejktrndunàåj
37 ckjs <6%
3< ckjs <6%
30 ckjs <6%
32 ckjs <6%
3> ckjs <6%
46 ckjs <6%
43 ckjs <4%
44 ckjs 88%
45 ckjs <<%

HNEC 57
JU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― CVJUGKXCHJTNC
VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA ― VJT NHCHG G XGAVJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ
Ug`ukhj c GE 365/3> c rgkhc nknenci hc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc sgrã hg=
366% hj pgrájhj ejktrndutnvj hgshg c ejapgtíkenc muibj hg 3>>8 ju hgshg j nkáenj hc
ejktrndunàåj,
ejktrndunàåj, sg pjstgrnjr æqugic ejapgtíkenc.

CXGKÀÅJ!
J crt. 4< hc GE 365/3>, sõ î cpineãvgi cjs dgkgláenjs rg`uicagktchjs
rg`uicagktchjs
ejkstntuenjkciagktg.
ejkstntuenjkciagktg. J rglgrnhj crtn`j sg cpinec æs cpjsgktchjrncs.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

3>
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 5<
JU DGKGLÁENJU - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― CVJUGKXCHJTNC
VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA ― VJT NHCHG G XGAVJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ
Js sg`urchjs cpjsgktchjs pgic cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc kåj lczga mus cj cerîsenaj hg
47% (cuxáinj cejapckbcktg), cnkhc qug ejaprjvg qug kgegssntc hg cssnstíkenc
pgrackgktg.

Js
pgicsg`urchjs ejstuacvca
naprjeghíkenc pigntgcr j Vjhgr Muhnenãrnj tci cerîsenaj, acs j UXL hgenhnu
hgssg cerîsenaj.

UXL XGAC 3.6>7

Kj mui`cagktj hj tgac, j UXL gktgkhgu pgic napjssndninhchg hg ejkegssåj g
gxtgksåj hj ’cuxáinj-cejapckbcktg‑ pcrc tjhcs cs gspîengs hg
cpjsgktchjrnc.

HNEC 50
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - CVJUGKXCHJTNC VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA ― VJT NHCHG G
XGAVJ HG EJKXTNDWNÀÅJ - HJ EÃIEWIJ HJ \CIJT HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ
TGCMWUXG

J cssg`urchj cpjsgktchj pgic ajhcinhchg hc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc tgrã j

rgcmustg hjs dgkgláenjs, rgcinzchj ckuciagktg
ckuciagktg,, kc hctc ga qug bjuvgr rgcmustg hj
sciãrnj-aáknaj, eja dcsg kj NKVE (ákhneg kcenjkci hg prgàjs cj ejksuanhjr), hg cejrhj
eja c ign 2.435/>3, crt. 83-C.
Xjag kjtc= J rgcmustg rgcinzchj kj dgkgláenj nknenci, sgrã ejkeiuáhj hg ljrac
prjpjrenjkci.
prjpjrenjkci.

SWGUXÅJ EGUVG, 4635.

Eja rgicàåj c eãieuij g rgcmustg hc rgkhc agksci hjs dgkgláenjs hj T@VU, mui`ug js
sg`unktgs ntgks.
C kjrac ejkstntuenjkci gstcdgigeg qug js dgkgláenjs hj T@VU hgvga sgr rgcmustchjs
pcrc prgsgrvcr-ibgs, ga ecrãtgr pgrackgktg, j vcijr rgci. Ga ejksjkäkenc eja gssc
kjrac, j ig`nsichjr
ckuciagktg jrhnkãrnj
utninzckhj-sg gstcdgigegu
j agsaj qug
ákhneg hg gssgs dgkgláenjs
r gcmustg
rgcmustg hgvga sgr rgcmustchjs
hj sciãrnj-aáknaj.
@cdcrntj= Grrchj.
Ejagktãrnj= J ákhneg utninzchj pcrc rgcmustg hjs dgkgláenjs prgvnhgkenãrnjs î j NKVE
crt. 83-C I2435. J ákhneg utninzch
utninzchj
j pcrc rgcmustg hj sciãrnj-aáknaj î j NVEC.

HNEC 52
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HC CVJUGKXCHJTNC VTJ@TCACHC EJAWA
J sciãrnj-dgkgláenj kc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcac kåj pjhgrã sgr=
Nklgrnjr cj sciãrnj-aáknaj?
Uupgrnjr cj tgtj hj NKUU kc hctc hj nkáenj hj dgkgláenj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

46
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Ugråj ejksnhgrchjs pcrc eãieuij hj sciãrnj-hg-dgkgláenj hgssc gspîeng hg
cpjsgktchjrnc=
js `ckbjs bcdntucns hj sg`urchj gaprg`chj, c quciqugr tátuij, sjd ljrac hg ajghc
ejrrgktg ju hg utninhchgs, sjdrg js qucns tgkbc nkenhnhj ejktrndunà÷gs prgvnhgkenãrncs,
gxegtj j hîenaj-tgregnrj sciãrnj (`rctnlnecàåj
( `rctnlnecàåj kctci
kctcinkc).
nkc).

CXGKÀÅJ!
Cs kjvcs rg`rcs hnspjstcs pgic GE 365/3> pgrantga
p grantga qug j sg`urchj rgegdc ua
dgkgláenj supgrnjr c 366% hj sgu sciãrnj-dgkgláenj, eja c ejkhnàåj hg qug j
vcijr tjtci hc cpjsgktchjrnc kåj sgmc supgrnjr cj tgtj hc prgvnhíkenc.
Gx.= Wa bjaga tnvgr acns hg 86 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj g uac auibgr eja acns
hg 57 ckjs, c pjregktc`ga pjhgrã sgr acnjr qug 366%.

HNEC 5>
D GKGLÁENJ ― CVJUGKXCHJTNC VTJ@TCACHC
EJKEGUUÅJ HJ DGKGLÁENJ
J pc`cagktj hj dgkgláenj tgrã ejaj hctc nknenci, c hctc hj rgqugrnagktj?
Xjag kjtc= J NKUU tnkbc j prczj hg 56 hncs, cpõs j prjtjejij hj rgqugrnagktj hg
cpjsgktchjrnc, (ejkljrag Ign hjs Vrjegssjs Chanknstrctnvjs - Ign >.028/3>>>) prczj qug
pjhgrnc
<6 sgr prjrrj`chj
hncs ejaj prczj aãxnaj pcrc 56
pjr acns hncs, hgvgkhj j NKUU mustnlnecr c prjrrj`càåj, tgkhj
ckãinsg.
Cpõs c ejkegssåj hj dgkgláenj j NKUU tga ctî 87 hncs pcrc nknencr j pc`cagktj.

CXGKÀÅJ!
VJHG UGT SWGUXÅJ HG VTJ\C!!!
Ga 4643, NKUU g AVL egigdrcrca ua cejrhj, tgkhj bjajij`chj kjvjs prczjs pcrc
qug j Nkstntutj (NKUU) ckcinsg js rgqugrnagktjs. Vcrc cs cpjsgktchjrncs j kjvj
prczj sgrã hg >6 hncs pcrc ckcinscr j pghnhj.

HNEC 86

HJU DGKGLÁENJU - H HCC CVJUGKXCHJTNC VTJ@TCACHC GUVGENCI

Dgkglnenãrnjs hc cpjsgktchjrnc gspgenci qug kåj ejktrnduc lceuitctnvcag ktg eja 46%
lceuitctnvcagktg
hj sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj, tgrã ejaj Tgkhc Nknenci, j vcijr hg 3 sciãrnj-aáknaj.
Napjrtcktg= Suckhj c cpjsgktchjrnc vngr cpõs ejkegssåj hj cuxáinj-cenhgktg, c
rgkhc sgrã=
C sjac hc cpjsgktchjrnc eja c rgkhc agksci hj cuxáinj-cenhgktg vn`gktg cj ajagktj
hg nkáenj hc cpjsgktchjrnc.
c pjsgktchjrnc.
Dgkglnenãrnjs hc cpjsgktchjrnc gspgenci qug ejktrnduc lceuitctnvc
lceuitctnvcagktg
agktg eja 46% hj
sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj, tgrã ejaj Tgkhc Nknenci, j vcijr hg <6% hj sciãrnj hg dgkgláenj +
4% pcrc echc ckj gxeghgktg.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

43
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 83
HJ NKÁENJ HG VC@CAGKXJ HJ DGKGLÁENJ - CVJUGKXCHJT
CVJUGKXCHJTNC
NC \JIWKXÃTNC
C hctc hg nkáenj hj pc`cagktj hj dgkgláenj hc cpjsgktchjrnc prj`rcachc sgrã hc
sg`unktg ljrac=
Ug`urchj gaprg`chj g gaprg`chj hjaîstnej=
hjaîstnej=

C jpcrtnr
cpõs hc hctc hg hgsin`cagktj hj gaprg`j (pcrc rgqugrnagktjs hg ctî >6 hncs
hgsin`cagktj)?
C pcrtnr hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj= pcrc rgqugrnagktjs lgntjs cpõs >6 hncs ju quckhj
kåj bjuvgr hgsin`cagkt
hgsin`cagktj
j hg gaprg`j.
Hgacns sg`urchjs= C pcrtnr hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj.
rgqugrnagktj.
HNEC 84
HC EGUUCÀÅJ HJ DGKGLÁENJ - CVJUGKX
CVJUGKXCHJTNC
CHJTNC \JIWKXÃTNC
Cs cpjsgktchjrncs vjiuktãrncs (pjr nhchg, tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj, nhchg + tgapj hg
ejktrndunàåj),
ejktrndunàåj), tgråj ejaj tgraj lnkci, c hctc hj lcigenagktj hj dgkglnenãrnj.
Cpõs j lcigenagktj, kcseg jutrj dgkgláenj, ga ecsj hg bcvgr hgpgkhgktgs= C pgksåj pjr
ajrtg.
Cpjsgktchjrnc
vjiuktãrnc= Ejkeghnhc
cpõs prggkebnhjs js
rgqunsntjs.

Xgrankc cpõs j
lcigenagktj
cpjsgktchj.hj

Kåj bã hgpgkhgktgs=
Bã hgpgkhgktgs=
Vgksåj pjr ajrtg Kåj `grc jutrj
dgkgláenj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

44
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 85
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HC CVJUGKXCHJTNC HC VGUUJC EJA HGLNENÍKENC
C ejkegssåj hc cpjsgktchjrnc gspgenci hc pgssjc eja hglneníkenc hgpgkhgrã hj `rcu hc
hglneníkenc, qug pjhg sgr= `rcvg,
`rcvg, ajhgrchc g igvg.
igvg.

@TCW HC HGLNENÍKENC

igvg ajhgrchc `rcvg

Auibgr 42 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj 48 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj 46 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj

Bjaga 55 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj 4> ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj 47 ckjs hg ejktrndunàåj

HNEC 88
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HC CVJUGKXCHJTNC HC VGUUJC EJA HGLNENÍKENC
J sg`urchj pjrtchjr hg hglneníkenc kåj pjhgrã utninzcr-sg euauictnvcagktg hjs dgkgláenjs
hc cpjsgktchjrnc gspgenci
gspgenci g hc cpjsgktchjrnc hc pgssjc eja hglneníkenc (IE 384/4635).
Ecsj j sg`urchj eja hglneníkenc pjssuc tcadîa j pgrájhj hg ejktrndunàåj gspgenci, pjr
gxpjsnàåj cjs c`gktgs prgmuhnencns æ scýhg, hgvgrã jptcr pgic jpàåj acns lcvjrãvgi pcrc
suc cpjsgktchjrnc.
Ecsj j sg`urchj pgij T@VU, chqunrc hglneníkenc cpõs c lnincàåj, hgvgråj sgr cmustchjs
prjpjrenjkciagktg js pcräagtrjs, g cpõs c ejkvgrsåj, sgråj sjachjs js pgrájhjs,
ejkljrag tcdgic=

AWIBGT
XGAVJ C UGT LCXJT AWIXNVINECHJT
EJK\GTXNHJ
Vcrc 46 Vcrc 48 Vcrc 42 Vcrc 56
46 ckjs 3,66 3,46 3,86 3,76
48 ckjs 6,25 3,66 3,30 3,47

42 ckjs 6,03 6,2< 3,66 3,60

56 ckjs 6,<0 6,26 6,>5 3,66

HNEC 87
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HC CVJUGKXCHJTNC HC VGUUJC EJA HGLNENÍKENC
Ecsj j sg`urchj pgij T@VU, chqunrc hglneníkenc cpõs c lnincàåj, hgvgråj sgr cmustchjs
prjpjrenjkciagktg js pcräagtrjs, g cpõs c ejkvgrsåj, sgråj sjachjs js pgrájhjs,
ejkljrag tcdgic=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

45
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
BJAGA
XGAVJ C UGT LCXJT AWIXNVINECHJT
EJK\GTXNHJ
Vcrc 47 Vcrc 4> Vcrc 55 Vcrc 57
47 ckjs 3,66 3,3< 3,54 3,86

4> ckjs 6,2< 3,66 3,38 3,43

55 ckjs 6,0< 6,22 3,66 3,6<
57 ckjs 6,03 6,25 6,>8 3,66

HNEC 8<
HJU DGKGLÁENJU - HC CVJUGKXCHJTNC HC VGUUJC EJA HGLNENÍKENC
Ugrã lgntj j eãieuij hc aîhnc crntaîtnec snapigs hjs sgus 26% acnjrgs sciãrnjs?
Tgkhc Nknenci hc pgssjc eja hglneníkenc sgrã
sgrã==
Cpjsgktchjrnc
Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr Nhchg=
Nhchg=

Ecieuichc ga 06% + 3% pcrc echc ckj gxeghgktg cj aáknaj.

Cpjsgktchjrnc pjr tgapj hg ejktrndunàåj=
ejktrndunàåj=
Ecieuichc ga 366% hj sciãrnj-dgkgláenj.
Jds.= Vjhgrã sgr cpinechj j lctjr prgvnhgkenãrnj sg ljr acns dgkîlnej.
HNEC 80
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ-CENHGKXG
J ejkegntj hg cenhgktg î lctj ljrtuntj, nkgspgrchj, hckjsj qug `grg trcuac ju gxpjkbc j
sg`urchj c c`gktgs gxõ`gkjs (lásnejs, quáanejs ju dnjiõ`nejs).
Vcrc hglnknàåj, ejksnhgrca-sg hjns gigagktjs=

Cenhgktg hgejrrgktg
hgejrrgktg hg lctjrgs gxtgrkjs (gxõ`gkjs)?
(gxõ`gkjs)?
Cenhgktg hg jrn`ga trcuaãtnec.
aáknaj,, j dgkgláenj hg cuxáinj-cenhgktg î hgvnhj.
Cnkhc qug j hckj sgmc aáknaj hgvnhj.
Ctî c Ign >.654/>7, j cuxáinj-cenhgktg grc hgvnhj sjagktg ga sntucà÷gs hg cenhgktg
rgicenjkchj cj trcdcibj ju sntucà÷gs gqunpcrchcs cj trcdcibj.

UXM
Xcadîa sgrã hgvnhj j cuxáinj-cenhgktg sg c sgqugic qug cejagtgr j sg`urchj
gaprg`chj, cvuisj ju gspgenci, hgejrrgr hg ajiîstnc jeupcenjkci (hjgkàc hj
trcdcibj ju prjlnssnjkci), pjns î gqunpcrchc ig`ciagktg cj cenhgktg hg trcdcibj, uac
vgz qug bã j kgxj ecusci gktrg c gklgranhchg g j icdjr.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

48
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gktrgtcktj, ga ecsj hg pgrhc cuhntnvc, , sõ sgrã hgvnhj j dgkgláenj quckhj c rghuàåj ju
pgrhc hc ecpcenhchg icdjrci gktrg c lukàåj bcdntuci gxgrenhc, tgkbc kgxj ecusci gktrg j
trcdcibj g c hjgkàc.
hjgkàc.
HNEC 82
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ-CENHGKXG
Tgkhc Nknenci kj cuxáinj-cenhgktg sgrã=
Ejrrgspjkhgktg c 76% hj sciãrnj-hg-dgkgl
Ejrrgspjkhgktg sciãrnj-hg-dgkgláenj?
áenj?
Tgkhc Nknenci kj cuxáinj-cenhgktg pcrc j sg`urchj gspgenci sgrã=
Ejrrgspjkhgktgg c 76% hj sciãrnj-aáknaj?
Ejrrgspjkhgkt
Ug gstnvgr ejktrndunkhj lceuitctnvcagk
lceuitctnvcagktg
tg,, j dgkgláenj sgrã ejkeghnhj eja dcsg kj
sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj.

CXGKÀÅJ!
Î vghchc c euauicàåj hj cuxáinj-cenhgktg eja quciqugr cpjsgktchjrnc.

HNEC 8>

HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ-CENHGKXG

J cuxáinj-cenhgktg sgrã ejkeghnhj ejaj nkhgknzcàåj cj sg`urchj qug tnvgr tjrkchj
pgrackgktgs cs igs÷gs jecsnjkchcs pgij cenhgktg, `grckhj sgqugic,
sgqugic, qug rghuzc c
ecpcenhchgg pcrc j trcdcibj qug gxgrenc cktgrnjragktg.
ecpcenhch
J cuxáinj-cenhgktg î hgvnhj ctî c vîspgrc hg nkáenj hc cpjsgktchjrnc ju ctî c ajrtg
ajr tg hj
sg`urchj.
C rgkhc agksci ejkeghnhc pgij cuxáinj-cenhgktg, sgrã ejkeghnhc sjagktg gkqucktj
gxnstnr c ejkhnàåj qug napjssndnintg cj sg`urchj j gxgreáenj hc ctnvnhchg icdjrci.
icdjrci.

Cenhgktg hg
trcdcibj,hjgkàc hj Jutrjs ecsjs
trcdcibj ju prjlnssnjkci

<6% hj sciãrnj
366% hj sciãrnj dgkgláenj + 4% pcrc
dgkgláenj echc ckj gxeghgktg cj
tgapj aáknaj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

47
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 76
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC R CWRÁINJ
VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC
Vrnagnrcagktg vcajs hnlgrgkencr js hjns dgkgláenjs= cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc
(cuxáinj hjgkàc) x cuxáinj-cenhgkt
cuxáinj-cenhgktg.
g.

CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG

NKECVCENHCHG CWRÁINJ-CENHGKXG
XGAVJTÃTNC
Uudstntun j sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj ju Nkhgknzctõrnj.
rgaukgrcàåj hj sg`urchj.
Î hg >3% hj sciãrnj hg dgkgláenj. Î hg 76% hj sciãrnj hg dgkgláenj.
Kgegssãrnj ecpcenhchg icdjrci bcdntuci pjr Tgegdnhj muktcagktg eja c rgaukgrcàåj
acns hg 37 hncs ejksgeutnvjs. pgij trcdcibj hj sg`urchj (kåj prgensc hg
clcstcagktj
clcstcagkt j hj trcdcibj).
Kåj pjhg sgr nklgrnjr c 3 sciãrnj aáknaj, Vjhg sgr nklgrnjr c 3 sciãrnj aáknaj.
gxegtj quckhj bjuvgr gxgreáenj hg
ctnvnhchgs ejkejantcktgs.
Ga rg`rc, gxn`g ecríkenc hg 34 Ugaprg hnspgksc c ecríkenc.
ejktrndunà÷gs agkscns.

HNEC 73
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>
C nkecpcenhchg icdjrctnvc cejktgeg quckhj j sg`urchj gstã nkecpcentchj hg gxgregr sucs
ctnvnhchgs.
C nkecpcenhchg icdjrctnvc pjhg sgr eicssnlnechc=
Sucktj c hurcàåj
hurcàåj==
pjhgrã sgr tgapjrãrnc,
tgapjrãrnc , quckhj bjuvgr prczj hg rgeupgrcàåj?
pjhgrã sgr nkhglnknhj,
nkhglnknhj, quckhj KÅJ bjuvgr prczj hg rgeupgrcàåj.
Sucktj cj `rcu
`rcu==

pjhgrã sgr tjtci?

tjtci? ju
pjhgrã sgr pcrenci.
pcrenci.
Kåj sgrã hgvnhj cuxáinj-hjgkàc cj sg`urchj rgeiusj ga rg`nag lgebchj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

4<
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 74
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>
C nkecpcenhchg icdjrctnvc pjhgrã sgr eicssnlnechc, ejkljrag c nkecpcenhchg pcrc c
prjlnssåj hgsgkvjivnhc
hgsgkvjivnhc==
Wknprjlnssnjkci== quckhj j gapgenibj cieckàc cpgkcs uac ctnvnhchg icdjrci?
Wknprjlnssnjkci icdjrci?

Auitnprjlnssnjkci= quckhj j gapgenibj cieckàc hnvgrscs ctnvnhchgs icdjrcns?

Auitnprjlnssnjkci= icdjrcns?
Jaknprjlnssnjkci== quckhj j gapgenibj cieckàc j hgsgapgkbj hg quciqugr
Jaknprjlnssnjkci
ctnvnhchg icdjrci?

CXGKÀÅJ!
Suckhj j sg`urchj qug gxgreg acns hg uac ctnvnhchg icdjrci, lnecr nkecpcz hg ljrac
hglnkntnvc, hg gxgregr uac hgics, j cuxáinj-hjgkàc, hgvgrã sgr pc`j nkhglnkntnvcagktg.
nkhglnkntnvcagktg.

HNEC 75
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>
J cuxáinj hjgkàc pcssju c sgr ebcachj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc g pjhgrã sgr
ejkeghnhj
vcijr kcs ajhcinhchgs prgvnhgkenãrnc g cenhgktãrnc, jdsgrvchj, qucktj cj eãieuij hj
hj dgkgláenj.

CKXGU HC GE 365/3> (Tgljrac VÕU C GE 365/3> (Tgljrac hc

Vrgvnhíkenc) Vrgvnhíkenc)

Ejksnhgrcvc-sg pcrc eãieuij hj sciãrnj- Kåj sgråj gxeiuáhjs js 46% agkjrgs

dgkgláenj sjagktg 26% hjs acnjrgs sciãrnjs hg ejktrndunàåj.
sciãrnjs hg ejktrndunàåj hcs ejapgtíkencs Ejksnhgrc-sg pcrc eãieuij hj sciãrnj-
cpõs muibj hg 3>>8. dgkgláenj 366% hjs sciãrnjs hg
ejktrndunàåj c pcrtnr hg muibj hg 3>>8 ju
hgshg j nkáenj hc ejktrndunàåj, sg
pjstgrnjr c muibj hg 3>>8.

Tgkhc Nknenci kj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhch

nkecpcenhchgg tgapjrãrnc sgrã=
Ecieuichc ga >3% hj sciãrnj hg dgkgláenj, (tcadîa pcrc j sg`urchj gspgenci, qug
ejktrnduác lceuitctnvcagktg eja 46% sjdrg j sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj). (crt. <3 hc Ign
2.435/>3).
Tgkhc Nknenci ecieuichc ga 3 sciãrnj aáknaj, pcrc j sg`urchj gspgenci qug kåj
ejktrnduc lceuitctnvcagktg eja 46% sjdrg j sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj.
Tgsscivchj j hnrgntj chqunrnhj
chqunrnhj..

CXGKÀÅJ!
nkecpcenhchgg tgapjrãrnc kåj pjhgrã gxeghgr c aîhnc hjs 34 ýitnajs
J cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhch
sciãrnjs hg ejktrndunàåj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

40
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 78
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>
C hctc hg nkáenj hj pc`cagktj hj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc sgrã hc sg`unktg
ljrac=
Ug`urchj gaprg`chj
gaprg`chj==

C pcrtnr hj 3<½ hnc cpõs j clcstcagktj hj trcdcibj?

