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BIOLS102-UOB-Chapter 11

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 11 including: 1) Gregor Mendel formulated the particulate theory of inheritance and proposed the laws of segregation and independent assortment through experiments on garden peas. 2) Mendel's experiments disproved the blending hypothesis and established that traits are inherited in discrete units (genes) from parents. 3) Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to establish that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation and transmission of traits follows predictable patterns.

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Noor Janahi
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35 views3 pages

BIOLS102-UOB-Chapter 11

The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 11 including: 1) Gregor Mendel formulated the particulate theory of inheritance and proposed the laws of segregation and independent assortment through experiments on garden peas. 2) Mendel's experiments disproved the blending hypothesis and established that traits are inherited in discrete units (genes) from parents. 3) Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to establish that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation and transmission of traits follows predictable patterns.

Uploaded by

Noor Janahi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The book and slides are the main reference to study from

Chapter 11:
The Blending Concept of Inheritance theory: the progeny inherits
any characteristic as the average of the parents' values of that
characteristic, and over time, variation would decrease as individuals
became more alike in their traits
Gregor Mendel:
• formulated the particulate theory of inheritance and proposed
the laws of segregation and independent assortment
• Had no knowledge of cells or chromosomes and did not have a
microscope, Experiments on the inheritance of simple traits in
the garden pea disproved the blending hypothesis
• garden peas were a good choice because:
o easy to cultivate
o Short generation time
o self-pollinating, but can be cross pollinated by hands
o True-breeding varieties available
o Simple, objective traits
Garden Pea Traits Studied by Mendel

• performed cross-breeding experiments using homozygous plant


• Performed reciprocal crosses and Formulated law of segregation
o Parental generation = P
o First filial generation offspring = F1
o Second filial generation offspring = F2
Classical Genetics and Mendel’s Cross
• Monohybrid cross:
o Law of Segregation: During the development of the
gamete, each gene is segregated in such a way that the
gamete consists of just one allele for that gene
o Separation of chromosomes happen at meiosis I
o Each trait controlled by two alleles
▪ Dominant allele (capital letter)
▪ recessive allele (lowercase)
o Alleles occur on a homologous pair of chromosomes
which give different genotypes
▪ Homozygous = identical alleles (AA) or (aa)
▪ Heterozygous = different alleles (Aa)
o Genotype: refers to the two alleles an individual has for a
specific trait
o Phenotype: the physical appearance of the individual
▪ the presence of capital letter in genotype always give
the dominant allele phenotype
Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross example

• Dihybrid cross:
o Law of independent assortment: the alleles of different
genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
(the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not
influence the allele received for another gene)
Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross example

Punnett Square: Table that list all possible genotypes of next


generation resulting from a cross
• All possible sperm genotypes are lined up on one side
• All possible egg genotypes are lined up on the other side
• All possible zygote genotypes are placed within the squares
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance and Human Disease:
• Autosome: any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
• Genetic disorders are medical conditions caused by alleles
inherited from parents, when the disorder caused by genes on
autosomes is called autosomal disorder
• Some genetic disorders are autosomal dominant (the person
have the disorder when the phenotype is for the dominant allele
“AA or Aa”) and other disorders are autosomal recessive (the
person have the disorder