C pcrtnr hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj= pcrc rgqugrnagktjs lgntjs cpõs 56 hncs hj
clcstcagktj
clcstcagkt j hj gaprg`j.
Hgacns sg`urchjs=
C pcrtnr hc hctc hg nkáenj hc nkecpcenhchg.
nkecpcenhchg.
C pcrtnr hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj= pcrc rgqugrnagktjs lgntjs cpõs 56 hncs hj
clcstcagktj
clcstcagkt j hj gaprg`j.
HNEC 77
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>

Ug`urchjs qug gxgrega acns hg uac ctnvnhchg icdjrct

icdjrctnvc=
nvc=
Sug lnqug napjssndnintchj pcrc gxgregr ctnvnhchg icdjrctnvc ga uac hgics=
Hgvgrã nkljracr kc pgráenc tjhcs cs ctnvnhchgs icdjrctnvcs gxgrenhcs?
Ugrã nhgktnlnechj ga quci hcs ctnvnhchgs j sg`urchj gstã nkecpcentchj?
Vcrc ctnvnhchgs hnstnktcs=
sgrã utninzchj sjagktg j pgrájhj hg ecríkenc rgicenjkchj æ ctnvnhchg qug rgsuitju kj
clcstcagktj.
Kgstg ecsj, j vcijr hj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc pjhgrã sgr nklgrnjr c ua
sciãrnj aáknaj hgshg qug, sjachj æs hgacns rgaukgrcà÷gs rgegdnhcs, rgsuitcr vcijr
supgrnjr c gstg.
HNEC 7<
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ VJT NKECVCENHCHG XGAVJTÃTNC ― GE 365/3>
Ga ecsj hg nkhglgrnagktj hj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc, j sg`urchj pjhgrã=
rgejrrgr hc hgensåj hj NKUU?
kj prczj hg 56 hncs c pcrtnr hc hctc hc ejauknecàåj hc hgensåj?
rgeursj hgvg sgr cprgsgktchj cj Ejksgibj hg Tgeursjs hj Ug`urj Ujenci.
Ga ecsj hg kgegssnhchg hg rgcinzcàåj g kjvc pgráenc aîhnec sgrã rgcinzchc pgij
cssnstgktg tîeknej aîhnej hc muktc hg rgeursjs hj sg`urj sjenci sjenci,, eja pgrntj
hnlgrgktg hcqugig qug nkhglgrnu
nkhglgrnu j dgkgláenj (crt. <6, § 33½, hc Ign 2435/>3).

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

42
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 70
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ ACXGTKNHCHG
Tgkhc Nknenci kj sciãrnj actgrknhchg hgpgkhgrã hc eicssg hg trcdcibchjr=
Ug`urchcc gspgenci= c rgkhc agksci nknenci (TAN) sgrã hg ua sciãrnj-aáknaj
Ug`urch sciãrnj-aáknaj??
(T AN) sgrã ejrrgspjkhgktg cj sgu ýitnaj
Gaprg`chc hjaîstnec= c rgkhc agksci nknenci (TAN)

sciãrnj?
sciãrnj?
Ug`urchc gaprg`chc= c rgkhc agksci nknenci (TAN) sgrã nktg`rci ejrrgspjkhgktg c ua
aís hg sciãrnj?
sciãrnj?
Ug`urchc trcdcibchjrc cvuisc= c rgkhc agksci nknenci (TAN) sgrã nktg`rci
ejrrgspjkhgktgg c ua aís hg sciãrnj
ejrrgspjkhgkt sciãrnj??
Ug`urchc ejktrndunktg nkhnvnhuci g sg`urchc gspgenci ejktrndunktg lceuitctnvc 46%
46%== c
rgkhc agksci nknenci (TAN) sgrã nktg`rci ejrrgspjkhgktg c 3/34 hc sjac hjs ýitnajs 34
sciãrnjs hg ejktrndunàåj, vgrnlnechj kjs ýitnajs 37 agsgs.
HNEC 72
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ ACXGTKNHCHG
Î hgvnhj ga ecsj hg=
Vcrtj, nkeiusnvg sg j dgdí kcsegr ajrtj
aj rtj (kctnajrtj)?
Cdjrtj kåj ernankjs
ernankjsj?
j?
Chjàåj, g
@ucrhc pcrc chjàåj muhnenci.
C hctc hg nkáenj hj pc`cagktj hj cuxáinj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc sgrã hc sg`unktg
ljrac=
Ga ecsj hg pcrtj
pcrtj,, sgrã pc`j j dgkgláenj pjr 346 hncs, nknenckhj 42 hncs cktgs hj
pcrtj, g tgrankckhj >3 hncs hgpjns hj pcrtj.
Ga ecsj hg pcrtj cktgenpchj
cktgenpchj,, tgrã hnrgntj cjs 346 hncs.
Ga ecsj ctápnej,
ctápnej, js pgrájhjs (cktgs g põs-pcrtj) pjhga sgr cuagktchjs pjr acns hg
4 sgackcs.
Napjrtcktg= c ejktcr hc 45ª sgackc hg `gstcàåj, agsaj qug j dgdí kcsàc ajrtj
ajrtj,,
sgrã ejksnhgrchj pcrtj, g hgvnhj j dgkgláenj pjr 346 hncs.

CXGKÀÅJ!

J pc`cagktj hj sciãrnj actgrknhchg gstã ejkhnenjkchj cj clcstcagktj hj

sg`urchj hc ctnvnhchg prjlnssnjkci ju hj trcdcibj
trcdcibj,, sjd pgkc hg suspgksåj hj
dgkgláenj.
J sciãrnj actgrknhchg î j ýknej dgkgláenj ejksnhgrchj sciãrnj hg ejktrndunàåj!

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

4>
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 7>
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ ACXGTKNHCHG
C gaprgsc î c rgspjksãvgi pgij pc`cagktj hj sciãrnj-actgrknhchg, sgkhj qug
pjstgrnjragktg j gaprg`chjr î rggadjischj pgic ejapgkscàåj hg sucs ejktrndunà÷gs
prgvnhgkenãrncs æ Wknåj.
C `gstcktg, gaprg`chc pgij rg`nag hg mjrkchc pcrenci
pcrenci,, qug tgkbc sgu sciãrnj hg
ejktrndunàåj nklgrnjr cj aáknaj, rgegdgrã j sciãrnj-actgrknhchg pc`j hnrgtcagktg pgij
NKUU. Ecsj, cnkhc qug ga mjrkchc pcrenci, j sciãrnj sgmc n`uci ju supgrnjr cj aáknaj, c
NKUU.
jdrn`ctjrnghchg
jdrn`ctjrnghchg hg pc`cagktj hj dgkgláenj î hj gaprg`chjr.
Napjrtcktg= J sciãrnj-actgrknhchg hc sg`urchc AGN (anerjgaprggkhghjrc
nkhnvnhuci), sgrã pc`j hnrgtcagktg pgij NKUU.
HNEC <6
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ ACXGTKNHCHG
Ga ecsj hg cdjrtj
cdjrtj,, hgshg qug kåj sgmc ernankjsj
ernankjsj,, hgvnhcagktg ejaprjvchj pjr
ctgstchj aîhnej c sg`urchc tgrã hnrgntj c 4 sgackcs hg sciãrnj-actgrknhchg, sgkhj j
nkáenj hj pc`cagktj c hctc hg cejktgenagktj hj cdjrtj
cdjrtj..

CXGKÀÅJ!
Ejksnhgrc-sg cdjrtj kåj ernankjsj=
Ga ecsj hg `rcvnhgz rgsuitcktg hg gstuprj?
Cdjrtj nkvjiuktãrnj?
Napjssndninhchg
Napjssndninhchg hg scivcr c vnhc hc `gstcktg hg jutrj ajhj?
Nktgrrupàåj hg `rcvnhgz, ga ecsj hg lgtj eja gkeglcinc.

HNEC <3
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ-LCAÁIN
UCIÃTNJ-LCAÁINC
C
Tgkhc Nknenci kj sciãrnj-lcaáinc sgrã=
Hg gqunvcigktg c uac ejtc pcrc echc lnibj hg ctî 38 ckjs hg nhchg, sg nkvãinhj,
nkhgpgkhgrã hc nnhchg.
nkhgpgkhgrã hchg.
Vc`j cj trcdcibchjr eja rgaukgrcàåj hg ctî T$ 3.765,47
3.765,47..
\cijr vn`gktg ga 4643= T$ 73,40 pjr ejtc.
Vjhg sgr nklgrnjr c 3 sciãrnj-aáknaj.
(Î pc`j sjagktg cjs trcdcibchjrgs hg dcnxc rgkhc).

CXGKÀÅJ!
J sciãrnj-lcaáinc î pc`j hg ljrac prjpjrenjkci cjs hncs trcdcibchjs kj aís ga qug
qugljn
ljn
chantnhj ju hgantnhj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

56
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
cvuisj,, j pc`cagktj hgvgrã sgr lgntj hg ljrac nktg`rci
Ga ecsj hg trcdcibchjr cvuisj
(aís nktgnrj).

Xjag kjtc= J sciãrnj-lcaáinc kåj tgrã c suc ejtc nkejrpjrchc cj sciãrnj ju cj

dgkgláenj.
HNEC <4

HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ UCIÃTNJ-LCAÁIN

UCIÃTNJ-LCAÁINC
C
J sciãrnj-lcaáinc hgvg sgr pc`j=
c pcrtnr hc hctc hg cprgsgktcàåj hc egrtnhåj hg kcsenagktj hj lnibj ju gqunpcrchj?
Jdrn`ctõrnc cprgsgktcàåj hj ecrtåj hg vcenkcàåj (eja vcenkcs ga hnc) pcrc lnibjs hg
ctî < ckjs hg nhchg?
Jdrn`ctõrnc ejaprjvcàåj sgagstrci hg lrgquíkenc gsejicr pcrc ernckàcs c pcrtnr hg 8
ckjs hg nhchg. Cktgs, c nhchg grc hg 0 ckjs, ctuciagktg, ejkljrag Hgergtj
36.836/4646,, pcssju c sgr 8 ckjs hg nhchg.
36.836/4646
Xjag kjtc= C lcitc hg cprgsgktcàåj hjs rglgrnhjs hjeuagktjs
hjeuagktjs,, kj prczj hglnknhj
pgij NKUU, j pc`cagktj hj dgkgláenj sgrã suspgksj
suspgksj..

CXGKÀÅJ!

Î pjssávgi j rgegdnagktj hg hjns sciãrnjs-lcaáinc pgij agsaj lnibj

lnibj,, hgshg qug
cadjs js pcns sgmca rgspjksãvgns pgic ernckàc, g sgmca nkhnvnhuciagktg hg dcnxc
rgkhc.
Cpõs c suspgksåj hj dgkgláenj, ecsj j sg`urchj ejaprjvg c vcenkcàåj ju
lrgquíkenc gsejicr hc ernckàc, sgrã hgvnhj pc`cagktj hc ejtc rgictnvc hj pgrájhj
suspgksj..
suspgksj

HNEC <5
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HC VGKUÅJ VJT AJTXG
Tgkhc Nknenci kc pgksåj pjr ajrtg sgrã=
Hg 76% hj vcijr hc cpjsgktchjrnc qug grc rgegdnhc pgij sg`urchj lcigenhj kc hctc hj
õdntj, cergsenhc hg 36% pjr echc hgpgkhgktg, pjhgkhj ebg`cr ctî c 366% hj vcijr?
Kåj pjhgrã sgr nklgrnjr c ua sciãrnj-aáknaj.

CXGKÀÅJ!
Cktgs hc rgljrac hc prgvnhíkenc (GE 365/3>), c pgksåj pjr ajrtg grc pc`c kj vcijr
nktg`rci hc cpjsgktchjrnc qug grc rgegdnhc pgij sg`urchj kc hctc hj õdntj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

53
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gx.= Mjåj rgegdnc j vcijr hg T$8.666,66 (quctrj ani rgcns) ejaj cpjsgktchjrnc. Ga
mckgnrj, Mjåj lcigegu,
lcigegu, g hgnxju gspjsc g ua lnibj hg 2 ckjs hg nhchg.
Kj ecsj c pgksåj sgrã hg 76% + 36% (gspjsc) + 36% (lnibj), hckhj ua tjtci hg
T$4.266,66 .
T$4.266,66.
J vcijr lnkci jdtnhj sgrã hnvnhnhj hg ljrac n`uci pcrc tjhjs js hgpgkhgktgs, g eja c pgrhc
hc qucinhchg hg sg`urchj c ejtc hgssg hgpgkhgktg tcadîa sgrã egsschc.

HNEC <8
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HC VGKUÅJ VJT AJTXG
Ga ecsj hg bcvgr hgpgkhgktg nkvãinhj,
nkvãinhj, hglneníkenc agktci ju `rcvg, c rgkhc Nknenci kc
pgksåj pjr ajrtg sgrã gqunvcigktg c 366% hc cpjsgktchjrnc qug grc rgegdnhc pgij
sg`urchj lcigenhj kc hctc hj õdntj, eja inantg hj tgtj hj T@VU.
JDU.= J rgejkbgenagktj
rgejkbgenagktj hc ejkhnàåj hg hg hgpgkhgktg
pgkhgktg eja nkvcinhg
nkvcinhgzz pjhgrã sgr
rgcinzchj cktgs hj õdntj hj sg`urchj ctrcvîs hg cvcincàåj dnjpsnejiõ`nej, lgntj pjr gqunpg
nktgrhnsenpinkcrr g auitnprjlnssnjkci, sgkhj pjssávgi c rgcinzcàåj
nktgrhnsenpinkc r gcinzcàåj hg cvcincàåj pgrnõhnec.

Bã hgpgkhgktg eja 366% hj dgkgláenj

hglneníkenc

Vgksåj pjr ajrtg

Dgkgláenj ga 76%
Kåj bã hgpgkhgktg +
eja hglneníkenc 36% pjr ejtc hg
hgpgkhgktg

Tgkhc Nknenci

Kåj nklgrnjr c 3
sciãrnj-aáknaj

Cenac hg 7
hgpgkhgktgs

\cijr hc pgksåj
sgrã hg 366% hj
dgkgláenj rgegdnhj
pgij sg`urchj kc
hctc hj õdntj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

54
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC <7
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HC VGKUÅJ VJT AJTXG
J nkáenj hj pc`cagktj hj dgkgláenj hg pgksåj pjr ajrtg sgrã=

HCXC HG VC@CAGKXJ TGSWNUNXJ

Hc hctc hj õdntj Vcrc lnibjs agkjrgs hg 3< ckjs, g
rgqugrnagktj lgntj ga ctî 326 hncs cpõs j
õdntj hj sg`urchj.
Hc hctc hj õdntj Vcrc hgacns hgpgkhgk
hgpgkhgktgs,
tgs, g rgqugrnagktj
lgntj ga ctî >6 hncs cpõs j õdntj hj
sg`urchj.
Hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj Vcrc lnibjs agkjrgs hg 3< ckjs, g
rgqugrnagktj lgntj cpõs 326 hncs cpõs j
õdntj hj sg`urchj.
Hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj Vcrc hgacns hgpgkhgk
hgpgkhgktgs,
tgs, g rgqugrnagktj
lgntj cpõs >6 hncs cpõs j õdntj hj
sg`urchj.

Hc hctc hg hgscpcrgenagktj hj sg`urchj Ga ecsj hg ectãstrjlg, hgscstrg ju

cenhgktg, ju ajrtg prgsuanhc pjr
hgscpcrgenagktj,
hgscpcrgenagktj, hncktg hg prjvc bãdni.
Hc hctc hc sgktgkàc muhnenci hgeicrctõrnc Hgshg qug gxpghnhc pjr cutjrnhchg
hg cusíkenc muhnenãrnc, pcrc ajrtg prgsuanhc pjr
hgscpcrgenagktj, cpõs < agsgs hg
hgscpcrgenagktj.

UÝAWIC 55<, UXM

C auibgr qug rgkukenju cjs cinagktjs kc sgpcrcàåj muhnenci tga hnrgntj æ pgksåj
prgvnhgkenãrnc pjr ajrtg hj gx-acrnhj, ejaprjvchc c kgegssnhchg gejkøanec
supgrvgkngktg.

J pcregnrj bjajclgtnvj tcadîa î ejksnhgrchj hgpgkhgktg

hgpgkhgktg..
C ejkeudnkc kåj tga hnrgntj c pgksåj pjr ajrtg
ajrtg..
HNEC <<
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Vc`j cjs hgpgkhgktgs hj sg`urchj prgsj. Hgvga jdrn`ctjrncagktg
jdrn`ctjrncagktg,, hgpgkhgr
gejkjanecagktgg hj sg`urchj prgsj pcrc ejksg`unr sg sustgktcr.
gejkjanecagkt
Tgigadrckhj= Js hgpgkhgktgs hnvnhga-sg ga eicssgs=
Eicssg 3 ― Eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnr
Eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnrj
j g lnibjs?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

55
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Eicssg 4 ― pcns?
Eicssg 5 ― nraåjs.

HNTGNXJ CJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ

Eicssg 3 Xga hnrgntj cj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj.

Eicssg 4 Uõ tgrã hnrgntj sg kåj bjuvgr hgpgkhgktgs kc eicssg 3.

Eicssg 5 Uõ tgrã hnrgntj sg kåj bjuvgr hgpgkhgktgs kc eicssg 3 g kc eicssg 4.

HNEC <0
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Tgqunsntjs hj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj sgrã=
Ejaprjvcàåj hc prnsåj (ga rg`nag lgebchj)?
Vrgsj hgvg tgr qucinhchg hg sg`urchj?
sg`urchj?
Vrgsj hgvg tgr hgpgkhgktgs?
hgpgkhgktgs?
Vrgsj hgvg sgr hg dcnxc rgkhc?
rgkhc?
Vrgsj hgvg kåj rgegdgr rgaukgrcàåj hc gaprgsc?
Vrgsj hgvg pjssunr ecríkenc hg 48 agsgs.

CXGKÀÅJ!
Vrns÷gs jejrrnhcs cpõs 32/6</463> kåj kgegssntca hc ecríkenc hg 48 agsgs.
Vcrc cs prns÷gs jejrrnhcs ctî j hnc 30/6</463> (pjhg sgr ga rg`nag sgan-cdgrtj),
j vcijr hc rgkhc drutc agksci î j ýitnaj sciãrnj rgegdnhj pgij sg`urchj.

SWGUXÅJ CHCVXCHC, 4646.

Ujdrg j dgkgláenj ejkbgenhj ejaj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj, prgvnstj kc Ejkstntunàåj Lghgrci g
rg`uichj pgic Ign 2.435/3>>3 (ejksnhgrchcs cs citgrcà÷gs prjajvnhcs pgic Ign
35.28</463>), mui`ug c clnracàåj c sg`unr=
J gxgreáenj hg ctnvnhchg rgaukgrchc pjr pcrtg hj sg`urchj rgeiusj qug euaprg pgkc
kj rg`nag lgebchj, kåj cecrrgtc pgrhc hj hnrgntj hg sgus hgpgkhgktgs rgegdgrga j
cuxáinj-rgeiusåj.
@cdcrntj= Grrchj.
Ejagktãrnj= Dcsg pcrc c rgspjstc î j crtn`j 26, § 0½, hc Ign 2435/>3= J gxgreáenj hg
ctnvnhchg rgaukgrchc hj sg`urchj rgeiusj, ga euaprnagktj hg pgkc ga rg`nag
lgebchj, kåj cecrrgtc c pgrhc hj hnrgntj cj rgegdnagktj hj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj pcrc sgus
hgpgkhgktgs.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

58
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC <2
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Hjeuagktjs pcrc rgqugrnagktj hj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj=
egrtnhåj muhnenci qug ctgstc j glgtnvj rgejibnagktj æ prnsåj.
hjeuagktjs pgssjcns sgus g hj sg`urchj prgsj?
prjeurcàåj ju tgraj hg rgprgsgktcàåj ig`ci, nkeiunkhj hjeuagktj hg nhgktnlnecàåj
eja ljtj g EVL, kjs ecsjs hg agkjrgs ju hglnengktgs agktcns?
hjeuagktjs qug ejaprjvga cs rgicà÷gs prgvnhgkenãrncs hj prgsj prgsj,, ejaj Ecrtgnrc
hg Xrcdcibj, gxtrctj hj EKNU, Egrtnhåj hg Xgapj
Xg apj hg Ejktrndunàåj, ecrkís, hjeuagktcàåj
hjeuagktcàåj
rurci, gte.?
hjeuagktjs qug ejaprjvga c qucinhchg hg hgpgkhgktg
hgpgkhgktg..
HNEC <>
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Tgkhc Nknenci kj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj sgrã=
Kåj pjhgrã sgr supgrnjr cj vcijr hg 3 sciãrnj aáknaj?
Bcvgkhj acns hg ua hgpgkhgktg j vcijr hj dgkgláenj hgvgrã sgr rctgchj
rctgchj??
Kåj bã prczj pcrc gktrcr eja j pghnhj hg dgkgláenj?
dgkgláenj?

C Hctc hg Nknenci hj dgkgláenj (HND) sgrã=

hc hctc hj glgtnvj rgejibnagktj æ prnsåj, quckhj rgqugrnhj ctî >6 hncs hgpjns
hgstg (ju 326 hncs ga ecsj hg hgpgkhgktgs agkjrgs hg 3< ckjs)?

hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj, sg rgqugrnhj cpõs j prczj hg >6 ju 326 hncs hc prnsåj

hj sg`urchj.
HNEC 06
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
J cuxáinj-rgeiusåj egsscrã=
Eja c sjiturc hj sg`urchj.
pgic ajrtg hj hgpgkhgktg ju hj sg`urchj prgsj?
pgic lu`c hj sg`urchj hc prnsåj (g kåj ljr ecpturchj)?
pcrc j lnibj
lnibj,, c pgssjc c gig gqunpcrchc ju j nraåj, hg cadjs js sgxjs, cj ejapigtcr
43 ckjs hg nhchg, gxegtj sg gig ljr nkvãinhj ju tnvgr hglneníkenc nktgigetuci ju agktci ju
hglneníkenc `rcvg?
pcrc lnibj ju nraåj nkvãinhj, pgij lna hc nkvcinhgz?
nkvcinhgz?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

57
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
pcrc lnibj ju nraåj qug tgkbc hglneníkenc nktgigetuci ju agktci ju hglneníkenc `rcvg,
pgij clcstcagkt
clcstcagktj j hc hglneníkenc
hglneníkenc??
pcrc j hgpgkhgktg qug ljr ejkhgkchj ernankciagktg eja träksntj ga mui`chj
ejaj cutjr, ejcutjr ju qug cmuhju c gxgeutcr ju tgktcr ua ernag hjijsj (eja nktgkàåj
hg actcr) ejktrc j sg`urchj prgsj, gxegtj agkjrgs hg 3< ckjs ju quga pjssun
hglneníkenc agktci
agktci qug napghg hg gxprnanr suc vjktchg?
pcrc eøkmu`g ju ejapckbgnrj, ga ecsjs gspgeálnejs.
HNEC 03
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Kj ecsj hjs eøkmu`gs j cuxáinj-rgeiusåj egssc
egsscrã
rã kjs ecsjs hg=
Vrgsj eja agkjs hg 32 agsgs hg ejktrndunàåj ju agkjs hg 4 ckjs hg hurcàåj hj
ecscagktj ju uknåj gstãvgi?
Vrgsj eja 32 agsgs hg ejktrndunàåj ju acns g 4 ckjs ju acns hg hurcàåj hj
ecscagktj ju uknåj gstãvgi
gstãvgi??
G sg j sg`urchj lu`nr hc prnsåj: Kgstg ecsj j dgkgláenj sgrã suspgksj. Ecsj sgmc
ecpturchj j dgkgláenj vjitcrã c sgr pc`j c ejktcr hc hctc ga qug gig vjitju æ prnsåj.

HNEC 04
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Ga ecsj hg ejapckbgnrj/eøkmu`g eja 32 agsgs hg ejktrndunàåj, ju acns, g 4 ckjs, ju
acns, hg ecscagktj/uknåj gstãvgi eja j sg`urchj, c hurcàåj hj dgkgláenj hgpgkhgrã hc
nhchg hj hgpgkhgktg kj ajagktj hc prnsåj.
prnsåj.

Hurcàåj hj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj Nhchg hj eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnrj

eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnrj
5 ckjs Agkjs hg 44 ckjs
< ckjs Gktrg 44 g 40 ckjs
36 ckjs Gktrg 42 g 56 ckjs

37 ckjs Gktrg 53 g 83 ckjs

46 ckjs Gktrg 84 g 88 ckjs
\cn hurcr gkqucktj j sg`urchj gstnvgr 88 ckjs ju acns
prgsj

HNEC 05
HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ
Ga ecsj hg sg`urchj prgsj, sgr hgvghjr hg pgksåj cinagktáenc pcrc gx-
ejapckbgnrj/eøkmu`g,
ejapckbgnrj/eøkmu`g, gstg tcadîa tgrã hnrgntj cj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj.
J dgkgláenj sgrã pc`j pgij pgrájhj ga qug j sg`urchj hgvgrnc pc`cr c tátuij hg pgksåj
cinagktáenc tgapjrãrnc pcrc gx-eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnrj
gx-eøkmu`g/ejapckbgnrj pcrtnr hc hctc hg suc prnsåj.
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

5<
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
CXGKÀÅJ!
C pgksåj cinagktáenc hgvgrnc gstcr sgkhj pc`c pgij sg`urchj pjr jdrn`càåj hg uac
muhnenci..
hgtgrankcàåj muhnenci

HNEC 08

HJU DGKGLÁENJU ― HJ CWRÁINJ TGEIWUÅJ

Kåj sgrã hgvnhj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj cj eøkmu`g, ecsj j ecscagktj tgkbc jejrrnhj cpõs c
prnsåj hj sg`urchj?
J lnibj kcsenhj hurcktg c prnsåj hj sg`urchj, tgrã hnrgntj cj dgkgláenj hg cuxáinj-
rgeiusåj c pcrtnr hc hctc hg sgu kcsenagktj?
Ga ecsj hg lcigenagktj hj sg`urchj, j NKUU hgvgrã cutjactnecagktg ejkvgrtgr j
cuxáinj-rgeiusåj ga pgksåj pjr ajrtg
ajrtg,, ij`j qug sg cprgsgktcr c egrtnhåj hg õdntj.

Ecscagktj cktgs hc Eøkmu`g rgegdg

prnsåj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj

Cuxáinj-rgeiusåj
Ecscagktj cpõs c Eøkmu`g KÅJ rgegdg
prnsåj cuxáinj-rgeiusåj

HNEC 07
HJU DGKGLÁENJU CJU ACNJTGU HG 07 CKJU
Wac kjvnhchg qug gstã î c cprjvcàåj hj Vrjmgtj hg Ign 4774/4646, qug prgví c
ejkegssåj cutjaãtnec hg dgkgláenjs prgvnhgkenãrnjs cjs nhjsjs eja 07 ckjs hg nhchg
ju acns
acns,, vnsckhj c ejkegssåj hg dgkgláenjs ejaj c pgksåj pjr ajrtg g j DVE
(Dgkgláenj hg Vrgstcàåj Ejktnkuchc).
J prjmgtj citgrc c Ign 2.435/>3 (dgkgláenjs hc prgvnhíkenc) g c Ign Lghgrci k¶ 36.083/4665
(Gstctutj hj Nhjsj).
Cnkhc, bjuvg c nksgràåj hg uac gagkhc kj prjmgtj hg Ign, ejkljrag c sg`unr=
Ecsj sgmc hgajkstrchj, ga ckãinsg ejkeiusnvc hj Nkstntutj Kcenjkci hj Ug`urj Ujenci
(NKUU), qug j nktgrgsschj kåj euaprg js rgqunsntjs pcrc ejkegssåj hj dgkgláenj gxn`nhjs
kgssc Ign, j vcijr hgvgrã sgr rgvgrtnhj nktg`rciagkt
n ktg`rciagktgg ga lcvjr hj õr`åj ejapgtgktg.
JDU.= Cpõs c pudinecàåj hj ghntci hj ejkeursj hj NKUU, gstc nkljracàåj sgrã
ctucinzchc,, pjns mã hgvgrã tgr snhj trcksljrach
ctucinzchc trcksljrachcc ga Ign.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

50
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 0<
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI
J Dgkgláenj Cssnstíkenc, ejkbgenhj tcadîa ejaj Dgkgláenj hg Vrgstcàåj Ejktnkuchc ―
DVE, î uac prgstcàåj qug î pc`c pgic prgvnhíkenc sjenci, duseckhj `crcktnr ua sciãrnj
aáknaj agksci æs pgssjcs qug kåj pjssuca agnjs hg prjvgr æ prõprnc
sudsnstíkenc ju hg tí-ic prjvnhc pjr suc lcaáinc.

Gssg dgkgláenj î uac `crcktnc ejkstntuenjkci hj enhchåj.

Î hnvnhnhj ga=
Dgkgláenj Cssnstgkenci cj Nhjsj - ejkeghnhj pcrc nhjsjs eja nhchg cenac hg <7
ckjs? g
Dgkgláenj Cssnstgkenc
Cssnstgkencii æ Vgssjc eja Hglneníkenc - cpinechj æs pgssjcs
eja hglneníkenc napjssndnintchcs
napjssndnintchcs hg pcrtnenpcr g sg nksgrnr ga n`ucihchg hg ejkhnà÷gs
eja j rgstcktg hc sjenghchg.

SWGUXÅJ CHCVXCHC, 4638.

J Dgkgláenj hg Vrgstcàåj Ejktnkuchc ∔ DVE î c `crcktnc hg ua sciãrnj-aáknaj
sciãrnj -aáknaj agksci
æ pgssjc eja hglneníkenc qug, hgktrg jutrjs erntîrnjs, ejaprjvg kåj pjssunr agnjs hg
prjvgr c prõprnc ackutgkàåj kga hg tí-ic prjvnhc pjr suc lcaáinc g qug tgkbc
napghnagktjs hg ijk`j prczj hg kcturgzc lásnec, agktci, nktgigetuci ju sgksjrnci.
Sucktj c gssg Dgkgláenj, mui`ug c clnracàåj c sg`unr=
Ug c pgssjc eja hglneníkenc, dgkglnenãrnc hj DVE, gxgregr ctnvnhchg rgaukgrchc,
nkeiusnvg kc ejkhnàåj hg anerjgaprggkhghjr nkhnvnhuci, j pc`cagktj hg sgu dgkgláenj
sgrã suspgksj (g kåj egsschj), pjhgkhj sgr rgctnvchj hgpjns hg gxtnktc c rgicàåj
trcdcibnstc ju c ctnvnhchg gaprggkhghjrc, ju cpõs j prczj hg pc`cagktj hj sg`urj-
hgsgaprg`j, sga tgr qug pcsscr pjr kjvj prjegssj hg rgqunsnàåj g cvcincàåj kj
NKUU.
@cdcrntj= Egrtj.
Ejagktãrnj= J DVE î pc`j æs pgssjcs qug kåj pjssuca agnjs hg prjvgr æ
prõprnc sudsnstík
sudsnstíkenc.
enc. C dcsg pcrc c rgspjstc î j crt. 43-C, §3½, hc Ign k½ 2.084/>5,
ejkljrag sg`ug= J dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc sgrã suspgksj pgij õr`åj
ejkeghgktg quckhj c pgssjc eja hglneníkenc gxgregr ctnvnhchg rgaukgrchc, nkeiusnvg
kc ejkhnàåj hg anerjgaprggkhghjr nkhnvnhuci.
HNEC 00
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI
dgkgláenjs = KÅJ pjhg sgr
Euauicàåj hj Dgkgláenj Cssnstgkenci eja jutrjs dgkgláenjs=
ceuauichj eja jutrjs dgkgláenjs prgvnhgkenãrnjs ju jutrj dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj
ejktnkuchc.
Vcrc rgegdnagktj hj DVE, c pgssjc kåj pjhgrã tgr agnjs hg prjvgr c prõprnc sudsnstíkenc,
gxegàåj,, ga ecsj hg ejktrctcàåj hc pgssjc eja hglneníkenc kc lukàåj hg
acs bã uac gxegàåj
cprgkhnz.
Kgstg ecsj, j dgkglnenãrnj pjhgrã rgegdgr j DVE pgij pgrájhj hg ctî 4 ckjs
ckjs,, muktcagktg
eja c suc rgaukgrcàåj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

52
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
SWGUXÅJ CHCVXCHC, 4643.
Mui`ug j ntga, rgictnvjs æ Ign Jr`äknec hc Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (IJCU).
C ejktrctcàåj hg pgssjc eja hglneníkenc ejaj cprgkhnz kåj cecrrgtc c suspgksåj hj
dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc, sgkhj inantchj c hjns ckjs j rgegdnagktj
ejkejantcktgg hc rgaukgrcàåj g hj dgkgláenj.
ejkejantckt
@cdcrntj= Egrtj.
Ejagktãrnj= J DVE pjhgrã sgr pc`j ga ejkejantäkenc cj sciãrnj rgegdnhj pgij
cprgkhnz, eja dcsg kc Ign k½ 2.084/>, crt. 43-C, §4½= C ejktrctcàåj hg pgssjc eja
hglneníkenc ejaj cprgkhnz kåj cecrrgtc c suspgksåj hj dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj
ejktnkuchc, inantchj c 4 (hjns) ckjs j rgegdnagktj ejkejantcktg hc rgaukgrcàåj g
hj dgkgláenj.

HNEC 02
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― IJCU - IGN K½ 2.084 - IGN JT@ÄKNEC HC
CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
C cssnstíkenc sjenci, î ua hnrgntj hj enhchåj g hgvgr hj Gstchj?
Î Vjiátnec hg Ug`urnhchg Ujenci kåj ejktrndutnvc,
ejktrndutnvc, qug prjví js aáknajs sjencns,
sjencns,
rgcinzchc ctrcvîs hg ua ejkmuktj nktg`rchj hg cà÷gs hg nknenctnvc pýdinec g hc
sjenghchg
sjenghchg,, pcrc `crcktnr j ctgkhnagktj æs kgegssnhchgs dãsnecs.
dãsnecs.
Î lceuitchj cjs Gstchjs g HL vnkeuicr cjs prj`rcacs hg cpjnj æ nkeiusåj g prjajàåj
sjenci ctî 6,7% hg suc rgegntc inqunhc trndutãrnc, vghchc utninzcàåj hgssgs rgeursjs
pcrc pc`cagktj hg pgssjci, ju jutrcs hgspgscs kåj in`chcs æs cà÷gs (hg nkeiusåj g
prjajàåj sjenci).
Cs aghnhcs cssnstgkencns hgvga sgr cpinechcs hg ackgnrc prjpjrenjkci pgijs Gstchjs,
sjd pgkc hg prgmuázj cj nktgrgssg pýdinej.
HNEC 0>
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI - NKECVCENH
NKECVCENHCHG
CHG
C murnspruhíkenc acmjrntãrnc gktgkhg qug c nkecpcenhchg pcrc c vnhc nkhgpgkhgkt
nkhgpgkhgktgg kåj î
sjagktg cqugic qug napghg cs ctnvnhchgs acns gigagktcrgs hc pgssjc, acs tcadîa c
qug napjssndnintg hg prjvgr sgu prõprnj sustgktj.
Vjrtcktj, c nkecpcenhchg pcrenci g tgapjrãrnc tcadîa î sulnengktg pcrc j hglgrnagktj
hj dgkgláenj.
HNEC 26
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI
Î ejkbgenhj pjr auntjs ejaj IJCU, acs gssc hglnknàåj î gqunvjechc, uac vgz qug IJCU
î j kjag hc Ign qug rg`uic j Dgkgláenj hg Vrgstcàåj Ejktnkuchc (DVE).
Vcrc rgegdgr j dgkgláenj kåj î kgegssãrnj qug j rgqugrgktg tgkbc ejktrnduáhj pcrc j
NKUU, dcstckhj qug gstg prggkebc js rgqunsntjs=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

5>
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Xgr acns hg <7 ckjs

hg nhchg

Nhjsj

Gstchj hg
pjdrgzc/kgegssnhchg

DVE
Vjssunr hglneníkenc
qug napgàc c
pcrtnenpcàåj pigkc kc
sjenghchg
Vgssjc pjrtchjrc
hg hglneníkenc
Gstchj hg
pjdrgzc/kgegssnhchg

HNEC 23
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI
J gstchj hg ansgrcdninhchg î c sntucàåj hg pjdrgzc hj `rupj lcanincr hj rgqugrgktg hj
dgkgláenj (DVE).
J gktgkhnagktj acns ctuci sjdrg j erntîrnj sjenjgejkøanej
sjenjgejkøanej hj DVE, gstã rgicenjkchj cj
gstchj hg pjdrgzc ju kgegssnhchg
kgegssnhchg,, kåj acns cj cktn`j gstchj hg ansgrcdninhchg.

UXL
’…j erntîrnj hg rgkhc lcaninc
lcanincrr pjr ecdgàc k
kgig
gig prgvnstj ejaj pc
pcräagtrj
räagtrj jrhnkãrnj hg
clgrnàåj hc ansgrcdninhchg hj nkhnváhuj pcrc lnks hg hglgrnagktj hj dgkgláenj hg
prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc.
ejktnkuchc. Vgrantnu, ejktuhj, cj Munz, kj ecsj ejkergtj, clcstã-ij, pcrc
cssgktcr c rglgrnhc vuikgrcdninhchg eja dcsg ga jutrjs gigagktjs‑. (CTG >50606).

HNEC 24
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI - ECHÝKNEJ
J EchÝknej (Echcstrj Ýknej pcrc Vrj`rcacs Ujencns) î uac dcsg hg ejigtc hg hchjs g
nkljracà÷gs qug vnsc nhgktnlnecr cs lcaáincs hg dcnxc rgkhc gxnstgktgs kj pcás eja
lnkcinhchg hg nkeiusåj ga prj`rcacs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci g rghnstrndunàåj hg rgkhc.
C nksernàåj kj EchÝknej pcssju c sgr rgqunsntj jdrn`ctõrnj pcrc c ejkegssåj hj
dgkgláenj, cpõs j Hgergtj k½ 2.267/463<.
J echcstrcagktj hgvg sgr rgcinzchj cktgs hc cprgsgktcàåj hg rgqugrnagktj æ uknhchg
hj NKUU pcrc c ejkegssåj hj dgkgláenj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

86
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 25
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― CTX. 4½ - IGN K½ 2.084/>5
C cssnstíkenc sjenci tga pjr jdmgtnvjs=
c prjtgàåj sjenci, qug vnsc æ `crcktnc hc vnhc, æ rghuàåj hg hckjs g æ prgvgkàåj hc
nkenhíkenc hg rnsejs, gspgenciagktg=
gspgenciagktg=

c prjtgàåj æ lcaáinc, æ actgrknhchg, æ nkläkenc, æ chjigseíkenc g æ vgibneg?

j capcrj æs ernckàcs g cjs chjigsegktgs ecrgktgs?
c prjajàåj hc nktg`rcàåj cj agrechj hg trcdcibj?
c bcdnintcàåj g rgcdnintcàåj hcs pgssjcs eja hglneníkenc g c prjajàåj hg suc
nktg`rcàåj æ vnhc ejaukntãrnc? g
c `crcktnc hg 3 (ua
ua)) sciãrnj-aáknaj hg dgkgláenj agksci æ pgssjc eja hglneníkenc g
cj nhjsj qug ejaprjvga kåj pjssunr agnjs hg prjvgr c prõprnc ackutgkàåj ju hg tí-ic
prjvnhc pjr suc lcaáinc?
HNEC 28
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― CTX. 4½ - IGN K½ 2.084/>5

Uåj tcadîa jdmgtnvjs hc cssnstíkenc sjenci=

sjenjcssnstgkenci, qug vnsc c ckcinscr tgrrntjrnciagktg c ecpcenhchg
c vn`niäkenc sjenjcssnstgkenci,
prjtgtnvc hcs lcaáincs g kgic c jejrríkenc hg vuikgrcdninhchgs,
vuikgrcdninhchgs, hg cagcàcs, hg
vntnanzcà÷gs g hckjs?
hckjs?
c hglgsc hg hnrgntjs,
hnrgntjs, qug vnsc c `crcktnr j pigkj cegssj cjs hnrgntjs kj ejkmukt
ejkmuktj
j hcs
prjvns÷gs sjenjcssnstgk
sjenjcssnstgkencns
encns..
Cnkhc, pcrc j gklrgktcagktj hc pjdrgzc, c cssnstíkenc sjenci rgcinzc-sg hg ljrac
nktg`rchc æs pjiátnecs sgtjrncns
sgtjrncns,, `crcktnkhj aáknajs sjencns g prjvnagktj hg
ejkhnà÷gs pcrc ctgkhgr ejktnk`íkencs sjencns g prjajvgkhj c uknvgrscinzcàåj hjs
hnrgntjs sjencns.
HNEC 27

DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK ENCI ― CTX. 5½ - IGN K½ 2.084/>5

CUUNUXGKENCI
Ejksnhgrca-sg gktnhchgs g jr`cknzcà÷gs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci cqugics sga lnks
iuerctnvjs qug, nsjichc ju euauictnvcagktg, prgstca ctgkhnagktj g cssgssjrcagktj
cjs dgkglnenãrnjs cdrck`nhjs pgic Ign Jr`äknec hc Cssnstíkenc Ujenci.
Uåj gktnhchgs hg ctgkhnagktj cqugics, hg ljrac ejktnkuchc, pgrackgktg g
pickgmchc, prgstca sgrvnàjs, gxgeutca prj`rcacs ju prjmgtjs g ejkeghga dgkgláenjs hg
prgstcàåj sjenci dãsnec ju gspgenci, hnrn`nhjs æs lcaáincs g nkhnváhujs ga sntucà÷gs hg
vuikgrcdninhchg ju rnsej sjenci g pgssjci,
Uåj gktnhchgs hg cssgssjrcagktj cqugics qug, hg ljrac ejktnkuchc, pgrackgktg g
pickgmchc, prgstca sgrvnàjs g gxgeutca prj`rcacs ju prjmgtjs vjitchjs prnjrntcrncagktg
pcrc j ljrtcigenagktj hjs ajvnagktjs sjencns g hcs jr`cknzcà÷gs hg usuãrnjs,
ljracàåj g ecpcentcàåj hg inhgrckàcs, hnrn`nhjs cj pýdinej hc pjiátnec hg cssnstíkenc sjenci?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

83
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Uåj gktnhchgs hg hglgsc g `crcktnc hg hnrgntjs cqugics qug, hg ljrac ejktnkuchc
ejktnkuchc,,
pgrackgktg g pickgmchc, prgstca sgrvnàjs g gxgeutca prj`rcacs g prjmgtjs vjitchjs
prnjrntcrncagktg pcrc c hglgsc g glgglgtnvcàåj
tnvcàåj h
hjs
js h
hnrgntjs
nrgntjs ssjenjcssnstgkencns,
jenjcssnstgkencns, ejkstruàåj
hg kjvjs hnrgntjs, prjajàåj hc enhchcknc, gklrgktcagktj hcs hgsn`ucihchgs sjencns,
crtneuicàåj eja õr`åjs pýdinejs hg hglgsc hg hnrgntjs, hnrn`nhjs cj pýdinej hc pjiátnec hg
cssnstíkenc sjenci.
HNEC 2<
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK ENCI ― IGN K½ 2.084/>5
CUUNUXGKENCI
Uåj prnkeápnjs hc cssnstíkenc sjenci=
sjenci=
suprgacenc hj ctgkhnagktj æs kgegssnhchgs sjencns sjdrg cs gxn`íkencs hg
rgktcdninhchg
rgktcdninhchg gejkøanec?
uknvgrscinzcàåj hjs hnrgntjs sjencns, c lna hg tjrkcr j hgstnkctãrnj hc càåj cssnstgkenci
cieckàãvgi pgics hgacns pjiátnecs pýdinecs?
rgspgntj æ hn`knhchg hj enhchåj
enhchåj,, æ suc cutjkjanc g cj sgu hnrgntj c dgkgláenjs g
sgrvnàjs hg qucinhchg, dga ejaj æ ejkvnvíkenc lcanincr g ejaukntãrnc, vghckhj-sg
quciqugr ejaprjvcàåj vgxctõrnc hg kgegssnhchg
kgegssnhchg??
n`ucihchg hg hnrgntjs kj cegssj cj ctgkhnagktj, sga hnsernankcàåj hg quciqugr
kcturgzc, `crcktnkhj-sg gqunvciíkenc
gqunvciíkenc æs pjpuicà÷gs urdckcs g rurcns?
hnvui`càåj capic hjs dgkgláenjs, sgrvnàjs, prj`rcacs g prjmgtjs cssnstgkencns, dga
ejaj hjs rgeursjs jlgrgenhjs pgij Vjhgr Výdinej g hjs erntîrnjs pcrc suc ejkegssåj.
HNEC 20
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― HNTGXTN]GU HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
Uåj hnrgtrnzgs hc jr`cknzcàåj hc cssnstíkenc sjenci=
sjenci=
hgsegktrcinzcàåj pjiátnej-chanknstrctnvc pcrc js Gstchjs, j Hnstrntj Lghgrci g js
Aukneápnjs, g ejackhj ýknej hcs cà÷gs ga echc gslgrc hg `jvgrkj?
pjpuicàåj,, pjr agnj hg jr`cknzcà÷gs rgprgsgktct
pcrtnenpcàåj hc pjpuicàåj rgprgsgktctnvcs,
nvcs, kc ljrauicàåj
hcs pjiátnecs g kj ejktrjig hcs cà÷gs ga tjhjs js kávgns?

gaprnacznc hchg
echc gslgrc rgspjkscdninhchg
`jvgrkj. hj Gstchj kc ejkhuàåj hc pjiátnec hg cssnstíkenc sjenci

SWGUXÅJ CHCVXCHC, 463>.

Mui`ug c clnractnvc c sg`unr=
Cs hnrgtrnzgs kc ãrgc hg cssnstíkenc sjenci lneca jr`cknzchcs sjd c ljrac hg snstgac
hgsegktrcinzchj,
hgsegktrcinzch j, pcrtnenpctnvj g eja prnacznc hc rrgspjkscdninh
gspjkscdninhchg
chg hj Gstchj.
@cdcrntj= Egrtj.
Ejagktãrnj= C dcsg pcrc c rgspjstc î j crt. 7½, hc Ign k½ 2.084/>5.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

84
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 22
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ G @GUXÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
C `gståj hcs cà÷gs kc ãrgc hg cssnstíkenc sjenci lnec jr`cknzchc sjd c ljrac hg
snstgac hgsegktrcinzchj g pcrtnenpctnvj
pcrtnenpctnvj,, hgkjankchj Unstgac Ýknej hg Cssnstíkenc
Ujenci (UWCU), eja js sg`unktgs
sg`unktgs jdmgtnvjs=
ejksjinhcr c `gståj ejapcrtnibchc
ejapcrtnibchc,, j ejlnkckencagktj g c ejjpgrcàåj tîeknec gktrg
js gktgs lghgrctnvjs qug, hg ajhj crtneuichj, jpgrca
ejktrndutnvc? c prjtgàåj sjenci kåj

nktg`rcr c rghg pýdinec g prnvchc hg sgrvnàjs, prj`rcacs, prjmgtjs g dgkgláenjs hg

cssnstíkenc sjenci, kc ljrac hj crt. < j-E
gstcdgigegr cs rgspjkscdninhchgs hjs gktgs lghgrctnvjs kc jr`cknzcàåj, rg`uicàåj,
ackutgkàåj g gxpcksåj hcs cà÷gs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci?
hglnknr js kávgns hg `gståj,
`gståj, rgspgntchcs cs hnvgrsnhchgs rg`njkcns g
auknenpcns?
napigagktcr c `gståj hj trcdcibj g c ghuecàåj pgrackgktg kc cssnstíkenc
sjenci?
gstcdgigegr c `gståj nktg`rchc hg sgrvnàjs g dgkgláenjs? g
clnckàcr c vn`niäkenc sjenjcssnstgkenci g c `crcktnc hg hnrgntjs.
HNEC 2>
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ G @GUXÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
Cs cà÷gs jlgrtchcs kj äadntj hj UWCU tía pjr jdmgtnvj c prjtgàåj æ lcaáinc,
lcaáinc, æ
actgrknhchg,, æ nkläkenc
actgrknhchg nkläkenc,, æ chjigseíkenc g æ vgibneg g, ejaj dcsg hg jr`cknzcàåj, j
tgrrntõrnj.
J UWCU î nktg`rchj pgijs gktgs lghgrctnvjs
lghgrctnvjs,, pgijs rgspgetnvjs ejksgibjs hg
cssnstíkenc sjenci g pgics gktnhchgs g jr`cknzcà÷gs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci cdrck`nhcs pjr
gstc Ign.
C nkstäkenc ejjrhgkchjrc hc Vjiátnec Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci î j Anknstîrnj hj
Hgsgkvjivnagktj Ujenci g Ejadctg æ Ljag
Ljag..
Ecdg æ nkstäkenc ejjrhgkchjrc hc Vjiátnec Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci kjractnzcr
g pchrjknzcr j gaprg`j g c hnvui`càåj hc nhgktnhchg vnsuci hj Uucs.
HNEC 06
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
C cssnstíkenc sjenci gstã jr`cknzchc pgijs sg`unktgs tnpjs hg prjtgàåj=
prjtgàåj sjenci dãsnec= ejkmuktj hg sgrvnàjs, prj`rcacs, prjmgtjs g dgkgláenjs hc
cssnstíkenc sjenci qug vnsc c prgvgknr sntucà÷gs hg vuikgrcdninhchg g rnsej sjenci pjr agnj
hj hgsgkvjivnagktj hg pjtgkencinhchgs g cqunsnà÷gs g hj ljrtcigenagktj hg vákeuijs
lcanincrgs g ejaukntãrnjs?
prjtgàåj sjenci gspgenci= ejkmuktj hg sgrvnàjs, prj`rcacs g prjmgtjs qug tga pjr
jdmgtnvj ejktrndunr pcrc c rgejkstruàåj hg vákeuijs lcanincrgs g ejaukntãrnjs, c hglgsc hg
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

85
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
hnrgntj, j ljrtcigenagktj hcs pjtgkencinhchgs g cqunsnà÷gs g c prjtgàåj hg lcaáincs g
nkhnváhujs pcrc j gklrgktcagktj hcs sntucà÷gs hg vnjicàåj hg hnrgntjs.
HNEC 03
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
Cs prjtgà÷gs sjencns (gspgenci g dãsnecs) sgråj jlgrgenhcs pjr=

Egktrjs hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (ETCU

(ETCU)?
)?
Gspgencinzchj hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (ETGCU)?
Egktrjs hg Tglgríkenc Gspgencinzchj ETGCU)?
Gktnhchgs hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci sga lnks iuerctnvjs.

Vrjtgàåj sjenci
dãsnec

ETCU
Vrgvgkàåj hg
sntucàåj hg
vuikgrcdninhchg g
rnsej sjenci
Wknhchg hg
ctgkhnagktj
Vrjtgàåj sjenci
gspgenci

ETGCU
Gklrgktcagktj hg
sntucà÷gs hg
vnjicàåj hg hnrgntjs

HNEC 04
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI
J ETCU g j ETGCU såj uknhchgs gstctcns pýdinecs,
pýdinecs, ljrachcs kj äadntj hj UWCU,
tgkhj nktgrcàåj eja jutrcs pjiátnecs pýdinecs, g jlgrtca prjmgtjs g sgrvnàjs hg cssnstíkenc
sjenci?
Hgvga tgr nkstcicà÷gs chgquchcs cjs sgrvnàjs jlgrtchjs?
Gspcàj pcrc ctgkhnagktj rgsgrvchj
rgsgrvchj??
@crcktnr c cegssndninhchg cjs nhjsjs g pgssjcs eja hglneníkenc.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

88
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

ETCU

Wknhchg pýdinec auknenpci?

Ga ijecns hg acnjr vuikgrcdninhchg
vuikgrcdninhchg g rnsej sjenci?
Hgstnkchc c cpinecàåj hg sgrvnàjs sjenjcssnstgken
sjenjcssnstgkencns.
cns.

ETGCU

Wknhchg pýdinec auknenpci, gstchuci ju rg`njkci?

Vrgstc sgrvnàj æ lcaáincs g nkhnváhujs ga rnsej sjenci?
Nktgrvgkàåj hg prjtgàåj sjenci gspgencinzcsc.

HNEC 05
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
VTJ@TCAC HG GTTCHNECÀÅJ HJ XTCDCIBJ
Vrj`rcac hg Grrchnecàåj hj Xrcdcibj (VGXN
(VGXN),
), pjssun cspgetj nktgrsgtjrnci?
Cdrck`íkenc Kcenjkci?
Kcenjkci?
Gk`ijdc trckslgríkenc hg rgkhc?
Xrcdcibj sjenci?
sjenci?
Ugrvnàjs sjenjghuectnvjs,
sjenjghuectnvjs, cpineãvgns æs ernckàcs g chjigsegktgs.
Ernckàcs g chjigsegktgs nhgktnlnechcs kj Echcstrj Ýknej pcrc Vrj`rcacs Ujencns hj
@jvgrkj Lghgrci.
CXGKÀÅJ!
J trcdcibj nklcktni chqunrg ecrcetgrástnecs hg gxpijrcàåj quckhj gkvjivg=
Ctnvnhchgs gxgrenhcs ga pgrájhj nktg`rci hurcktg auntcs bjrcs?
Ctnvnhchgs qug napgàca j cegssj æ ghuecàåj?
Ctnvnhchgs rgcinzchcs
rgcinzchcs kcs rucs ju ga aãs ejkhnà÷gs?
Ejaprjagtnagktj
Ejaprjagtnagktj hc hn`knhchg g cutjgstnac?
Gxegssj hg gstrgssg lásnej, gajenjkci ju psnejiõ`nej?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

87
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Gsercvnhåj?
Vrgmuázj hj hgsgkvjivnagkt
hgsgkvjivnagktj
j psnejiõ`nej?
Xrcdcibj sgrvni ju gxpijrcàåj sgxuci? ju
Tgaukgrcàåj nkchgquchc g rgspjkscdninhc
rgspjkscdninhchg
hg gxegssnvc.

HNEC 08
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
EJAVGXÍKENC
Ejapgtg æ Wknåj=
rgspjkhgr pgic ejkegssåj g ackutgkàåj hjs dgkgláenjs hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc?
ejlnkckencr, pjr agnj hg trckslgríkenc cutjaãtnec, j cprnajrcagktj hc `gståj`gståj,, js
sgrvnàjs, js prj`rcacs g js prjmgtjs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci ga äadntj kcenjkci?
ctgkhgr,
ctgkhgr, ga ejkmuktj eja js Gstchjs, j Hnstrntj Lghgrci g js Aukneápnjs, æs cà÷gs
cssnstgkencns hg ecrãtgr hg gagr`íkenc.
gagr`íkenc.
rgcinzcr j ajkntjrcagktj g c cvcincàåj hc pjiátnec hg cssnstíkenc sjenci g
cssgssjrcr Gstchjs, Hnstrntj Lghgrci g Aukneápnjs pcrc sgu hgsgkvjivnagkt
hgsgkvjivnagktj.
j.
HNEC 07
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
EJAVGXÍKENC
Õr`åj supgrnjr hg hgindgrcàåj ejig`nchc=
ejig`nchc=
Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (EKCU)?
\nkeuichj æ gstruturc hj õr`åj hc Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec Lghgrci rgspjksãvgi pgic
ejjrhgkcàåj hc Vjiátnec Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci
Agadrjs, kjagchjs pgij Vrgsnhgktg hc Tgpýdinec, tía ackhctj hg 4 ckjs, pgrantnhc
uac ýknec rgejkhuàåj pjr n`uci pgrájhj.
HNEC 0<
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
EJAVGXÍKENC
J Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (EKCU)=
î ejapjstj pjr 32 (hgzjntj) agadrjs g rgspgetnvjs supigktgs
Js agadrjs g supigktgs såj nkhnechjs cj õr`åj hc Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec Lghgrci,
ejkljrag erntîrnjs=
> (kjvg) rgprgsgktcktgs `jvgrkcagktcns, nkeiunkhj 3 (ua) rgprgsgktcktg hjs Gstchjs
g 3 (ua) hjs Aukneápnjs
Aukneápnjs??
> (kjvg) rgprgsgktcktgs hc sjenghchg envni,
envni, sgkhj rgprgsgktcktgs
rgprgsgktcktgs hjs usuãrnjs ju hg
jr`cknzcà÷gs hg usuãrnjs, hcs gktnhchg
gktnhchgss g jr`cknzcà÷gs hg cssnstíkenc sjenci g hjs

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

8<
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
trcdcibchjrgs hj sgtjr, gsejibnhjs ga ljrj prõprnj sjd lnsecinzcàåj hj Anknstîrnj Výdinej
Lghgrci.

î prgsnhnhj pjr ua hg sgus nktg`rcktgs, gigntj hgktrg sgus agadrjs

agadrjs,, pcrc ackhctj
hg 3 (ua) ckj, pgrantnhc uac ýknec rgejkhuàåj pjr n`uci pgrájhj.

tgrã uac Ugergtcrnc Gxgeutnvc.

HNEC 00
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
EJAVGXÍKENC
Ejapgtg cj Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci=
cprjvcr c Vjiátnec Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci?
kjractnzcr cs cà÷gs g rg`uicr c prgstcàåj hg sgrvnàjs hg kcturgzc pýdinec g prnvchc
kj ecapj hc cssnstíkenc sjenci?
cejapckbcr g lnsecinzcr j prjegssj hg egrtnlnecàåj hcs gktnhchgs g jr`cknzcà÷gs hg
cssnstíkenc?
cprgencr rgictõrnj ckuci eja c rgicàåj hg gktnhchgs g jr`cknzcà÷gs hg cssnstíkenc
sjenci egrtnlnechcs ejaj dgkglnegktg
dgkglnegktgs?
s?
zgicr pgic glgtnvcàåj hj snstgac hgsegktrcinzchj g pcrtnenpctnvj hg cssnstíkenc
sjenci?
ejkvjecr c echc quctrj ckjs c Ejklgríkenc Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci?
Ujenci?
HNEC 02
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― JT@CKN]CÀÅJ HC CUUNUXÍKENC UJENCI -
EJAVGXÍKENC
Xcadîa ejapgtg cj Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc
C ssnstíkenc Ujenci=
cprgencr g cprjvcr c prjpjstc jràcagktãrnc hc Cssnstíkenc Ujenci?
cprjvcr erntîrnjs hg trckslgríkenc hg rgeursjs pcrc js Gstchjs, Aukneápnjs g Hnstrntj
Lghgrci?
cejapckbcr g cvcincr c `gståj hjs rgeursjs,
rgeursjs, g j hgsgapgkbj hjs prj`rcacs g
prjmgtjs cprjvchjs?
gstcdgigegr hnrgtrnzgs,
hnrgtrnzgs, cprgencr g cprjvcr js prj`rcacs ckucns g piurnckucns hj
(LKCU)?
Lukhj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (LKCU )?
nkhnecr j rgprgsgktcktg hj Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (EKCU
(EKCU)?
)?
gicdjrcr g cprjvcr sgu rg`nagktj nktgrkj?
nktgrkj?
hnvui`cr, kj Hnãrnj Jlnenci hc Wknåj, tjhcs cs sucs hgens÷gs
hnvui`cr, hgens÷gs,, dga ejaj cs ejktcs hj
Lukhj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci (LKCU) g js rgspgetnvjs pcrgegrgs gantnhjs.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

80
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
SWGUXÅJ CHCVXCHC, 4638.
Ejkljrag c IJCU, ejapgtg cj EKCU (Ejksgibj Kcenjkci hg Cssnstíkenc Ujenci)
cejapckbcr g cvcincr c `gståj hjs rgeursjs, dga ejaj js `ckbjs sjencns g j
hgsgapgkbj hjs prj`rcacs g prjmgtjs cprjvchjs.
@cdcrntj= Egrtj.

HNEC 0>
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― DGKGLÁENJU G\GKXWCNU
Uåj pjr dgkgláenjs gvgktucns=
Cs prjvns÷gs supigagktcrgs g prjvnsõrncs qug nktg`rga jr`cknecagktg cs `crcktncs hj
UWCU? g
Uåj prgstchcs cjs enhchåjs g æs lcaáincs ga vnrtuhg hg kcsenagktj, ajrtg, sntucà÷gs
hg vuikgrcdninhchg tgapjrãrnc g hg ecicanhchg pýdinec.
pýdinec.
C ejkegssåj g j vcijr hjs dgkgláenjs sgråj hglnknhjs pgijs Gstchjs, Hnstrntj Lghgrci
g Aukneápnjs.
Js dgkgláenjs gvgktucns sudsnhnãrnjs kåj pjhgråj sgr euauichjs eja cqugigs
nkstntuáhjs ctnk`nhc
pjpuicàåj pgics Igns
pjrkj 36.>78/68 (Cuxáinj Gagr`gkenci Lnkckegnrj pcrc ctgkhnagktj æ
hgscstrgs).
HNEC 26
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― DGKGLÁENJU G\GKXWCNU - HJ CWRÁINJ-NKEIWUÅJ
Xgrã hnrgntj æ ejkegssåj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj,
cuxáinj-nkeiusåj, c pgssjc eja hglneníkenc ajhgrchc
ju `rcvg qug, euauictnvcag
euauictnvcagktg=
ktg=
rgegdc j dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuc
ejktnkuchc
hc,, g pcssg c gxgregr ctnvnhchg=
qug tgkbc rgaukgrcàåj inantchc c 4 (hjns) sciãrnjs-aáknajs
sciãrnjs-aáknajs?? g
qug gkquchrg j dgkglnenãrnj ejaj sg`urchj jdrn`ctõrnj hj Tg`nag @grci hg
Vrgvnhíkenc Ujenci ju ejaj lninchj c rg`nag prõprnj hg prgvnhíkenc sjenci hc Wknåj,
hjs Gstchjs, hj Hnstrntj Lghgrci ju hjs Aukneápnjs?
tgkbc nksernàåj ctucinzchc kj EchÝknej kj ajagktj hj rgqugrnagktj hj cuxáinj-
nkeiusåj?
tgkbc nksernàåj rg`uicr kj EVL? g
ctgkhc cjs erntîrnjs hg ackutgkàåj hj dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc,
ejktnkuchc,
nkeiuáhjs js erntîrnjs rgictnvjs æ rgkhc lcanincr agksci pgr ecpntc gxn`nhc pcrc j cegssj
cj dgkgláenj.
HNEC 23
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGKENCI ― DGKGLÁENJU G\GKXWCNU - HJ CWRÁINJ-NKEIWUÅJ
J cuxáinj-nkeiusåj pjhgrã cnkhc sgr ejkeghnhj
ejkeghnhj,, aghncktg rgqugrnagktj g sga
rgtrjctnvnhchg kj pc`cagktj, cj dgkglnenãrnj=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

82
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
Sug tgkbc rgegdnhj j dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc kjs 7 (enkej) ckjs
naghnctcagktg cktgrnjrgs cj gxgreáenj hc ctnvnhchg rgaukgrchc? g
Sug tgkbc tnhj j dgkgláenj suspgksj?
suspgksj?
J vcijr hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj pgregdnhj pjr ua agadrj hc lcaáinc kåj sgrã
ejksnhgrchj kj eãieuij hc rgkhc lcanincr agksci pgr ecpntc, pcrc lnks hg ejkegssåj g hg
ackutgkàåj hg jutrj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj kj äadntj hj agsaj `rupj lcanincr.

J vcijr pjr
pgregdnhjs hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj g j hc kåj
ua agadrj hc lcaáinc rgaukgrcàåj hj dgkglnenãrnj
sgråj ejksnhgrchjs
ejksnhgrchj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj
s kj eãieuij hc rgkhc
lcanincr agksci pgr ecpntc pcrc lnks hg ackutgkàåj hg dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj
ejktnkuchc ejkeghnhj cktgrnjragktg
cktgrnjragktg c jutrc pgssjc hj agsaj `rupj lcanincr.
Vcrc lnks hg eãieuij hc rgkhc lcanincr pgr ecpntc,
ecpntc, sgråj hgsejksnhgrchcs=
hgsejksnhgrchcs=
Cs rgaukgrcà÷gs jdtnhcs pgij rgqugrgktg ga hgejrríkenc hg gxgreáenj hg ctnvnhchg
icdjrci,, hgshg qug j tjtci rgegdnhj kj aís sgmc n`uci ju nklgrnjr c 4 (hjns) sciãrnjs-
icdjrci
aáknajs? g
Cs rgkhcs jrnukhcs hjs rgkhnagktjs hgejrrgktgs hg gstã`nj supgrvnsnjkchj g hg
cprgkhnzc`ga
cprgkhnzc`ga..
HNEC 24

DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK ENCI ― HJ CWRÁINJ-NKEIWUÅJ

CUUNUXGKENCI
J cuxáinj-nkeiusåj î hgvnhj c pcrtnr hc hctc hj rgqugrnagktj?
rgqugrnagktj?
Xgrã vcijr ejrrgspjkhgktg c 76% (enkqugktc pjr egktj) hj vcijr hj dgkgláenj hg
prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc ga vn`jr?
Cj rgqugrgr j cuxáinj-nkeiusåj,
cuxáinj-nkeiusåj, j dgkglnenãrnj cutjrnzcrã c suspgksåj hj dgkgláenj
hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc?
ejktnkuchc?
J pc`cagktj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj kåj sgrã ceuauichj eja j pc`cagktj hg=
dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc?
prgstcà÷gs c tátuij hg cpjsgktchjrnc, hg pgks÷gs ju hg dgkgláenjs pjr nkecpcenhchg
pc`js pjr quciqugr rg`nag hg prgvnhíkenc sjenci? ju
sg`urj-hgsgaprg`j.
HNEC 25
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― HJ CWRÁINJ-NKEIWUÅJ
J pc`cagktj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj
cuxáinj-nkeiusåj egsscrã kc bnpõtgsg hg j dgkglnenãrnj=
hgnxcr hg ctgkhgr cjs erntîrnjs hg ackutgkàåj hj dgkgláenj hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc?
ju
hgnxcr hg ctgkhgr cjs erntîrnjs hg ejkegssåj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj.

CXGKÀÅJ!
Ctj hj Vjhgr Gxgeutnvj lghgrci hnspjrã sjdrg j prjeghnagktj hg vgrnlnecàåj hjs
erntîrnjs hg ackutgkàå
ackutgkàåj
j g hg rgvnsåj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj
cuxáinj-nkeiusåj..

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

8>
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
HNEC 28
DGKGLÁENJ CUUNUXGK
CUUNUXGKENCI
ENCI ― HJ CWRÁINJ-NKEIWUÅJ
Kåj pjhgrã bcvgr hgsejktj hg quciqugr ejktrndunàåj kj cuxáinj-nkeius
cuxáinj-nkeiusåj?
åj?
Kåj `grc hnrgntj c pc`cagktj hg cdjkj ckuci?
ckuci?
Ejapgtg cj Anknstîrnj hc Enhchcknc c `gståj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj, g cj NKUU c suc
jpgrcenjkcinzcàåj g pc`cagktj.
jpgrcenjkcinzcàåj
Cs hgspgscs hgejrrgktgs hj pc`cagktj hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj ejrrgråj æ ejktc hj
jràcagktj hj Anknstîrnj hc Enhchcknc.
Bcvgkhj hîdntjs hj dgkglnenãrnj hgejrrgktgs hg rgegdnagktj nrrg`uicr hj dgkgláenj
hg prgstcàåj ejktnkuchc ju hj cuxáinj-nkeiusåj pjhgråj sgr ejksn`kchjs kj vcijr agksci
hgssgs dgkgláenjs.
HNEC 27
HJ UGT\NÀJ UJENCI
Jdmgtnvj hj sgrvnàj sjenci= Gseicrgegr hnrgntjs sjencns hjs sg`urchjs g hgpgkhgktgs.
Î ua sgrvnàj hgvnhj cjs sg`urchjs g hgpgkhgktgs?
Kåj gxn`g ecríkenc
ecríkenc??
Ug`urchjs ga `jzj hg dgkgláenj pjr nkecpcenhchg tgapjrãrnc,
tgapjrãrnc, pjssuga prnjrnhchg
kgstg sgrvnàj?
Nkstruagktjs hg jpgrcenjkcinzcàå
jpgrcenjkcinzcàåj
j hj sgrvnàj sjenci=
Cssnstíkenc
Cssnstíkenc muráhnec?
Cmuhc actgrnci?
Tgeursjs sjencns?
Tgcinzcàåj hg ejkvíknjs g cejrhjs.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

76
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68
ÎXNEC
HNEC 2<
EJKEGNXJ HG EJANUUÅJ
Xrctc-sg hg ua `rupj hg pgssjcs
pgssjcs,, qug î hgsn`kchj pcrc jrngktcr, hgindgrcr,
rgspjkhgr c ejksuitcs g jutrcs ctnvnhchgs rgicenjkchcs æ Îtnec Výdinec. Igadrckhj qug
c Ejanssåj hg Îtnec î cutøkjac,
cutøkjac, sgkhj cpgkcs lnkckenchc pgic nkstntunàåj jkhg ctuc.
Napjrtcktg rgsscitcr qug j jdmgtnvj hc ejanssåj,
ejanssåj, ga ajagktj ci`ua, sgrã j hg
ejkstrck`gr c pgssjc civj hc cpurcàåj. J prõprnj Hgergtj <.6<>/4660,
<.6<>/4660, jkhg sg hnsp÷g
sjdrg c prjtgàåj æ bjkrc g æ nac`ga hc pgssjc nkvgstn`chc,
nkvgstn`chc , dga ejaj sjdrg c
prjtgàåj æ nhgktnhchg hj hgkukencktg, qug hgvgrã sgr acktnhc sjd rgsgrvc, sg gstg cssna
j hgsgmcr.
C prjpõsntj, js nktg`rcktgs hcs ejanss÷gs hg îtnec hgvga sgr gsejibnhjs gktrg
sgrvnhjrgs g gaprg`chjs hj quchrj pgrackgktg hj õr`åj ju gktnhchg
gktnhchg,,

VTJXGÀÅJ Æ BJKTC G Æ NAC@GANAC@GA1

1 hnrgntjs hc pgrsjkcinhchg (rji hj Eõhn`j
Envni agrcagktg gxgapinlnectnvj)
Wac hcs ctrndunà÷gs hc EGV,
EGV, qug pjhga sgr cdjrhchcs ga prjvc î c hg sudagtgr cj
Vrgsnhgktg hc Tgpýdinec su`gst÷gs hg cprnajrcagktj hj Eõhn`j hg Ejkhutc g
rgsjiuà÷gs hg ecrãtgr nktgrprgtctnvj hg sucs kjracs.
\cig c pgkc rgsscitcr qug c EGV ctuc ejaj nkstäkenc ejksuitnvc hj Vrgsnhgktg hc
Tgpýdinec g Anknstrjs hg Gstchj ga actîrnc hg îtnec pýdinec.
pýdinec.
HNEC GRXTC= Suckhj gstnvgrajs lcickhj UGETGXCTNC-GRGEWXN\C HC EGV
EGV,, gic
gstcrã vnkeuichc æ ecsc envni hc Vrgsnhíkenc hc Tgpýdinec.
Vjrtcktj,
Vjrtcktj, igadrcr qug= lciju ga EGV, lciju ga vnkeuicàåj æ Ecsc Envni.
HNEC 20
EJANUUÅJ HG ÎXNEC VÝDINEC - TGWKN×GU JTHNKÃTNCU
JTHNKÃTNCU HC EGV
Cs rgukn÷gs jrhnkãrncs hc EGV gståj dga hgtcibchcs ga sgu Tg`nagktj Nktgrkj
Nktgrkj..
Igadrckhj sgaprg qug j Ugergtãrnj-Gxgeutnvj hgvg prgstcr nkljracà÷gs sjdrg j
gstã`nj hg gxgeuàåj hcs ctnvnhchgs ejktgapichcs kj pickj hg trcdcibj g sgus
rgsuitchjs, agsaj qug gstgs sgmca pcrencns.
Jo, acs eja qug lrgquíkenc gsscs rgukn÷gs jejrrga:
\gmc= gics hgvga cejktgegr ga ecrãtgr jrhnkãrnj, agksciagktg, g,
gxtrcjrhnkcrncagktg,, sgaprg qug sg lnzgr kgegssãrnj. G acns= pjr nknenctnvc hg
gxtrcjrhnkcrncagktg
quciqugr hg sgus agadrjs.
agadrjs.
Acs g quckhj gxnstnr ci`ua cssuktj hg gxtrgac ur`íkenc:
ur`íkenc: Dja, quckhj ljr cssna, js
cssuktjs ejksnhgrchjs ejaj ur`gktgs g gspgeálnejs pjhgråj sgr jdmgtj hg hgindgrcàåj,
hgshg qug bcmc c ejauknecàåj gktrg js agadrjs hc EGV.
Mã kj ecsj hcs rgukn÷gs ejig`nchcs hc EGV,EGV, gstcs sgråj nkstcurchcs aghncktg c
prgsgkàc, lásnec ju rgajtc, hc acnjrnc cdsjiutc hg sgus agadrjs, ejkljrag j
kjractnzchj
kjractnzch 38,, hg 47 hg acràj hg 4646.
j kc Tgsjiuàåj k½ 38

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.

73
 Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 22
TGAWKGTCÀÅJ CJU AGADTJU HC EGV
Wa pjktj qug suc prjvc pjhg ejdrcr vgrsc sjdrg c rgaukgrcàåj cjs agadrjs.
agadrjs. Xgkbc
ga agktg qug c ctucàåj ga Ejanssåj hg Îtnec KÅJ GKUGMC rgaukgrcàåj g js trcdcibjs
kgic hgsgkvjivnhjs såj ejksnhgrchjs prgstcàåj
prgstcàåj hg rgigvcktg sgrvnàj pýdinej
pýdinej..
Nkeiusnvg, nssj mã ljn jdmgtj hg pgr`uktc kc prjvc hj NKUU. \gmcajs=
SWGUXÅJ EGUVG, 4636.
C rgspgntj hc îtnec kj sgrvnàj pýdinej, mui`ug js ntgks qug sg
sg`uga. C rgaukgrcàåj hjs agadrjs hc ejanssåj hg îtnec pýdinec gqunvcig æ agtchg
hj vgkenagktj hj sgrvnhjr kj sgu ecr`j hg jrn`ga.
( ) EGTXJ
( ) GTTCHJ
@cdcrntj= Grrchj. Hgergtj <.64>/4660 (Crt.5½ §3)  C ctucàåj kj äadntj hc
EGV kåj gksgmc quciqugr rgaukgrcàåj pcrc sgus agadrjs g js trcdcibjs kgic
hgsgkvjivnhjs såj ejksnhgrchjs prgstcàåj hg rgigvcktg sgrvnàj pýdinej.
pýdinej.

HNEC 2>
VTNKEÁVNJ HC NAVGUUJCINHCHG KC EJANUUÅJ
Xrctc-sg hg ua prnkeápnj qug prgzc pgic napcrencinhchg.
napcrencinhchg. Î napjrtcktg qug sg scndc
qug j prõprnj hgergtj trcz c hnspjsnàåj hg qug j agadrj hc EGV qug, ga rczåj hg suc
ctnvnhchg prjlnssnjkci, tnvgr rgicenjkcagktj gspgeálnej ga actîrnc qug gkvjivc
cutjrnhchg sudagtnhc cj Eõhn`j hg Ejkhutc hc Citc Chanknstrcàåj, hgvgrã cdstgr-sg
hg pcrtnenpcr hg hgindgrcàåj qug, hg quciqugr ajhj, c clgtg.
Ij`j, î hg suac napjrtäkenc qug j sgrvnhjr sg cdstgkbc tjtciagktg hg quciqugr
jpnknåj pgssjci kc bjrc qug gstnvgr kc Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec,
NAVJTXCKXG= C EGUVG ljn c dckec hj ýitnaj ejkeursj hj NKUU, g, ga ejkeursjs
rgeîa cpinechjs, acns prgenscagktg hj Cssnstgktg Muráhnej hj HL, c cssgrtnvc sg`unktg ljn
ejksnhgrchc ejrrgtc
ejrrgtc==
’Kj prnkeápnj hc napgssjcinhchg
napgssjcinhchg,, trchuz-sg c nhgnc hg qug c chanknstrcàåj tga qug
trctcr tjhjs js chanknstrchjs sga hnsernankcà÷gs, dgkîlnecs ju hgtrnagktjscs‑.
hgtrnagktjscs‑.
HNEC >6
EÕHN@J HG EJKHWXC HC CIXC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ LGHGTCI
J Eõhn`j hg Ejkhutc hc Citc Chanknstrcàåj Lghgrci tga, hgktrg jutrcs lnkcinhchgs,
tjrkcr eicrcs cs rg`rcs îtnecs hg ejkhutc hcs cutjrnhchgs hc citc Chanknstrcàåj
Výdinec Lghgrci. Igadrckhj sgaprg qug js pchr÷gs îtnejs gxn`nhjs pjr gstg eõhn`j såj
tcktj kc vnhc pýdinec qucktj kc prnvchc.
prnvchc.
Egrtj, gktgkhn. Acs quci î j prczj pcrc c cutjrnhchg civj hj prjegssj hg cpurcàåj
hc EGV sg acknlgstcr sjdrg j jejrrnhj: 67 hncs!
G ejaj gu lcàj pcrc kåj gsqugegr j prczj: C pcicvrc cutjrnhchg tga 7 sáicdcs,
sáicdcs,
ij`j, enkej hncs!
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 74

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

CW XJ TN HC HG 7 sáicdcs 7 hncs

Igadrckhj sgaprg qug gstg Eõhn`j sg cpinec c=

c=
Anknstrjs g Ugergtãrnjs hg Gstchj?
gspgenci,, sgergtãrnjs-gxgeutnvjs, sgergtãrnjs ju
Xntuicrgs hg ecr`js hg kcturgzc gspgenci
cutjrnhchgs gqunvcigktgs jeupcktgs hg ecr`j hj @rupj-Hnrgàåj g Cssgssjrcagktj
Uupgrnjrgs - HCU, kávgi sgns?
Vrgsnhgktgs g hnrgtjrgs hg c`íkencs kcenjkcns, cutcrquncs, nkeiusnvg cs gspgencns,
lukhcà÷gs acktnhcs pgij Vjhgr Výdinej, gaprgscs pýdinecs g sjenghchgs hg gejkjanc
anstc.
DN]W GRXTC= Ecsj suc qugståj pgr`uktg sjdrg c prjhuàåj hg prjvcs,
prjvcs, lnqug engktg
hg qug gvgktuci hgkukencktg, c prõprnc cutjrnhchg pýdinec g c EGV, hg jláenj
jláenj,,
pjhgråj prjhuznr prjvc hjeuagktci
hjeuagktci..
HNEC >3
UNUXGAC HG @GUXÅJ HC ÎXNEC HJ VJHGT GRGEWXN\J LGHGTCI
Gstg snstgac ljn ernchj eja j nktuntj hg prjajvgr ctnvnhchgs qug vgrsga sjdrg c
ejkhutc îtnec kj pjktj rglgrgktg cj Vjhgr Gxgeutnvj
Gx geutnvj lghgrci.
UWCU EJAVGXÍKENCU
EJAVGXÍKENCU==
Nktg`rcr js õr`åjs,
õr`åjs, prj`rcacs g cà÷gs rgicenjkchcs eja c îtnec pýdinec?
Ejktrndunr pcrc c napigagktcàåj hg pjiátnecs pýdinecs tgkhj c trckspcríkenc g j
cegssj æ nkljracàåj ejaj nkstruagktjs lukhcagktcns
lukhcagktcns pcrc j gxgreáenj hg `gståj hc îtnec
pýdinec?
Vrjajvgr
Vrjajvgr,, eja cpjnj hjs sg`agktjs pgrtnkgktgs, c ejapctndninzcàåj g nktgrcàåj hg
kjracs, prjeghnagktjs tîeknejs
tîeknejs g hg `gståj rgictnvjs æ îtnec pýdinec?

Crtneuicrcjcà÷gs
nkergagktj eja vnstcs
hgsgapgkbj c gstcdgigegr
nkstntuenjkci g glgtnvcr
kc `gståj prjeghnagktjs
hc îtnec pýdinec hgdrcsnignrj.
hj Gstchj nkegktnvj g

HNEC >4
CVTJ\CÀÅJ HJ UGW TG@NAGKXJ NKXGTKJ
Ejapgtg æ Ejanssåj hg Îtnec Výdinec ― EGV c hgvnhc cprjvcàåj hg sgu Tg`nagktj
Výdinej.. Ju sgmc, c cprjvcàåj hj Tg`nagktj Výdinej kåj pjhg sjlrgr nktgrlgríkencs
Výdinej
gxtgrkcs. J Tg`nagktj Nktgrkj trcz hnspjsnà÷gs napjrtcktgs,
napjrtcktgs, ejaj pjr gxgapij cs
ctrndunà÷gs hj Vrgsnhgktg hc EGV.
Ejaj pjhg ecnr kc suc prjvc:

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 75

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

SWGUXÅJ UNAWICHC= ’C Ejanssåj hg Îtnec Îtnec Výdinec î uac nkstntunàå

nkstntunàåj
j qug vnsc, hgktrg
jutrcs ejnscs, c prgstcr jrngktcà÷gs g cejksgibcagktjs sjdrg îtnec prjlnssnjkci c
sgrvnhjrgs g ejicdjrchjrgs hj nkstntutj kj trctcagktj gktrg js c`gktgs pýdinejs. Vgic
suc nagksc napjrtäkenc, î nkstntuáhj pjr ign qug j Tg`nagktj Nktgrkj hc ejanssåj
hgvgrã sgr nkstntuáhj pjr agnj hg Vrjegssj Ig`nsict
Ig`nsictnvj
nvj kj Ugkchj Lghgrci.‑
( ) EGTXJ

( ) GTTCHJ
@cdcrntj= Grrchj, pjns ejapgtg c prõprnc EGV nkstntunr sgu Tg`nagktj Nktgrkj.
Nktgrkj .
Vgregdc qug j gkukenchj trjuxg uac sîrng hg nkljracà÷gs vcinhchjrcs,
vcinhchjrcs, eja nktuntj
hg ejklukhnr j gxcankckhj.

HNEC >5
VTGUNHGKXG HC EGV
J prgsnhgktg hc Ejanssåj hg Îtnec Výdinec tga cs sg`unktgs ctrndunà÷gs=

tjacr js vjtjs g hgenhnr js ecsjs hg

prjeicacr js ur`íkenc,, ch
ur`íkenc hgtgrankcr cj
rgsuitchjs. rglgrgkhua hc EGV. Ugergtãrnj-Gxgeutnvj,
juvnhc c EGV, c
nkstcurcàåj hg prjegssjs
ejkvjecr g EJAVGXÍKENC hg cpurcàåj hg prãtnec hg
prgsnhnr cs ctj ga hgsrgspgntj cj
rgukn÷gs. HJ VTGUNHGKXG prgegntuchj kj Eõhn`j hg
Ejkhutc hc Citc
Chanknstrcàåj Lghgrci, c
jrngktcr g gxgeuàåj hg hnin`íkencs g
supgrvnsnjkcr prjlgrnr vjtj c gxpghnàåj hg
js trcdcibjs hc hg qucinhchg ejauknechjs æ cutjrnhchg
Ugergtcrnc- pýdinec pcrc qug sg
acknlgstg kc ljrac
Gxgeutnvc. prgvnstc kj crt. 34 hgstg
cutjrnzcr c Tg`nagktj.
prgsgkàc kcs
jrngktcr js rgukn÷gs hg
Ejanssåj, jrhgkcr hc
trcdcibjs js pgssjcs qug, pjr sn hgtgrankcr j rg`nstrj
hgdctgs, nknencr g ju pjr gktnhchgs hg sgus ctjs gkqucktj
ejkeiunr cs qug rgprgsgktga, agadrj hc Ejanssåj,
hgindgrcà÷gs. pjssca ejktrndunr nkeiusnvg rgukn÷gs eja
pcrc js trcdcibjs cutjrnhchgs sudagtnhcs
hc EGV. cj Eõhn`j hg Ejkhutc.

Ecsj cejktgàc ci`j eja j Vrgsnhgktg, g gstg cecdg lneckhj cusgktg, j qug jejrrg:
Gig sgrã sudstntuáhj pgij agadrj acns cktn`j hc Ejanssåj
Ejanssåj..

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 78

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC >8
VTGUGKXGU
Ug`ukhj j hnspjstj kj Eõhn`j hg Ejkhutc hc Citc Chanknstrcàåj Lghgrci, j ejkegntj hg
prgsgktgs KÅJ sg cpinec cjs sg`unktgs ecsjs=
kåj tgkbca vcijr ejagrenci? ju

hnstrnduáhjs pjr gktnhchgs hg quciqugr kcturgzc c tátuij hg ejrtgsnc,

ejrtgsnc ,
prjpc`ckhc, hnvui`càåj bcdntuci ju pjr jecsnåj hg gvgktjs gspgencns ju hctcs
ejagajrctnvcs, kåj uitrcpcssga j vcijr hg T$366,66 (ega rgcns)
rgcns)..
Igadrckhj sgaprg qug hg cejrhj eja j nkensj RNN, hj crt. 330, hc Ign k¶ 2.334/>6, j
sgrvnhjr pýdinej î vghchj rgegdgr quciqugr gspîeng hg prjpnkc
prjpnkc,, ejanssåj, prgsgktg
ju vcktc`ga hg quciqugr gspîeng, ga rczåj hg sucs ctrndunà÷gs
ctrndunà÷gs..
HNEC >7
EJAVGXÍKEN
EJAVGXÍKENC
C HJU AGADTJU HC EGV
Uåj ejapgtíkencs hjs agadrjs hc EGV
EGV==

gxcankcr cs actîrncs qug ibgs ljrga sudagtnh

sudagtnhcs,
cs, gantnkhj pcrgegrgs?

pghnr vnstc hg actîrnc ga hgindgrcàåj pgic EGV?

sjinentcr nkljracà÷gs c rgspgntj hg actîrncs sjd gxcag hc Ejanssåj? g
rgprgsgktcr c EGV ga ctjs pýdinejs,
pýdinejs, pjr hgig`càåj hg sgu Vrgsnhgktg.
V rgsnhgktg.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 77

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

TG@NAG MWTÁHNEJ ÝKNEJ
HNEC ><
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
Hgvgrgs såj jdrn`cà÷gs ju ejkhutcs qug js c`gktgs hgvga chjtcr ga ejkmuktj eja cs
sucs ctrndunà÷gs lukenjkcns kc Ign 2.334/3>>6
2.334/3>>6,, gigs gståj hnspjstjs kj crt. 33<?

33<. Uåj hgvgrgs hj sgrvnhjr=

Crt. 33<.
Gxgregr eja zgij g hghnecàåj cs ctrndunà÷gs hj ecr`j?
Ugr igci æs nkstntunà÷gs c qug sgrvnr?
Jdsgrvcr cs kjracs ig`cns g rg`uicagktcrgs?
rg`uicagktcrgs?
Euaprnr cs jrhgks supgrnjrgs,
supgrnjrgs, gxegtj quckhj acknlgstcagktg nig`cns?
prgstgzc== cj pýdinej ga `grci (prgstckhj cs nkljracà÷gs rgqugrnhcs,
Ctgkhgr eja prgstgzc
rgsscivchcs cs prjtg`nhcs pjr sn`nij), æ gxpghnàåj hg egrtnh÷gs rgqugrnhcs pcrc hglgsc hg
hnrgntj ju gseicrgenagktj hg sntucà÷gs hg nktgrgssg pgssjci, g æs rgqunsnà÷gs pcrc c hglgsc
hc Lczgkhc Výdinec?
Igvcr cs nrrg`uicrnhchgs hg qug tnvgr eníkenc ga rczåj hj ecr`j cj ejkbgenagktj hc
cutjrnhchg supgrnjr ju, quckhj bjuvgr suspgntc hg gkvjivnagktj hgstc, cj
ejkbgenagktj
ejkbgenagkt j hg jutrc cutjrnhchg ejapgtgktg pcrc cpurcàåj?
Hc ckãinsg ejkmuktc hj hnspjsntnvj N\ g \N, pjhgajs pgregdgr qug, sgaprg qug rgegdgr
uac jrhga, j sgrvnhjr pýdinej tgrã ci`ua hgvgr c euaprnr euaprnr,, pjrîa, quckhj rgegdgr
uac jrhga acknlgstcagktg nig`ci,
nig`ci, gig hgvgrã cdstgr sg hg euaprn-ic?
HNEC >0
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
Uåj hgvgrgs hj sgrvnhjr=
sgrvnhjr=
]gicr pgic gejkjanc hj actgrnci g c ejksgrvcàåj hj pctrnaøknj pýdinej?
@ucrhcr sn`nij sjdrg cssuktj hc rgpcrtnàåj?
Acktgr ejkhutc ejapctávgi eja c ajrcinhchg chanknstrctnvc?
Ugr cssáhuj g pjktuci cj sgrvnàj?
Xrctcr eja urdcknhchg cs pgssjcs?
pgssjcs?
nig`cinhchg,, janssåj ju cdusj hg pjhgr?
Tgprgsgktcr ejktrc nig`cinhchg
J sgrvnhjr pýdinej hgvg rgprgsgktcr ejktrc nig`cinhchg,
nig`cinhchg, janssåj ju cdusj hg pjhgr
g j pcrã`rclj ýknej hj agsaj crtn`j hnsp÷g qug gssc rgprgsgktcàåj sgrã gkecankbchc
pgic vnc bngrãrqunec, ju sgmc, j sgrvnhjr pýdinej hgvg gkecankbã-ic pcrc j sgu supgrnjr
naghnctj?
Ejktuhj, c cprgencàåj sgrã lgntc pgic cutjrnhchg supgrnjr æqugic ejktrc c quci ljn
ljrauichc c rgprgsgktcàåj, cssg`urckhj-sg cj rgprgsgktckh
rgprgsgktckhj
j capic hglgsc?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 7<

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC >2
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
Vrjndnà÷gs såj ejkhutcs vghchcs cjs sgrvnhjrgs pýdinejs,
pýdinejs, gstckhj gkuagrchcs kj
crt. 330 hc Ign 2.334/3>>6 g j Gstctutj prgví, pcrc echc prjndnàåj,
prjndnàåj, ua tnpj hg
pgkcinhchg,
pgkcinhchg, ejaj chvgrtíkenc
chvgrtíkenc,, suspgksåj g hganssåj
hganssåj??
C pgkc hg chvgrtíkenc sgrã cpinechc kj ecsj hg vnjicàåj hcs sg`unktgs prjndnà÷gs
prjndnà÷gs==
cusgktcr-sg hj sgrvnàj hurcktg j gxpghngktg, sga prîvnc cutjrnzcàåj hj ebglg
naghnctj?
rgtnrcr, sga prîvnc ckuíkenc hc cutjrnhchg ejapgtgktg, quciqugr hjeuagktj ju
jdmgtj hc rgpcrtnàåj?
rgeuscr lî c hjeuagktjs pýdinejs?
jpjr rgsnstíkenc nkmustnlnechc cj ckhcagktj hg hjeuagktj
hjeuagktj g prjegssj ju gxgeuàåj hg
sgrvnàj?
prjajvgr acknlgstcàåj
acknlgstcàåj hg cprgàj ju hgscprgàj kj rgenktj hc rgpcrtnàåj?
ejagtgr c pgssjc gstrckbc æ rgpcrtnàåj, ljrc hjs ecsjs prgvnstjs ga ign ign,, j
hgsgapgkbj hg ctrndunàåj qug sgmc hg suc rgspjkscdninhchg ju hg sgu sudjrhnkchj?

ejc`nrjuju
snkhneci, cinencr sudjrhnkchjs
c pcrtnhj pjiátnej? kj sgktnhj hg lnincrga-sg c cssjencàåj prjlnssnjkci ju

acktgr sjd suc ebglnc naghnctc, ga ecr`j ju lukàåj hg ejklnckàc, eøkmu`g,

ejapckbgnrj ju pcrgktg ctî j sg`ukhj `rcu envni?
envni?
rgeuscr-sg c ctucinzcr sgus hchjs echcstrcns quckhj sjinentchj?
HNEC >>
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
C pgkc hg suspgksåj sgrã cpinechc kj ecsj hg rgnkenhíkenc hc pgkcinhchg hg
chvgrtíkenc g quckhj j sgrvnhjr nklrnk`nr cs sg`unktgs prjndnà÷gs=
ejagtgr c jutrj sgrvnhjr ctrndunà÷gs gstrckbcs cj ecr`j qug jeupc, gxegtj ga
sntucà÷gs hg gagr`íkenc g trcksntõrncs?
gxgregr qucnsqugr ctnvnhchgs qug sgmca nkejapctávgns eja j gxgreáenj hj ecr`j ju
lukàåj g eja j bjrãrnj hg trcdcibj?
C suspgksåj
suspgksåj,, qug kåj pjhgrã gxeghgr c >6 (kjvgktc) hncs
hncs??
C pgkcinhchg hg hganssåj sgrã cpinechc kj ecsj hg nklrnk`íkenc hcs sg`unktgs
prjndnà÷gs=
prjndnà÷gs=
rgegdgr prjpnkc, ejanssåj, prgsgktg ju vcktc`ga hg quciqugr gspîeng, ga rczåj hg
sucs ctrndunà÷gs?
cegntcr ejanssåj, gaprg`j ju pgksåj hg gstchj gstrck`gnrj?
prctnecr usurc sjd quciqugr hg sucs ljracs (nstj î, ejdrcr murjs gxegssnvjs, supgrnj
supgrnjrgs
rgs
cjs prctnechjs kj agrechj)?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 70

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 366
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
C pgkcinhchg hg hganssåj sgrã cpinechc kj ecsj hg nklrnk`íkenc hcs sg`unktgs
prjndnà÷gs==
prjndnà÷gs
prjeghgr hg ljrac hgsnhnjsc?

utninzcr pgssjci ju rgeursjs actgrncns hc rgpcrtnàåj ga sgrvnàjs ju ctnvnhchgs

pcrtneuicrgs?
pcrtnenpcr hg `gríkenc ju chanknstrcàåj hg sjenghchg prnvchc, pgrsjknlnechc ju kåj
pgrsjknlnechc, gxgregr j ejaîrenj, gxegtj kc qucinhchg hg cenjknstc, ejtnstc ju
ejackhntãrnj?
Ugrã cpinechc c pgkc hg hganssåj g nkejapctndninhchg hj gx-sgrvnhjr pcrc kjvc
nkvgstnhurc ga ecr`j pýdinej lghgrci, pgij prczj hg 67 (enkej) ckjs
ckjs,, kj ecsj hg
prjndnà÷gs==
ejagtnagktj hcs sg`unktgs prjndnà÷gs
vcigr-sg hj ecr`j pcrc ij`rcr prjvgntj pgssjci ju hg jutrga, ga hgtrnagktj hc
hn`knhchg hc lukàåj pýdinec?
ctucr, ejaj prjeurchjr ju nktgraghnãrnj, muktj c rgpcrtnà÷gs pýdinecs, scivj quckhj sg
trctcr hg dgkgláenjs prgvnhgkenãrnjs ju cssnstgkencns hg pcrgktgs ctî j sg`ukhj `rcu, g hg
eøkmu`g ju ejapckbgn
ejapckbgnrj?
rj?
HNEC 363
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
Tgspjkscdninhchgs, pgij gxgreáenj nrrg`uicr hg sucs ctrndunà÷gs, j sgrvnhjr pýdinej
pjhgrã rgspjkhgr kcs gslgrcs envni, pgkci g chanknstrctnvc (crt. 343)?
C gslgrc envni hgejrrg hc jejrríkenc hg hckj g ejksnstg kj rgspgetnvj rgsscrenagkt
rgsscrenagktj?
j?
C gspgrc pgkci jecsnjkc c cpinecàåj hg sckà÷gs pgkcns (hgtgkàåj)?
C gslgrc chanknstr
chanknstrctnvc
ctnvc hgejrrg hc prãtnec hjs niáentjs chanknstrctnvjs, prgvnstjs kj
Gstctutj hjs Ugrvnhjrgs?
C rgspjkscdninhchg envni hgejrrg hg ctj janssnvj ju ejanssnvj,
ejanssnvj, hjijsj ju
euipjsj, qug rgsuitg
rgspjkscdninhc
rgspjkscdninhchg ga prgmuázj
hg sudmgtnvc ju ejacjeuipc
grãrnj
hjju c tgregnrjs
sgrvnhjr (crt. 344), kgstg ecsj, gxn`g-sg c
pýdinej?
Ecsj j hckj sgmc ecuschj ejktrc c Chanknstrcàåj,
Chanknstrcàåj, j sgrvnhjr sgrã hnrgtcagktg
ejktrc gic rgspjkscdninzchj
rgspjkscdninzchj,, mã sg j hckj jejrrgr ejktrc tgregnrjs,
tgregnrjs, j sgrvnhjr
rgspjkhgrã pgrcktg c Lczgkhc Výdinec pjr agnj hg càåj rg`rgssnvc?
rg`rgssnvc?
HNEC 364
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
J crt. 50, §<½,
§<½, hc Ejkstntunàåj Lghgrci, hgtgrankc qug cs pgssjcs muráhnecs hg hnrgntj
pýdinej g cs hg hnrgntj prnvchj prgstchjrcs hg sgrvnàjs pýdinejs rgspjkhgråj pgijs
hckjs qug sgus c`gktgs,
c`gktgs, kgssc qucinhchg tgregnrjs,, cssg`urchj j hnrgntj
qucinhchg,, ecuscrga c tgregnrjs
hg rg`rgssj ejktrc j rgspjksãvgi kjs ecsjs hg hjij ju euipc?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 72

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Gx.= Ug ua sgrvnhjr pýdinej ecuscr hckj c tgregnrj, j Gstchj hgvgrã prnagnrj rgsscrenr
j prgmuhnechj pcrc, ga sg`unhc, ajvgr c càåj hg rg`rgssj ejktrc j sgrvnhjr, pcrc hgig
rgeupgrcr js vcijrgs `cstjs eja c nkhgknzcàåj?
C Tgspjkscdninhchg Vgkci cdrck`g js ernags g ejktrcvgkà÷gs naputchcs cj
sgrvnhjr, kgssc qucinhchg (crt. 345) nkeiuáhjs js ernags tnpnlnechjs kj Eõhn`j Vgkci g kc ign
hg Inentcà÷gs 2.<<</3>>5?

C Tgspjkscdninhchg
ejanssnvj chanknstrctnvc
chanknstrct
prctnechj kj hgsgapgkbj nvc ecr`j
hj (Envni Chanknstrctnvc)
ju lukàåj (crt. rgsuitc
348). Chgrgspjkscdninhchg
ctj janssnvj ju
chanknstrctnvc hgejrrg hc prãtnec hjs niáentjs chanknstrctnvjs, ejaj pjr gxgapij c
nklrnk`íkenc ga ci`uacs hcs vghcà÷gs qug vnajs cenac ju c lcitc hg jdsgrväkenc hjs
hgvgrgs lukenjkcns hj sgrvnhjr?
J crt. 347 hnsp÷g qug cs sckà÷gs envns, pgkcns g chanknstrctnvcs pjhgråj euauicr-sg,
sgkhj nkhgpgkhgktgs gktrg sn?
Acs c gslgrc pgkci pjhgrã, ga ci`uks ecsjs, nkliugkencr cs hgacns õrdntcs hg
rgspjkscdninhchg,
rgspjkscdninhchg, c hgpgkhgr hj ejktgýhj hc sgktgkàc pgkci?
rgspjkscdninhchg
C rgspjkscdninhc hg chanknstrctn
chanknstrctnvcvc hj sgrvnhjr sgrã clcstchc kj ecsj hg cdsjivnàåj
ernankci qug kg`ug c gxnstíkenc hj lctj ju suc cutjrnc
cutjrnc,, ju sgmc, hgvg lnecr ejaprjvchj
kj prjegssj pgkci qug j lctj kåj gxnstnu ju gktåj qug j sgrvnhjr kåj î j sgu cutjr?

HNEC 365
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
Cs pgkcinhchgs hnsenpinkcrgs såj cs sckà÷gs chanknstrctnvcs napjstcs cjs
sgrvnhjrgs ga hgejrríkenc hc prãtnec hjs niáentjs chanknstrctnvjs g sg hnvnhga ga=
Chvgrtíkenc,, Uuspgksåj
Chvgrtíkenc Uuspgksåj,, Hganssåj
Hganssåj,, Ecsscàåj hg cpjsgktchjrnc ju hnspjkndni
hnspjkndninhchg,
nhchg,
Hgstntunàåj hg ecr`j ga ejanssåj g Hgstntunàåj hg lukàåj ejanssnjkchc?
ejanssnjkchc?
C pgkcinhchg hg suspgksåj pjhgrã sgr ejkvgrtnhc ga auitc, kc dcsg hg 76% pjr
hnc hg vgkenagktj ju rgaukgrcàåj, hgshg qug bcmc ejkvgkníkenc pcrc j sgrvnàj?
Cs pgkcinhchgs hg chvgrtíkenc g hg suspgksåj tgråj sgus rg`nstrjs eckegichjs,
cpõs j hgeursj hg 5 g 7 ckjs hg glgtnvj gxgreáenj, hgshg qug j sgrvnhjr kåj tgkbc
prctnechj, kgssg pgrájhj, kjvc nklrcàåj g j eckegicagktj hc pgkcinhchg kåj surtnrã
glgntjs rgtrjctnvjs
rgtrjctnvjs??
C chvgrtíkenc hgvg sgr cpinechc pjr gserntj, kj ecsj hg (crt. 34>)=
vnjicàåj hg prjndnàåj ejkstcktg hj crt. 330, nkensjs N c \NNN g RNR ejkljrag vnstj
cenac?
nkjdsgrväkenc hg hgvgr lukenjkci prgvnstj ga ign, rg`uicagktcàåj ju kjrac nktgrkc,
qug kåj mustnlnqug c napjsnàåj hg pgkcinhchg acns `rcvg?
HNEC 368
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
C pgkc hg hganssåj sgrã cpinechc kjs sg`unktgs ecsjs (crt. 354)=
ernag ejktrc c chanknstrcàåj pýdinec?

cdckhjkj hg ecr`j?
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 7>

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

nkcssnhunhchgg bcdntuci?
nkcssnhunhch
naprjdnhchg
naprjdnhchg chanknstrctnvc?
nkejktnkíkenc
nkejktnkíkenc pýdinec g ejkhutc gseckhcijsc, kc rgpcrtnàåj?
nksudjrhnkcàåj `rcvg ga sgrvnàj?
jlgksc lásnec, ga sgrvnàj, c sgrvnhjr ju c pcrtneuicr, scivj ga ig`átnac hglgsc prõprnc
ju hg jutrga?
cpinecàåj nrrg`uicr hg hnkbgnrjs pýdinejs?
rgvgicàåj hg sg`rghj hj quci sg cprjprnju ga rczåj hj ecr`j?
igsåj cjs ejlrgs pýdinejs g hnicpnhcàåj hj pctrnaøknj kcenjkci?
ejrrupàåj?
ceuauicàåj nig`ci hg ecr`js, gaprg`js ju lukà÷gs pýdinecs?
trcks`rgssåj hcs prjndnà÷gs ejkstcktgs hjs nkensjs NR c R\N hj crt. 330 ejkljrag vnstj
trcks`rgssåj
cenac?
HNEC 367
LGHGTCNU
TG@NAG HJU UGT\NHJTGU VÝDINEJU LGHGTCNU - IGN 2.334/>6
J cdckhjkj hg ecr`j hgejrrg hc cusíkenc nktgkenjkci hj sgrvnhjr cj sgrvnàj pjr acns hg
56 (trnktc) hncs ejksgeutnvj
ejksgeutnvjss (crt. 352)?
C nkcssnhunhchg bcdntuci rgprgsgktc c lcitc cj sgrvnàj, sga ecusc mustnlnechc, pjr <6
(sgssgktc) hncs,
hncs, nktgrpjichcagktg,
nktgrpjichcagktg, hurcktg j pgrájhj hg 34 (hjzg) agsgs?
agsgs?
Ugrã ecsschc c cpjsgktchjrnc ju c hnspjkndninhchg hj nkctnvj qug bjuvgr prctnechj, kc
ctnvnhchg,, lcitc pukávgi eja c hganssåj?
ctnvnhchg
C hgstntunàåj hg ecr`j ga ejanssåj gxgrenhj pjr kåj jeupcktg hg ecr`j glgtnvj sgrã
cpinechc kjs ecsjs hg nklrcàåj sumgntc æs pgkcinhchgs hg suspgksåj g hg hganssåj?
Ecsj j sgrvnhjr tgkbc snhj gxjkgrchj g, pjstgrnjragktg, sgmc ejkstctchc c prãtnec hg
nklrcàåj pukávgi eja suspgksåj ju h hganssåj,
ganssåj, c gxjkg
gxjkgrcàåj
rcàåj sgrã ejkvgrtnh
ejkvgrtnhcc ga
hgstntunàåj
hgstntunàåj hg ecr`j ga ejanssåj?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <6

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNTGNXJ CHANKNUXTCXN\J
HNEC 36<
EJKXTJIG HC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ VÝDINEC
Ga suac, igadrcr sgaprg qug, qucktj cj õr`åj qug gxgreg, såj trís ljracs hg ejktrjig
rgcinzchj, såj gigs= Gxgeutnvj, Ig`nsictnvj g Muhnenãrnj. J Gxgeutnvj,
Gxgeutnvj, î rgcinzchj pgic
prõprnc chanknstrcàåj pýdinec,
pýdinec, cj pcssj qug j Ig`nsictnvj î gxgrenhj pgij trndukci
hg
suc ejktcs
vgz, j gMuhnenãrnj
pgij pcricagktj (ignc-sg=
ctuc sjagktg gaEäacrc, Ugkchj
ecsjs qug g Cssgadignc
såj igvchjs cj sguIg`nsictnvc).
ejkbgenagktj,Vjr
ejaj sntucà÷gs hg nig`cinhchg,
nig`cinhchg, vnjicàåj hg prnkeápnjs ejkstntuenjkcns
ejkstntuenjkcns,, hgsvnj hg
pjhgr g lnkcinhchg...
lnkcinhchg...
C chanknstrcàåj pjhg gxgregr j ejktrjig sjd sgus prõprnjs ctjs: UNA! J UXL,
nkeiusnvg, mã pcenlneju nssj ctrcvîs hc Uýauic 805 (vcig c pgkc hcr uac inhc, gssc sýauic
î c ’qugrnhnkbc‑ hcs dckecs‑
HNEC 360
EJKXTJIG HC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ VÝDINEC
Sucktj cj lukhcagktj,
lukhcagktj, î napjrtcktg igadrcr qug j ejktrjig rgcinzchj pgic
chanknstrcàåj pýdinec pjhg sgr bngrãrqunej ju lnkciástnej
lnkciástnej.. \gmcajs=

BNGTÃTSWNEJ

Î nktgrkj,
nktgrkj, lgntj pgij pjhgr gxgeutnvj
gxgeutnvj,, hg ljrac prîvnc g ejktrjic c ig`cinhchg
ig`cinhchg..

LNKCIÁUXNEJ

Î gxtgrkj,
gxtgrkj, rgcinzchj pgij pjhgr ig`nsictnvj,
ig`nsictnvj, hg ljrac ejkejantcktg
ejkejantcktg,, g ckcinsc j
aîrntj ga sn.
HNEC 362
VÝDINEC=
EJKXTJIG HC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ VÝDINEC= TG\J@CÀÅJ HJ CXJ
Sucktj cj ejktrjig rgcinzchj pgic Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec kukec î hgacns igadrcr quckhj
ua ctj pjhg ju kåj sgr rgvj`chj.
rgvj`chj. Kgssc inkbc hg rcenjeáknj, kch
kchcc agibjr qug uac
tcdgic pcrc agibjr ejaprggksåj. \gmcajs=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <3

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Xnpj hg ctj Ejktrjig nktgrkj Ejktrjig gxtgrkj

rgcinzchj pgic prõprnc rgcinzchj pgij muhnenãrnj
chanknstrcàåj

Ctj hnsernenjkãrnj IG@CI

IG@CI,, VJHG rgvj`cr KÅJ pjhg rgvj`cr
acs NKJVJTXWKJ:
Ctj hnsernenjkãrnj ju VJHG ckuicr VJHG ckuicr
NIG@CI:
vnkeuichj NIG@CI :
VJHG ejkvcinhcr

HNEC 36>
EJKXTJIG MWHNENÃTNJ
J ejktrjig muhnenãrnj ju muhnenci î gxgrenhj pgijs õr`åjs hj Vjhgr Muhnenãrnj sjdrg js
ctjs chanknstrctnvjs ga sn, sgkhj gstgs gssgs gxgrenhjs pgij Vjhgr Gxgeutnvj, Ig`nsictnvj
g hj prõprnj Muhnenãrnj ga sn.
Cqun, sjagktg quckhj j pjhgr muhnenãrnj ghntc ctjs hc suc ctnvnhchg
c tnvnhchg chanknstrctnvc ga
sn.

Ejktrjig muhnenãrnj Gxgrenhj pjr õr`åjs hj

Vjhgr Muhnenãrnj

HNEC 336
EJKXTJIG HC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ VÝDINEC= CKWICÀÅJ
C chanknstrcàåj VJHG ckuicr sgus prõprnjs ctjs (cutjtutgic hc chanknstrcàåj
pýdinec), ctrcvîs hc rgvj`càåj, dga ejaj ckuicàåj hg sgus ctjs chanknstrctnvjs. Ujdrg
nssj j Uuprgaj Xrndukci Lghgrci mã pcenlneju j cssuktj, ctrcvîs hc Uýauic 805=

Uýauic k¶ 805, UXM

’C chanknstrcàåj pjhg ckuicr sgus prõprnjs ctjs, quckhj gnvchjs gnvchjs hg váenjs qug js
tjrkca nig`cns, pjrqug hgigs kåj sg jrn`nkca hnrgntjs? ju rgvj`ã-ijs, pjr ajtnvj hg
ejkvgkníkenc ju jpjrtuknhchg,
jpjrtuknhchg, rgspgntchjs js hnrgntjs chqunrnhjs, g rgsscivchc, ga tjhjs
js ecsjs, c cprgencàåj muhnenci‑.

Napjrtcktg hgstcecr qug= scivj ejaprjvchc aã-lî,

aã-lî, gssg hnrgntj hg ckuicàåj hgecn
ga enkej ckjs, ejktchjs hc hctc ga qug ljrc prctnechj! Acs, ga sg trctckhj hg glgntj
pctrnajkncns ejktákujs,
ejktákujs, j prczj nknenc-sg hc pgregpàåj hj prnagnrj pc`cagktj.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <4

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 333
HG\GT JW VJHGT HG C CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ CKWICT UGWU CXJU
C chanknstrcàåj pjhg ju hgvg ckuicr sgus prõprnjs ctjs: Cqun, bã ua pjhgr ―
hgvgr hc Chanknstrcàåj, c quci, hgvg ckuicr ecsj j ctj sgmc gnvchj hg ci`ua váenj hg
ig`cinhchgg g, pjhg rgvj`ã-ijs pjr ajtnvj hg ejkvgkníkenc ju jpjrtuknhchg.
ig`cinhch jpjrtuknhchg.
Lnqug ctgktj! C Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec hgvg sg rgspgntcr js hnrgntjs chqunrnhjs!
chqunrnhjs!
HNEC 334
EJK\CINHCÀÅJ
cutjtutgic,, rgcinzchc ga sn pgic prõprnc chanknstrcàåj, î napjrtcktg hgstcecr
Sucktj æ cutjtutgic
qug, ga hgensåj kc quci sg gvnhgkeng kgkbuac igsåj cj nktgrgssg pýdinej ju prgmuázj
c tgregnrjs,
tgregnrjs, js ctjs qug cprgsgktcrga ci`ua hglgntj sckãvgi,
sckãvgi, pjhgrã sgr ejkvcinhchj
pgic prõprnc chanknstrcàåj.
Vjrtcktj, ciîa hg pjssunr j hnrgntj hg ckuicr sgus prõprnjs ctjs, c Chanknstrcàåj Výdinec
tcadîa pjhgrã ejkvcinhã-ijs
ejkvcinhã-ijs..
↔ Igtrc hc ign= Crt. 77 hc Ign k¶ >.028/>>.
HNEC 335

LJTAC HG EJKXTJIG HC CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ

CHANKNUXTCÀÅJ VÝDINEC
Ga suac, î napjrtcktg hgejrcr cs ljracs hg ejktrjig hc chanknstrcàåj
chanknstrcàåj pýdinec. Uåj gics=
Muhnenci (ctrcvîs hcs cà÷gs muhnencns ga sn)
Gstctci (î j ejktrjig nktgrkj g gxtgrkj ga sn)
Chvjecenc pýdinec (lukàåj gssc gssgkenci æ Mustnàc
Mustnàc))
Ujenci (rgcinzchj pgij prõprnj enhchåj ga sn)
HNEC 338
C@GKXGU VÝDINEJU - GUVÎENGU G EICUUNLNECÀÅJ
C`gktg pýdinej= tjhj cqugig qug gxgreg, cnkhc qug trcksntjrncagktg ju sga
rgaukgrcàåj
rgaukgrcàåj,
hg nkvgstnhurc, ju
pjr vákeuij,
gignàåj, kjagcàåj,
ackhctj, hgsn`kcàåj, ejktrctcàåj
ecr`j, gaprg`j ju quciqugr
ju lukàåj jutrc ljrac
kc chanknstrcàåj
pýdinec hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc?

Cqugig qug gxgreg

Cnkhc qug
ackhctj, ecr`j,
C`gktg trcksntjrncagk
gaprg`j ju
pýdinej tg ju sga
lukàåj kc cha
rgaukgrcàåj
pýdinec

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <5

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 337
C@GKXGU VÝDINEJU - GUVÎENGU G EICUUNLNECÀÅJ
Js c`gktgs pýdinejs sg eicssnlneca ga=
C`gktgs pjiátnejs= tntuicrgs hjs ecr`js gstruturcns æ jr`cknzcàåj pjiátnec hj
Gstchj. Uåj c`gktgs pjiátnejs= Ebglgs hjs Vjhgrgs gxgeutnvjs, Ugkchjrgs, Hgputchjs,
\grgchjrgs, agadrjs hc Ac`nstrcturc g hj Anknstîrnj Výdinej.
Ugrvnhjrgs pýdinejs=
Ga sgktnhj capij
capij== pgssjcs lásnecs qug prgstca sgrvnàjs cj Gstchj g æs gktnhchgs
hc Chanknstrcàåj Nkhnrgtc, eja vákeuij gaprg`ctáenj g aghncktg rgaukgrcàåj pc`c pgijs
ejlrgs pýdinejs.
Gstctutãrnjs ju sgrvnhjr pýdinej ga sgktnhj gstrntj= tntuicrgs hg ecr`j pýdinej
glgtnvj g ga ejanssåj,
ejanssåj, eja rg`nag muráhnej gstctutãrnj, nktg`rcktgs hc Chanknstrcàåj
Hnrgtc, cutcrquncs g lukhcà÷gs pýdinecs eja pgrsjkcinhchg muráhnec hg Hnrgntj Výdinej.
Gaprg`chjs pýdinejs= rg`nhjs pgic EIX, kåj jeupca ecr`j pýdinej g kåj
pjssuga gstcdninhchg,
gstcdninhchg, acs sudagtga-sg æs kjracs ejkstntuenjkcns rglgrgktgs c
rgqunsntjs hj ecr`j, nkvgstnhurc, ceuauicàåj, vgkenagktjs gktrg jutrjs. Gkquchrca-sg kj
rg`nag `grci hc prgvnhíkenc tcns ejaj ejanssnjkchjs g tgapjrãrnjs. Eja gxegàåj hcs
lukà÷gs hg hnrgàåj g hg ejklnckàc hcs pgssjcs muráhnecs hc Chanknstrcàåj Nkhnrgtc, js
gaprg`chjs pýdinejs såj chantnhjs aghncktg ejkeursj pýdinej ju prjegssj sgigtnvj?
sgigtnvj?
Xgapjrãrnjs= gxgrega lukàåj sga vnkeuicàåj c ecr`j ju gaprg`j pýdinej g såj
sudagtnhjs c rg`nag muráhnej gspgenci c sgr hnsenpinkchj ga ign hg echc uknhchg hc
lghgrcàåj.
Anintcrgs= pgssjcs lásnecs qug prgstca sgrvnàjs æs Ljràcs Crachcs (Gxîrentj,
Acrnkbc g Cgrjkãutnec), g æs Vjiáencs Anintcrgs g Ejrpjs hg Djadgnrjs Anintcrgs
hjs Gstchjs,
Gstchjs, Hnst
Hnstrntj
rntj Lgh
Lghgrci
grci g Xgrrntõrnjs, eja vákeuij gstctutã
gstctutãrnj
rnj sumgntj c rg`nag
muráhnej prõprnj,
prõprnj, aghncktg rgaukgrcàåj pc`c pgij @jvgrkj.
Vcrtneuicrgs ga ejicdjrcàåj eja j pjhgr pýdinej= gxgrega lukàåj pýdinec,
pýdinec,
gktrgtcktj, kåj hgnxca hg sgr pcrtneuicrgs. Uåj js rgqunsntchjs, qug gxgrega aukus
pýdinej g såj js rgerutchjs pcrc j sgrvnàj anintcr jdrn`ctõrnj? js murchjs g js qug
trcdcibca
pýdinejs? kjs ecrtõrnjs gigntjrcns? js ejkegssnjkãrnjs g js pgranssnjkãrnjs hg sgrvnàjs
HNEC 33<
C@GKXGU VÝDINEJU - GUVÎENGU G EICUUNLNECÀÅJ
Wac sg`ukhc eicssnlnecàåj pjhg sgr gkejktrch
gkejktrchc,
c, gadjrc agkjs usuci=
C`gktgs chanknstrctn
chanknstrctnvjs
vjs== cqugigs qug gståj sumgntjs c uac bngrcrqunc ejkstntuenjkci,
nkhgpgkhgktg
nkhgpgkhgktg hg c chanknstrcàåj pýdinec sgr hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc. Js sgrvnhjrgs pýdinejs g
gaprg`chjs pýdinejs ga `grci såj gxgapijs hg c`gktgs chanknstrctnvjs?
C`gktgs hgig`chjs=
hgig`chjs= rgegdga ua gkecr`j gstctci eja c lnkcinhchg hg prgstcàåj hg
prgstcàåj hg hgtgrankchj sgrvnàj. Ejaj gxgapij hg c`gktgs hgig`chjs tgajs js
ignijgnrjs g js ejkegssnjkãrnjs?
ejkegssnjkãrnjs?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <8

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

C`gktgs bjkjrálnejs=
bjkjrálnejs= cqugigs rgqunsntchjs pcrc tgapjrcrncagktg
hgsgapgkbcrga
hgsgapgkbcrg a uac lukàåj pýdinec.. Js agsãrnjs g js murchjs såj gxgapijs hgssg
l ukàåj pýdinec
tnpj hg c`gktg?
C`gktgs erghgkenchjs=
erghgkenchjs= såj js qug rgegdga c nkeuadíkenc hc chanknstrcàåj pcrc
rgprgsgktã-ic ga hgtgrankchj ctj ju prctnecr egrtc ctnvnhchg gspgeálnec, aghncktg
rgaukgrcàåj hj pjhgr pýdinej erghgkencktg. Uåj gxgapijs hg c`gktgs erghgkenchjs js
sudstntutjs g js aîhnejs erghgkenchjs.
prjlgssjrgs sudstntutjs
HNEC 330
NK@TGUUJ UGA EJKEWTUJ VÝDINEJ
Vjhg bcvgr nk`rgssj ga ecr`j pýdinej sga ejkeursj: sna! Kcs bnpõtgsgs hg ecr`js
ga ejanssåj?
Ejktuhj, î napjrtcktg kåj ejklukhnr j ecr`j ga ejanssåj eja c lukàåj hg
ejklnckàc??
ejklnckàc
J ecr`j ga ejanssåj pjhg sgr jeupchj pjr quciqugr pgssjc g kåj hgpgkhg hg
ejkeursj, pjns î hg invrg kjagcàåj g gxjkgrcàåj?
C lukàåj hg ejklnckàc tcadîa kåj hgpgkhg hg ejkeursj pýdinej, tjhcvnc, hgvga sgr
gxgrenhcs cpgkcs pjr sgrvnhjrgs jeupcktgs hg ecr`j glgtnvj?

Napjrtcktg
pjr scdgr
sgrvnhjrgs tcadîa ga
hg ecrrgnrc, qugpgregktuc
VCTXG hjs
pgregktuci ecr`js
i hglnknhj gaga
ign?eejanssåj
janssåj hg
hgvga
vga sgr prgg
prggkebnhjs
kebnhjs
\cajs æ gsqugactnzcàå
gsqugactnzcàåj:
j:

ECT@J GA EJANUUÅJ LWKÀÅJ HG EJKLNCKÀC

Vrgsenkhg hg ejkeursj pýdinej Vrgsenkhg hg ejkeursj pýdinej

Vjhga sgr jeupchjs pjr quciqugr pgssjc, acs

Gxgrenhcs GREIWUN\CAGKXG pjr
pcrtg hjs ecr`js sgrã rgsgrvchj c sgrvnhjrgs hg
jeupcktgs hg ecr`j glgtnvj
ecrrgnrc (ecr`j glgtnvj)

Ctrndunà÷gs hg hnrgàåj, ebglnc g

Ctrndunà÷gs hg hnrgàåj, ebglnc g cssgssjrcagkt
cssgssjrcagktj
j cssgssjrcagktj
HNEC 332
\CEÄKENC HJ ECT@J VÝDINEJ
C vceäkenc hj ecr`j pýdinej î j ctj qug tjrkc j ecr`j \C@J,
\C@J, pjhgkhj sgr jeupchj pjr
jutrj sgrvnhjr.
J ecr`j pýdinej pjhg sg tjrkcr \C@J ga sgtg bnpõtgsgs, ejkljrag Akgaøknej=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <7

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

VCTG VHL=

V Vrjajàåj

C Cpjsgktchjrnc

T Tgchcptcàåj

G Gxjkgrcàåj

V Vjssg ga ecr`j nkceuauiãvgi

H Hganssåj

L Lcigenagktj

HNEC 33>
TGUWAJ VTJ\NAGKXJ G \CEÄKENC

VTJ\NAGKXJ HNEC AJHJ

Kjagcàåj Gktrchc kj sgrvnàj pýdinej Jrn`nkãrnj

Vrjajàåj Gvjiuàåj kc ecrrgnrc Hgrnvchj

Tgchcptcàåj
Tgchcptcàåj Inantcàåj lásnec ju agktci Hgrnvchj

Tgvgrsåj \jitc hj cpjsgktchj Hgrnvchj

\jitc hj qug gstcvc ga

Cprjvgntcagktj Hgrnvchj
hnspjkndninhchg

Tgnktg`rcàåj \jitc hj nkmustcagktg Hgrnvchj

hgantnhj

Tgejkhuàåj Tgtjrkj cj ecr`j cktgrnjr Hgrnvchj

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <<

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

\CEÄKENC HNEC

Vrjajàåj Gvjiuàåj kc ecrrgnrc

Cpjsgktchjrnc
Cpjsgktchjrnc Nhchg ju nkvcinhgz
Tgchcptcàåj
Tgchcptcàåj Inantcàåj lásnec ju agktci
Gxjkgrcàåj C pghnhj ju ejapuisõrnc
Vjssg ga ecr`j nkceuaui
nkceuauiãvgi
ãvgi Ucáhc hg ua ecr`j pcrc jutrj
Hganssåj Vrjegssj muhnenci
Lcigenagktj

HNEC 346
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJGKXJ NIÁENXJ
Suckhj lcicajs ga Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc, ua hjs tõpnejs qug acns ecga
ga prjvc î gssg= gkrnqugenagktj niáentj.
niáentj. Nssj pjrqug, c ejkhutc cqun agkenjkchc trcz
sckà÷gs acns `rcvgs qug ga ejapcrcàåj æs hgacns.
Jejrrg qug, gssc ign ’qugrnhnkbc‑ hcs dckecs, sjlrgu rgegktg citgrcàåj, cktg c Ign k¶
38.456/4643, qug c citgrju hg ljrac sn`knlnectnvc. Acs, kåj sg prgjeupg, lnzgajs gssg
quchrj ejapcrctnvj hj ctj hg naprjdnhchg ejksnstgktg ga gkrnqugenagktj niáentj niáentj,,
pcrc vjeí kåj sg gsqugegr hg ejaj grc g ejaj lneju eja cs citgrcà÷gs. \gmc sõ=

CKXGU CXWCI

Crt. >¶ Ejkstntun ctj hg naprjdnhchg Crt. >½ Ejkstntun ctj hg naprjdnhchg
chanknstrctnvc napjrtckhj gkrnqugenagktj chanknstrctnvc napjrtckhj ga
niáentj culgrnr quciqugr tnpj hg vcktc`ga gkrnqugenagktj niáentj culgrnr,
pctrnajknci nkhgvnhc ga rczåj hj gxgreáenj hg aghncktg c prãtnec hg ctj hjijsj,
hjijsj ,
ecr`j, ackhctj, lukàåj, gaprg`j ju ctnvnhchg quciqugr tnpj hg vcktc`ga
kcs
ign, ggktnhchgs agkenjkchcs
kjtchcagktg (...) kj crt. 3¶ hgstc pctrnajknci
gxgreáenj hg nkhgvnhc
ecr`j, hgga rczåj hg
ackhctj, hj
lukàåj, hg gaprg`j ju hg ctnvnhchg
kcs gktnhchgs rglgrnhcs kj crt. 3½
hgstc Ign, g kjtchcagktg (..)

N\ - utninzcr, ga jdrc ju sgrvnàj pcrtneuicr, N\ - utninzcr, ga jdrc ju sgrvnàj

vgáeuijs, aãqunkcs, gqunpcagktjs ju pcrtneuicr, quciqugr dga aõvgi,
aõvgi, hg
actgrnci hg quciqugr kcturgzc,kcturgzc, hg prjprnghchg ju æ hnspjsnàåj hg
prjprnghchg ju æ hnspjsnàåj hg quciqugr hcs quciqugr hcs gktnhchgs rglgrnhcs kj
gktnhchgs agkenjkchcs kj crt. 3¶ hgstc ign, crt. 3½
3½ hgs
hgstc
tc Ign, d
dga
ga ejaj jtrcdcibj
dga ejaj j trcdcibj hg sgrvnhjrgs pýdinejs
pýdinejs,, hg sgrvnhjrgs, hg gaprg`chjs ju hg
gaprg`chjs ju tgregnrjs ejktrctchjs pjr gsscs tgregnrjs ejktrctchjs pjr gsscs
gktnhchgs? gktnhchgs?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <0

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 343
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ
Ejkeursgnrj, sgn qug mã såj auntjs ejkegntjs qug vjeí prgensc hgejrcr pcrc suc prjvc,
acs, gssg î acns qug kgegssãrnj!
Vjrtcktj, j qug î ga sn c ejkhutc hg naprjdnhchg chanknstrctnvc qug sg ejkln`urc ejaj
gkrnqugenagktj
gkrnqugenag ktj niáentj:
J crtn`j >½ hc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg, gstcd
gstcdgigeg
gigeg qug=
Crt. >½. Ejkstntun ctj hg naprjdnhchg chanknstrctnvc napjrtckhj ga gkrnqugenagktj
niáentj culgrnr, aghncktg c prãtnec hg ctj hjijsj, quciqugr tnpj hg vcktc`ga
pctrnajknci nkhgvnhc gaga rczåj hj gxgreáen
gxgreáenj
j hg ecr`j, hg ac ackhctj,
khctj, hg lukàåj,
lukàåj, hg
gaprg`j ju hg ctnvnhchg kcs gktnhchgs rglgrnhcs kj crt. 3½ hgstc Ign, g kjtchcagktg (..).
Ju sgmc, hgejrg gssc ’gqucàåj‑=
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKTNSWGENA GKXJ NIÁENXJ 1 culgrnr + ctj hjijsj + quciqugr tnpj hg vcktc`ga
pctrnajknci nkhgvnhc
nkhgvnhc + ga rczåj hj gxgreáenj hj ecr`j, ackhctj, lukàåj, gaprg`j
JW hg ctnvnhchgs kcs gktnhchgs
Acs, cqun, ctgktg-sg qug î ’ga rczåj hj gxgreáenj‑ hj ecr`j (...). Ju sgmc, kåj
prgensc gstcr kgegsscrncagktg j c`gktg j pýdinej kj nktgrnjr hc rgpcrtnàåj hg sgu ecr`j,
acs, prgensc c ejkhutc sgr ga rczåj hgstg!
HNEC 344
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ
Citgrcàåj ig`nsictnvc î snkøknaj qug vcn ecnr kc suc prjvc! Vjrtcktj, agkenjkcajs cqun,
acns ci`uacs citgrcà÷gs kj crtn`j >½ hc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc. \gmcajs=

CKXGU CXWCI

\N - rgegdgr vcktc`ga gejkøanec hg \N - rgegdgr vcktc`ga gejkøanec hg

quciqugr kcturgzc, hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc, quciqugr kcturgzc, hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc, pcrc
pcrc lczgr h hgeicrcàåj
geicrcàåj llcisc
cisc sjdrg lczgr hgeicrcàåj lcisc sjdrg quciqugr
aghnàåj
ju ju cvcincàå
quciqugr cvcincàåj
jutrj jsgrvnàj,
ga jdrcs
sgrvnàj , jupýdinecs
sjdrg hchj tîeknej qug
ju quciqugr gkvjivc
jutrj jdrcs
sgrvnàj jupýdinecs
sjdrg
qucktnhchg,
qucktnhch g, pgsj, aghnhc, qucinhchg ju qucktnhchg, pgsj, aghnhc, qucinhchg ju
ecrcetgrástnec hg agrechjrncs ju dgks ecrcetgrástnec hg agrechjrncs ju dgks
ljrkgenhjs c quciq
quciqugr
ugr hcs gktnhchgs ljrkgenhjs c quciqugr hcs gktnhchgs
agkenjkchcs kj crt. 3½ hgstc ign? rglgrnhcs kj crt. 3½ hgstc Ign?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <2

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

\NN - chqunrnr, pcrc sn ju pcrc jutrga, kj \NN - chqunrnr, pcrc sn ju pcrc jutrga, kj
gxgreáenj hg ackhctj, ecr`j, gaprg`j ju gxgreáenj hg ackhctj, hg ecr`j, hg
lukàåj pýdinec, dgks hg quciqugr kcturgzc gaprg`j ju hg lukàåj pýdinec, g ga
eumj vcijr sgmc hgsprjpjrenjkci æ gvjiuàåj rczåj hgigs,
hgigs, dgks hg quciqugr kcturgzc,
hj pctrnaøknj ju æ rgkhc hj c`gktg hgejrrgktgs hjs ctj ctjss hgserntj
hgserntjss kj
pýdinej? ecput hgstg crtn`j,
crtn`j, eumj vcijr sgmc
hgsprjpjrenjkci æ gvjiuàåj hj pctrnaøknj
ju æ rgkhc hj c`gktg
c hgajkstrcàåj pgijpýdinej,
c`gktgcssg`urchc
hc inentuhg
hc jrn`ga hgssc gvjiuàåj?
gvjiuàåj?

HNEC 345
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UCKÀ×GU
Eja c kjvc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc, uac hcs citgrcà÷gs ljn kj qug hnz rgspgntj
cs sckà÷gs hc ejkhutc qug `grc gkrnqugenagktj niáentj.
niáentj.
Acs, kåj sg prgjeupg, ajktcajs gssg quchrj ejapcrctnvj pcrc vjeí hgejrcr ejaj grc g
ejaj lneju j crtn`j 34, nkensj N, qug trctc hcs sckà÷gs quckhj c ejkhutc ljr uac hcs
prgvnstcs kj crtn`j >½. \gmc sõ=

CKXGU CXWCI

N - kc bnpõtgsg hj crt. >¶, pgrhc hjs N - kc bnpõtgsg hj crt. >½ hgstc Ign,
Ign, pgrhc hjs
dgks ju vcijrgs cergsenhjs ninentcagktg dgks ju vcijrgs cergsenhjs ninentcagktg cj
cj pctrnaøknj, rgsscrenagktj pctrnaøknj, pgrhc hc llukàåj ukàåj pýdinec,
nktg`rci hj hckj, quckhj bjuvgr,bjuvgr, suspgksåj hjs hnrgntjs pjiátnejs ctî 38
pgrhc hc lukà
lukàåj
åj pýd
pýdinec,
inec, suspgksåj (ectjrzg) ckjs,
ckjs, pc`cagktj hg auitc envni
hjs hnrgntjs pjiátnejs hg jntj c hgz gqunvcigktg cj vcijr hj cerîsenaj
ckjs,, pc`cagktj hg auitc envni hgctî
ckjs pctrnajknci g prjndnàåj hg ejktrctcr eja j
trís vgzgs j vcijr hj cerîsenaj pjhgr pýdinej ju hg rgegdgr dgkgláenjs ju
pctrnajknci g prjndnàåj hg ejktrctcr nkegktnvjs lnsecns ju erghntáenjs, hnrgtc ju
eja j Vjhgr Výdinej ju rgegdgr nkhnrgtcagktg, cnkhc qug pjr nktgraîhnj hg
dgkgláenjs ju nkegktnvjs lnsecns ju pgssjc muráhnec hc quci sgmc sõenj acmjrntãrnj,
erghntáenjs, hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtcagktg, pgij prczj kåj supgrnjr c 38 (ectjrzg)
cnkhc qug pjr nktgraîhnj hg pgssjc ckjs?
muráhnec hc quci sgmc sõenj acmjrntãrnj,
pgij prczj hg hgz ckjs?

HNEC 348
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UCKÀ×GU
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
C kjvc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc, ciîa hg trczgr citgrcà÷gs ig`nsictnvcs, trjuxg
tcadîa ci`uacs nkjvcà÷gs ig`nsictnvcs. G, kj tjecktg cs sckà÷gs hj ctj qug `grc
gkrnqugenagktj
gkrnqugenagktj niáentj, bã ci`uacs, kj crtn`j 34 hc agkenjkchc Ign. \gmcajs=

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 <>

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

CKXGU CXWCI

pýdinec,,
§ 3½ C sckàåj hg pgrhc hc lukàåj pýdinec
kcs bnpõtgsgs hjs nkensjs N g NN hj ecput hgstg
crtn`j, ctnk`g cpgkcs j vákeuij hg agsac
qucinhchg g kcturgzc qug j c`gktg pýdinej ju
pjiátnej hgtnkbc eja j pjhgr pýdinej kc îpjec
hj ejagtnagktj hc nklrcàåj, pjhgkhj j
ac`nstrchj, kc bnpõtgsg hj nkensj N hj ecput
hgstg crtn`j, g ga ecrãtgr gxegpenjkci,
gxegpenjkci,
gstgkhí-ic cjs hgacns vákeuijs, ejksnhgrchcs
cs enreukstäkencs hj ecsj g c `rcvnhchg hc
nklrcàåj.

HNEC 347
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UCKÀ×GU
Ejaj vjeí mã dga scdg, c kjvc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg trjuxg ci`uacs nkjvcà÷gs, g, sgkhj
dga prjvãvgi nssj hg ecnr kc suc prjvc! Vrnkenpciagktg, pjr sg trctcr hg ua tgac
gxtrgacagktg hgdctnhj. Vjr nssj, vgmc sõ g ctgktg-sg qug cqun, qug gssg kjvj pcrã`rclj
nksgrnhj pjr gssc citgrcàåj ig`nsictnvc, cpinec-sg kj ecsj hc auitc ga rgicàåj cj
niáentj!
gkrnqugenagktj niáentj!

CKXGU CXWCI

§ 4½ C auitc pjhg sgr cuagktchc ctî j

hjdrj,, sg j munz ejksnhgrcr qug, ga vnrtuhg
hjdrj
hc sntucàåj gejkøanec hj rîu, j vcijr
ecieuichj kc ljrac hjs nkensjs N, NN g NNN hj
ecput hgstg crtn`j î nkglnecz pcrc
rgprjvcàåj g prgvgkàåj hj ctj hg
naprjdnhchg.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 06

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 34<
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UCKÀ×GU
Hgktrj hcs `rckhgs nkjvcà÷gs qug c kjvc Ign
I gn hg Naprjdnhchg trjuxg kj qug hnz rgspgntj c
muráhnec. Nssj pjrqug, c ign nksgrnu ua pcrã`rclj hj qug
rgspjkscdninzcàåj hc pgssjc muráhnec.
hgvg sgr ejksnhgrchj
ejksnhgrchj pcrc gssc rgspjkscdninzcàå
rgspjkscdninzcàåj j ga hgejrríkenc hg cctj
tj áaprjdj. \gmc
sõ=

CKXGU CXWCI

§ 5½ Kc rgspjkscdninzcàåj hc pgssjc muráhnec,

hgvgråj sgr ejksnhgrchjs js glgntjs
gejkøanejs g sjencns hcs sckà÷gs, hg ajhj
c vncdninzcr c ackutgkàåj hg sucs ctnvnhchgs.

HNEC 340
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UCKÀ×GU
Î kgegssãrnj qug vjeí vã pcrc suc prjvc scdgkhj qucns cs sckà÷gs cpineãvgns ga ecsj
hg ejkhutc áaprjdc hgejrrgktg hg ctj qug `grc gkrnqugenagktj niáentj.
niáentj . Vgksckhj
knssj, lnzgajs gssg quchrnkbj gsqugaãtnej pcrc vjeí.
\gmc sõ=

UCKÀ×GU GKTNSWGENAGK
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
XJ NIÁENXJ. CVINEC:

Vgrhc hjs dgks ju vcijrgs cergsenhjs UNA!

ninentcagktg?

Tgsscrenagktj nktg`rci hj hckj? UNA,, acs sjagktg sg ljr j ecsj.

UNA

pýdinec??
Vgrhc hc lukàåj pýdinec UNA!
UNA!
Uuspgksåj hjs hnrgntjs pjiátnejs?
pjiátnejs? UNA,, ctî 38 (quctjrzg
UNA quctjrzg)) ckjs!

Auitc envni? UNA! Gqunvcigktg cj vcijr hj cerîsenaj

pctrnajknci

Vrjndnàåj hg ejktrctcr eja j Vjhgr UNA

UNA,, pjr prczj kåj supgrnjr c 38
Výdinej? quctjrzg)) ckjs!
(quctjrzg

HNEC 342
GKTNSWGENA
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKXJ NIÁENXJ ― UWMGNXJU
Chanknstrctnvc,, ua hjs tõpnejs acns ejdrchjs
Ga sg trctckhj hg Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc
pgics dckecs î= quga pjhg nkejrrgr ga ctj áaprjdj:
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 03

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

G, nssj, c prõprnc ign rgspjkhg= j c`gktg pýdinej! Jo, nssj gu mã gktgkhn, acs pcrc lnks
hgssc ign, j qug î ejksnhgrchj c`gktg pýdinej: \gmc sõ=
↔ Crt. 4½ Vcrc js glgntjs hgstc Ign, ejksnhgrca-sg c`gktg pýdinej j c`gktg pjiátnej
pjiátnej,,
j sgrvnhjr pýdinej g tjhj cqugig qug gxgreg,
gxgreg, cnkhc qug trcksntjrncagktg ju sga
rgaukgrcàåj,, pjr gignàåj, kjagcàåj, hgsn`kcàåj, ejktrctcàåj ju quciqugr jutrc ljrac
rgaukgrcàåj
hg nkvgstnhurc ju vákeuij, ackhctj, ecr`j, gaprg`j ju lukàåj kcs gktnhchgs rglgrnhcs kj
crt. 3½ hgstc Ign.
Hgejrju: Vjns dga, c`jrc vgmc ejaj c EGUVG ejdrju nssj
nssj,, kuac prjvc pcrc j NKUU!

SWGUXÅJ EGUVG, 4636.

Cegrec hcs sckà÷gs cpineãvgns
cpineãvgns cjs c`gktgs
c`gktgs pýdinejs kjs ecsjs hg gkrnqugenagktj niáentj
kj gxgreáenj hg ecr`j, gaprg`j ju lukàåj hc chanknstrcàåj pýdinec, mui`ug j prõxnaj
ntga.
Cs puknà÷gs ejkstcktgs hc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg Chanknstrctnvc (Ign k.½
2.84>/3>>4)) såj cpineãvgns c quciqugr c`gktg pýdinej, sgrvnhjr ju kåj.
2.84>/3>>4
Citgrkctnvcs=
( ) Egrtj
( ) Grrchj
@CDCTNXJ= Egrtj, pjns, eja dcsg kj crt. 3½ hc Ign 284>/>4 js ctjs hg naprjdnhchg
prctnechjs pjr quciqugr c`gktg pýdinej, sgrvnhjr ju kåj,
kåj, sgråj puknhjs kc ljrac hgstc
ign.

HNEC 34>
UNXWCÀ×GU SWG EJKLN@WTCA GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ NIÁENXJ
Wac hcs cpjstcs
cpjstcs pcrc ecnr ga suc prjvc, quckhj sg sg trctc hgssg cssuktj, såj js nkensjs
hj crtn`j >½.
>½. Ju sgmc, j gxcankchjr, prjvcvgiag
prjvcvgiagktg
ktg vcn ejijec
ejijecrr ua gkukenchj kc
qugståj g vjeí tgrã qug hnzgr sg cqunij î gkrnqugenagktj niáentj ju jutrc ajhcinhchg hg
ejkhutc áaprjdc.
Vcrc tcktj, kgssc hnec, vcajs trcdcibcr eja j nkensj N,
N, dga ejaj eja ua gxgapij pcrc
vjeí lnxcr nssj ga agktg!
Vrnagnrj, ignc j nkensj NN,, hj crtn`j >¶=
>¶=
N - rgegdgr, pcrc sn ju pcrc jutrga, hnkbgnrj, dga aõvgi ju naõvgi, ju quciqugr jutrc
vcktc`ga gejkøanec, hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc, c tátuij hg ejanssåj, pgregktc`ga, `rctnlnecàåj
ju prgsgktg hg quga tgkbc nktgrgssg, hnrgtj ju nkhnrgtj, qug pjssc sgr ctnk`nhj ju
capcrchj pjr càåj ju janssåj hgejrrgktg hcs ctrndunà÷gs hj c`gktg pýdinej?
pýdinej?
Gx.= Mjåj, lukenjkãrnj hj NKUU
NKUU,, rgegdg hg Vghrj
Vghrj,, sgu can`j, ua prgsgktg= uac
vnc`ga pcrc Acihnvcs eja tuhj pc`j! Jejrrg qug, Vghrj Vghrj,, tga tjtci nktgrgssg kc
trcantcàåj hg ua dgkgláenj qug, Mjåj, pjr sgr lukenjkãrnj hj NKUU
NKUU,, pjhg ctucr.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 04

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 356
UNXWCÀ×GU SWG EJKLN@WTCA GKTNSWGENAGKXJ
GKTNSWGENAGKXJ NIÁENXJ
J crtn`j >½ hc Ign hg Naprjdnhchg
Naprjdnhchg,, j quci gstcdgigeg c ejkhutc áaprjdc hg
gkrnqugenagktj niáentj,
niáentj, gigkec ci`uks nkensjs aun
auntj
tj napjrtcktg
napjrtcktgss pcrc suc prjvc. Vjr
nssj, gigkecajs cqun j nkensj NN,
NN, dga ejaj uag gxgapij pcrc lnxcr! \gmc sõ=
Crtn`j >½, nkensj NN - pgregdgr vcktc`ga gejkøanec,
gejkøanec, hnrgtc ju nkhnrgtc, pcrc lcenintcr
c cqunsnàåj, pgrautc ju ijecàåj hg dga aõvgi ju naõvgi, ju c ejktrctcàåj hg sgrvnàjs
pgics gktnhchgs
gktnhchgs rglgrnhcs kj crt. 3¶ pjr prgàj supgrnjr cj vcijr hg agrechj?
Gx.= Lrckensej, c`gktg pýdinej hc Vrglgnturc hg Ucktjs/UV,
Ucktjs/UV, pgregdg vcktc`ga
gejkøanec hg Mjåj, eja nktuntj hg lcenintcr c ejktrctcàåj hc gaprgsc hgssg ga ua
prjegssj inentctõrnj kc enhchg hg Ucktjs/UV.
U cktjs/UV.
Vjrtcktj, kgssg ecsj, Lrckensej ejagtg ctj áaprjdj,
Vjrtcktj, áaprjdj, bcmc vnstc qug rgegdgu vcktc`ga
gejkøanec eja j nktuntj hg lcenintcr qug c gaprgsc hg Mjåj vgkegssg
v gkegssg j prjegssj inentctõrnj
qug trcantcvc kc Vrglgnturc ga qug j prnagnrj î c`gktg pýdinej.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 05

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNTGNXJ EJKUXNXWENJKCI
HNEC 353
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― HNTGNXJU HJU XTCDCIBCHJTGU
Sucktj cjs hnrgntjs hjs trcdcibchjrgs, kåj bã qugst÷gs hjutrnkãrncs sjdrg j cssuktj qug
cprgsgktga rgigväkenc pcrc ejkeursjs pýdinejs. C nkenhíkenc hg tci cssuktj dcsgnc-sg kc
intgrcinhchg hj crt. 0½, hc EL.
EL.
Hgstcej js hnrgntjs eja acns nkenhíkencs ga prjvcs (acs sg rgejagkhc c ignturc hj
crtn`j nktgnrj)=
Tgicàåj hg gaprg`j prjtg`nhc ejktrc hgspghnhc crdntrãrnc ju sga mustc ecusc, kjs
tgrajs hg ign ejapigagktcr, qug prgvgrã nkhgknzcàåj ejapgksctõrnc,
ejapgksctõrnc, hgktrg jutrjs
hnrgntjs?
Ug`urj-hgsgaprg`j,, ga ecsj hg hgsgaprg`j nkvjiuktãrnj?
Ug`urj-hgsgaprg`j
Lukhj hg `crcktnc hj tgapj hg sgrvnàj (L@XU
( L@XU)?
)?
sciãrnj, scivj j hnspjstj ga ejkvgkàåj ju cejrhj ejigtnvj?
Nrrghutndninhchg hj sciãrnj,
Hîenaj tgregnrj sciãrnj eja dcsg kc rgaukgrcàåj nktg`rci ju kj vcijr hc
cpjsgktchjrnc?
Tgaukgrcàåj hj trcdcibj kjturkj supgrnjr æ hj hnurkj?
hnurkj?
iuerjs, ju rgsuitchjs, hgsvnkeuichc hc rgaukgrcàåj, g,
Vcrtnenpcàåj kjs iuerjs,
gxegpenjkciagktg,
gxegpenjkciagktg, pcrtnenpcàåj kc `gståj hc gaprgsc, ejkljrag hglnknhj ga Ign?
Hurcàåj hj trcdcibj kjraci kåj supgrnjr c jntj bjrcs hnãrncs g qucrgktc g quctrj
sgackcns,, lceuitchc
sgackcns lceuitchc c ejapgkscàåj hg bjrãrnjs g c rghuàåj hc mjrkc
mjrkchc,
hc, ag
aghncktg
hncktg
cejrhj ju ejkvgkàåj ejigtnvc hg trcdcibj?
Mjrkchc hg sgns bjrcs pcrc j trcdcibj rgcinzchj ga turkjs nknktgrruptjs hg
rgvgzcagktj, scivj kg`jencàåj ejigtnvc?
ejigtnvc?
Tgaukgrcàåj hj sgrvnàj gxtrcjrhnkãrnj supgrnjr, kj aáknaj, ga 76 % pjr æ hj
kjraci?

@jzj? hg lîrncs ckucns rgaukgrchcs eja, pgij agkjs, 3/5 c acns hj qug j sciãrnj
kjraci
kjraci?
Cvnsj prîvnj prjpjrenjkci cj tgapj hg sgrvnàj, sgkhj kj aáknaj hg trnktc hncs, kjs
tgrajs hc ign?
Chnenjkci hg rgaukgrcàåj pcrc cs ctnvnhchgs pgkjscs,
pgkjscs, nksciudrgs ju pgrn`jscs
pgrn`jscs,, kc
ljrac hc ign?
Cssnstíkenc `rctuntc cjs lnibjs g hgpgkhgktgs hgshg j kcsenagktj ctî 7 ckjs hg
nhchg ga ergebgs g prî-gsejics?
prî-gsejics?
Vrjndnàåj hg hnlgrgkàc hg sciãrnjs,
sciãrnjs, hg gxgreáenj hg lukà÷gs g hg erntîrnj hg
chanssåj pjr ajtnvj hg sgxj, nhchg, ejr ju gstchj envni?
Vrjndnàåj hg quciqugr hnsernankcàå
h nsernankcàåj
j kj tjecktg c sciãrnj g erntîrnjs hg chanssåj
c hanssåj hj
trcdcibchjr pjrtchjr hg hglneníkenc?
hglneníkenc?
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 08

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Vrjndnàåj hg hnstnkàåj gktrg trcdcibj ackuci,
ackuci, tîeknej g nktgigetuci ju gktrg js
prjlnssnjkcns rgspgetnvjs?
Vrjndnàåj hg trcdcibj kjturkj,
kjturkj, pgrn`jsj ju nksciudrg c agkjrgs hg 32 ckjs g
hg quciqugr trcdcibj c agkjrgs hg hgzgssgns ckjs, scivj kc ejkhnàåj hg cprgkhnz, c
pcrtnr hg quctjrzg ckjs?

CXGKÀÅJ!

Chjigsegktg agkjr hg 38 ckjs ― kgkbua trcdcibj î pgrantnhj?

Chjigsegktg gktrg 38 g 3< ckjs ― cpgkcs kc ejkhnàåj hg cprgkhnz
Chjigsegktgs gktrg 3< g 32 ckjs ― pjhg trcdcibcr, gxegtj trcdcibj kjturkj,
pgrn`jsj g nksciudrg.

HNEC 354
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU= GAVTG@CHJ HJAÎUXNEJ
Hnrgntjs sjencns KÅJ prgvnstjs pcrc js gaprg`chjs hjaîstnejs
Vnsj scicrnci prjpjrenjkci æ gxtgksåj g æ ejapigxnhchg hj trcdcibj
iuerjs, ju rgsuitchjs, hgsvnkeuichc hc rgaukgrcàåj, g,
Vcrtnenpcàåj kjs iuerjs,
gxegpenjkciagktg,
gxegpenjkciagktg, pcrtnenpcàåj kc `gståj hc gaprgsc, ejkljrag hglnknhj ga ign?
Mjrkchc hg < bjrcs pcrc j trcdcibj rgcinzchj ga turkjs nknktgrruptjs hg
rgvgzcagktj, scivj kg`jencàåj ejigtnvc?
Chnenjkci hg rgaukgrcàåj pcrc cs ctnvnhchgs pgkjscs,
pgkjscs, nksciudrgs ju pgrn`jscs,
pgrn`jscs,
kc ljrac hc ign?
Vrjtgàåj ga lceg hc cutjacàåj, c ljrac hc ign
Vrjndnàåj hg hnstnkàåj gktrg trcdcibj ackuci, tîeknej g nktgigetuci ju gktrg js
prjlnssnjkcns rgspgetnvjs?
N`ucihchg hg hnrgntjs gktrg j trcdcibchjr eja vákeuij gaprg`ctáenj pgrackgktg
p grackgktg
g j trcdcibchjr cvuisj
Càåj, qucktj cjs erîhntjs rgsuitcktgs hcs rgicà÷gs hg trcdcibj, eja prczj prgsernenjkci
hg enkej ckjs pcrc js trcdcibchjrgs urdckjs g rurcns, ctî j inantg hg hjns ckjs cpõs c
gxtnkàåj hj ejktrctj hg trcdcibj?
Vrjtgàåj hj agrechj hg trcdcibj hc auibgr, aghncktg nkegktnvjs gspgeálnejs, kjs
tgrajs hc ign?
HNEC 355
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― UNKHNECIN]CÀÅJ
C EL `crcktg c indgrhchg qucktj æ cssjencàåj prjlnssnjkci ju snkhneci.
C ign kåj pjhgrã gxn`nr cutjrnzcàåj hj Gstchj pcrc c lukhcàåj hg snkhnectj,
snkhnectj, acs j
snkhnectj hgvgrã sgr rg`nstrchj ga õr`åj ejapgtgktg.
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 07

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

Î vghchc c nktgrlgríkenc g c nktgrvgkàåj hj Gstchj kc jr`cknzcàåj snkhneci.
Î vghchc c erncàåj hg acns hg uac jr`cknzcàåj snkhneci snkhneci,, ga quciqugr `rcu,
rgprgsgktctnvc hg ectg`jrnc prjlnssnjkci ju gejkøanec, kc agsac dcsg tgrrntjrnci,
tgrrntjrnci, qug
sgrã hglnknhc pgijs trcdcibchjrgs ju gaprg`chjrgs nktgrgsschjs, kåj pjhgkhj sgr nklgrnjr
æ ãrgc hg ua Aukneápnj.
HNEC 358
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― UNKHNECIN]CÀÅJ
Knk`uîa sgrã jdrn`chj c lnincr-sg ju c acktgr-sg lninchj c snkhnectj.
J cpjsgktchj lninchj tga hnrgntj c vjtcr g sgr vjtchj kcs jr`cknzcà÷gs snkhnecns.
Î vghchc c hnspgksc hj gaprg`chj snkhnecinzchj c pcrtnr hj rg`nstrj hc
eckhnhcturc c ecr`j hg hnrgàåj ju rgprgsgktcàåj snkhneci g, sg gigntj, cnkhc qug
supigktg, ctî ua ckj cpõs j lnkci hj ackhctj,
ackhctj , scivj sg ejagtgr lcitc `rcvg kjs
tgrajs hc ign.
Î vghchc c snkhnecinzcàåj hj ANINXCT (crt. 384, N\, hc EL).
HNEC 357
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― EJKXTNDWNÀ×GU EJKLGHGTCXN\C G UNKHNECI

J crt. 2½, N\, hc

h c EL, prgví cs ejktrndunà÷gs ejklghgrct
ejklghgrctnvc
nvc g snkhneci.
’N\ - c cssgadignc `grci lnxcrã c ejktrndunàåj qug, ga sg trctckhj hg ectg`jrnc
prjlnssnjkci, sgrã hgsejktchc ga ljibc, pcrc eustgnj hj snstgac ejklghgrctnvj hc
rgprgsgktcàåj
rgprgsgktcàå j snkhneci rgspgetnvc, nkhgpgkhg
nkhgpgkhgktgagktg
ktgagktg hc ejktrndunàåj prgvnstc ga ign‑.
ign‑.
C ejktrndunàåj ejklghgrctnvc ju hg cssgadignc kåj î ejksnhgrchc trndutj g j sgu
pc`cagktj î vjiuktãrnj, pjns sjagktg î pc`c pjr cqugigs qug rgsjivgrga sg lnincr cj
snkhnectj.
C ejktrndunàåj snkhneci,
snkhneci, pjr suc vgz, î ejksnhgrchc trndutj g j sgu pc`cagktj grc
jdrn`ctõrnj, sgkhj pc`c pjr tjhjs qug pgrtgkenca c hgtgrankchc ectg`jrnc.
Eja c rgljrac trcdcibnstc ljn gxtnktc c jdrn`ctjrnghchg hc ejktrndunàåj snkhneci g
ejkhnenjkcrca j sgu pc`cagktj c̆ prîvnc g gxprgssc cutjrnzcàåj hjs lninchjs (Nkljractnvj
>62/4632 ― UXL).
HNEC 35<
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― @TG\G
J hnrgntj hg `rgvg gstã prgvnstj kj crt. >½, hc EL, qucktj cjs trcdcibchjrgs vnkeuichjs æ
nknenctnvc prnvchc.
Î cssg`urchj j hnrgntj hg `rgvg, ejapgtnkhj cjs trcdcibchjrgs hgenhnr sjdrg c
jpjrtuknhchg hg gxgreí-ij g sjdrg js nktgrgssgs qug hgvca pjr agnj hgig hglgkhgr.

C ign hglnknrã js sgrvnàjs ju ctnvnhchgs gssgkencns g hnspjrã sjdrg j ctgkhnagktj hcs

kgegssnhchgss nkchnãvgns hc ejauknhchg.
kgegssnhchg

Js cdusjs ejagtnhjs sumgntca js rgspjksãvgns æs pgkcs hc ign.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 0<

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 000
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU ― @TG\G
Kc EL rgejkbgegu-sg j hnrgntj hg `rgvg pcrc js sgrvnhjrgs pýdinejs,
pýdinejs, ejktuhj kåj
bjuvg rg`uicagktcàåj hg tci hnrgntj (crt. 50, \NN, hc EL). Cktg c janssåj gstctci, j UXL
cj mui`cr ua Ackhchj hg Nkmukàåj, rgejkbgegu qug ljssg `crcktnhj j hnrgntj hg `rgvg c
tjhj sgrvnhjr pýdinej, cpineckhj-sg, kj qug ejudgr, c Ign k. 0.025/2>, qug hnsp÷g sjdrg
j gxgreáenj hj hnrgntj hg `rgvg kc nknenctnvc prnvchc.
prnvchc.
J UXL sg acknlgstju pgic nig`cinhchg hj gxgreáenj hj hnrgntj hg `rgvg pjr pjinencns
envns,, pjns gxgrega lukà÷gs rgicenjkchcs æ ackutgkàåj hc jrhga pýdinec.
envns
Vjr lna, î vghchj cjs anintcrgs j gxgreáenj hj hnrgntj hg `rgvg (crt. 384, N\, hc EL).
HNEC 352
HNTGNXJU UJENCNU
Î cssg`urchc c pcrtnenpcàåj hjs trcdcibchjrgs g gaprg`chjrgs kjs ejig`nchjs hjs õr`åjs
pýdinejs ga qug sgus nktgrgssgs
nktgrgssgs prjlnssnjkcns
prjlnssnjkcns ju prgvnhgkenãrnjs sgm
sgmca
ca jdmgtj hg
hnseussåj g hgindgrcàåj.
Lnqug ctgktj!
Kcs gaprgscs hg acns hg huzgktjs gaprg`chjs, î cssg`urchc c gignàåj hg ua
rgprgsgktcktg hgstgs eja c lnkcinhchg gxeiusnvc hg prjajvgr-ibgs j gktgkhnagktj hnrgtj
eja js gaprg`c
gaprg`chjrgs.
hjrgs.
HNEC 35>
KCENJKCINHCHG
Kcenjkcinhchg jrn`nkãrnc= rgsuitc hj kcsenagktj. Xrctc-sg hg ljrac nkvjiuktãrnc hg
cqunsnàåj hc kcenjkcinhchg
kcenjkcinhchg.. Js qug rgegdga c kcenjkcinhc
kcenjkcinhchg
hg pjr gssc ljrac såj
ebcachjs ’drcsnignrjs kctjs‑.
Kcenjkcinhchg hgrnvchc= rgsuitc hg ua ctj hg vjktchg hj nkhnváhuj. Js qug rgegdga c
kcenjkcinhchg hgrnvchc
hgrnvchc såj ebcachjs ’drcsnignrjs kcturcinzchjs‑.
HNEC 386
KCENJKCINHCHG - DTCUNIGNTJ KCXJ
Uåj drcsnignrjs=
Kctjs=
Js kcsenhjs kc Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj Drcsni
Drcsni,, cnkhc qug hg pcns gstrck`gnrjs, hgshg
qug gstgs kåj gstgmca c sgrvnàj hg sgu pcás?
Js kcsenhjs kj gstrck`gnrj,
gstrck`gnrj, hg pcn drcsnignrj ju aåg drcsnignrc,
drcsnignrc, hgshg qug
quciqugr hgigs gstgmc c sgrvnàj hc Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj Drcsni
Drcsni??
Js kcsenhjs kj gstrck`gnrj hg pcn drcsnignrj ju hg aåg drcsnignrc
drcsnignrc,, hgshg qug
sgmca rg`nstrchjs ga rgpcrtnàåj drcsnignrc ejapgtgktg JW vgkbca c rgsnhnr kc
Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj Drcsni g jptga,
jptga, ga quciqugr tgapj, hgpjns hg ctnk`nhc c
acnjrnhchg,, pgic kcenjkcinhchg drcsnignrc?
acnjrnhchg drcsnignrc?

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 00

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

HNEC 383
KCENJKCINHCHG - DTCUNIGNTJ KCXWTCIN]CHJ
Kcturcinzchjs=
Js qug, kc ljrac hc ign, chqunrca c kcenjkcinhchg drcsnignrc,
drcsnignrc, gxn`nhcs cjs
jrn`nkãrnjs hg pcásgs hg iák`uc pjrtu`ugsc cpgkcs rgsnhíkenc pjr 3 ckj nknktgrruptj g
ajrci?
nhjkgnhchg ajrci?
Js gstrck`gnrjs hg quciqugr kcenjkcinhchg,
kcenjkcinhchg, rgsnhgktgs kc Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj
Drcsni bã acns hg 37 ckjs nknktgrruptjs g sga ejkhgkcàåj pgkci, pgkci, hgshg qug
rgqugnrca c kcenjkcinhchg drcsnignrc.
HNEC 384
HJU VJTXW@WÍUGU
Xjag kjtc!
Cjs pjrtu`ugsgs eja rgsnhíkenc pgrackgktg kj Vcás, Vcás, sg bjuvgr rgenprjenhchg ga
drcsnignrj,, scivj js
lcvjr hg drcsnignrjs, sgråj ctrnduáhjs js hnrgntjs nkgrgktgs cj drcsnignrj
ecsjs prgvnstjs kc Ejkstntunàåj
Ejkstntunàåj..

- Tgsnhíkenc Hnrgntjs nkgrgktgs

pgrackgktg kj pcás cj drcsnignrj, scivj
VJTXW@WGUGU js ecsjs prgvnstjs
- Tgenprjenhchg ga kc Ejkstntunàåj hg
lcvjr hg drcsnignrjs 3>22

HNEC 385
VGTHC HC KCENJKCINHCHG HJ DTCUNIGNTJ
Ugrã hgeicrchc c pgrhc hc kcenjkcinhchg hj drcsnignrj qug=
kcturcinzcàåj,, pjr sgktgkàc muhnenci,
Xnvgr eckegichc suc kcturcinzcàåj muhnenci, ga vnrtuhg hg ctnvnhchg
kjenvc cj nktgrgssg kcenjkci?
kcenjkci?

Chqunrnr jutrc kcenjkcinhchg,

kcenjkcinhchg, scivj kjs ecsjs=
Hg rgejkbgenagktj hg kcenjkcinhchg jrn`nkãrnc pgic ign gstrck`gnrc?
kcturcinzcàåj,, pgic kjrac gstrck`gnrc, cj drcsnignrj rgsnhgktg ga
Hg napjsnàåj hg kcturcinzcàåj
gstchj gstrck`gnrj, ejaj ejkhnàåj pcrc pgrackíkenc ga sgu tgrrntõrnj ju pcrc j gxgreáenj
hg hnrgntjs envns?
HNEC 38
KCENJKCINHCHG= ECT@JU VTN\CXN\JU HG DTCUNIGNTJU KCXJ
KCENJKCINHCHG=
C Ejkstntunàåj Lghgrci, ga sgu Crt. 34, §4½, prjádg hnlgrgkencàåj gktrg drcsnignrjs kctjs g
kcturcinzchjs. Ejktuhj, ci`uks ecr`js pýdinejs såj prnvctnvjs c drcsnignrjs kctjs=
kctjs=
↔ Vrgsnhgktg g \neg-Vrgsnhgktg hc Tgpýdinec?
↔
Vrgsnhgktg hc Eäacrc hjs Hgputchjs?
Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.
Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 02

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

↔ Vrgsnhgktg hj Ugkchj Lghgrci?
↔ Anknstrj hj Uuprgaj Xrndukci Lghgrci?
↔ Ecrrgnrc hnpijaãtnec?
↔ Jlnenci hcs Ljràcs Crachcs?
↔ Anknstrj hg Gstchj hc Hglgsc.

CXGKÀÅJ!

Kjtc-sg qug j drcsnignrj kcturcinzchj VJHG jeupcr j ecr`j hg hgputchj ju sgkchjr, j

qug kåj pjhg î sgr prgsnhgktg hgsscs Ecscs.

Js pjrtu`ugsgs gqunpcrchjs kåj pjhga jeupcr ecr`js prnvctnvjs hg drcsnignrj kctj, mã

qug gigs rgegdga j trctcagktj hg drcsnignrj kcturcinzchj.
HNEC 387
NHNJAC JLNENCI G UÁADJIJU
C iák`uc pjrtu`ugsc î j nhnjac jlnenci hc Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj Drcsni.

sgijUåj
kcenjkcns. hc Tgpýdinec Lghgrctnvc hj Drcsni c dckhgnrc
sáadjijs
kcenjkcns. dckhgnrc,, j bnkj
bnkj,, cs cracs g j

Js Gstchjs, j Hnstrntj Lghgrci g js Aukneápnjs pjhgråj tgr sáadjijs prõprnjs.

Gadjrc pcrgàc snapigs, î pjssávgi qug ecnc kc prjvc. Vjr nssj vcajs gsqugactnzcr=

- Dckhgnrc
- Bnkj
Uáadjijs
- Cracs
- Ugij kcenjkcns

G, HL, A ― sáadjijs prõprnjs

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 0>

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

TIA
HNEC 38<
\CIJT VGTEGKXWCI
Ajstrc uac rgprgsgktcàåj kc ljrac hg VJTEGKXC@GA hj qug vcn sgr ctrnduáhj c ua
ECVNXCI.
ECVNXCI.

CDUXTCXC,, LTCENJKCHC ju HGENACI

C ljrac hg cprgsgktcr ua pgregktuci pjhg CDUXTCXC HGENACI..
CDUXTCXC 1 pjr sáadjij ejaj kjs vcijrgs 86%
86%, 07
07% %, >6
>6%
%.
LTCENJKCHC 1 pjr uac lrcàåj eumj HGKJANKCHJT sgrã 366, tcns ejaj=
86/
86/366?
366? 07/
07/366
366?? >6
>6/
/366.
366.
HGENACI 1 pjr ua vcijr hnvnhnhj pjr 366, gktåj= 86
86%
% 1 6,8
6,8?? 07%
07% 1 6,07?
6,07? >6
>6%
%
1 6,>.
HNEC 380
VJTEGKXC@GA HG CWAGKXJU
Cpinecajs tgkhj ejaj TGLGTÍKENC uac UJAC ga enac hg 366%
366%..

Gx.= Cuagktj hg 06% rgsuitc ga ua pgregktuci lnkci hg 306%

↔ Jdtgajs kgssg CWAGKXJ VGTEGKXWCI ua ECVNXCI HG NKLICÀÅJ g ua ECVNXCI
LNKCI cpõs cuagktj.
Gx.= Cuagktj hg <6% ga enac hg ua ecpntci hg T$ 8666,66 rgsuitcrã ga
3<6%
3<6% 13<6
13<6/
/3661
36613,<6
3,<6 x 8666,66
<866,66
↔ ecpntci lnkci eja ua cuagktj hg <866 - 8666 1 4866,66
HNEC 382
VGTEGKXWCI HG HGUEJKXJU
Cpinecajs tgkhj ejaj TGLGTÍKENC uac HNLGTGKÀC ga enac hg 366%
366%..
Gx.= Hgsejktj hg 56% rgsuitc ga ua pgregktuci lnkci hg 06%
↔ Jdtgajs kgssg HGUEJKXJ VGTEGKXWCI ua ECVNXCI HG HGLICÀÅJ g ua
ECVNXCI LNKCI cpõs cuagktj.
Gx.= Hgsejktj hg 47% ga enac hg ua ecpntci hg T$ 4866,66 rgsuitcrã ga
47%1
47%147
47/
/366
3661
16,47
6,47 x 4866,66
<66,66
↔ ecpntci lnkci eja ua hgsejktj hg 4866 - <66 1 3266,66

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.
 26

Agajrgx Vrî-NKUU ― Xîeknej ― Tjhchc 68

UG IN@WG!!! Vcrc jdtgr tcadîa pjhgrácajs uscs c pjregktc`ga cpõs hgsejktj, jkhg
07%
tgrácajs 07% 1 6,07 x 4866,66 1 3266,66
3266,66..
HNEC 38>
CWAGKXJU G/JW HGUEJKXJU UWEGUUN\JU
Cpinechj quckhj tgajs kj AÁKNAJ HWCU pjregkt
pjregktc`gks
c`gks gkvjivgkhj CWAGKXJU g/ju
HGUEJKXJU.
HGUEJKXJU.
Wscajs c rg`rc prãtnec hc AWIXNVINECÀÅJ hj vcijr hchj pgijs cuagktjs ju hgsejktjs
ctrnduáhjs.
Gx.= Suci vcijr lnkci hg ua jdmgtj qug eustcvc T$ 246,66 cpõs sjlrgr suegssnvcagktg
ua cuagktj hg 56% g hgpjns ua hgsejktj hg 46%.
1 246 x 3,5 x 6,2
1 854,66
1 274,26 (vcijr lnkci)
Ecsj sgmc pghnhj j qucktj cuagktj ju hnankunu tg
tgrgajs=
rgajs= 274,26 ― 246 1 54,26
HNEC 376

VJTEGKXC@GA EJA CKXGENVCÀÅJ

Tgicenjkc eja HGUEJKXJ VGTEGKXWCI (%) hg uac hávnhc qug ljn nknenciagktg
VCTEGICHC
VCTEGICHC..
(CAJTXN]CT) hj vcijr hg gktrchc g j vcijr rgstcktg sgr
Xgrgajs qug hnankunr (CAJTXN]CT
trcdcibchj c VJTEGKXC@GA hg hgsejktj.
Gx.= Ga hgtgrankchc ijmc, uac dneneigtc î vgkhnhc pjr T$ 3.046 c vnstc ju ga hucs
vgzgs, eja uac gktrchc hg T$ >46 g uac pcregic hg T$ >46 eja vgkenagktj pcrc j aís
sg`unktg. Ecsj qugnrc cktgenpcr j erîhntj ejrrgspjkhgktg cj vcijr hc pcregic, j ijmnstc
pc`c pcrc c lnkckegnrc uac tcxc hg cktgenpcàåj ejrrgspjkhgktg
ejrrgspjkhgktg c 7% hj vcijr hc pcregic.
Kc ejaprc c prczj, j eustj glgtnvj hc jpgrcàåj hg lnkckencagktj pc`j pgij eingktg sgrã
nklgrnjr c 38% cj aís.
GTTCHJ
C dneneigtc eustc 3046 rgcns. Vc`ckhj >46 rgcns hg gktrchc, sjdrcrnc uac pcregic hg 266
rgcns. Vjrîa, c pcregic ljn hg >46 rgcns, ju sgmc, 346 rgcns c acns.
TC]ÅJ HG VJTEGKXC@GA
VJTEGKXC@GA== 346
346/
/266 1 6,37 ju 37
37%%.

Xjhjs js hnrgntjs rgsgrvchjs. prjndnhc eõpnc, piã`nj ju ejagrencinzcàåj.

Vgkscr Ejkeursjs.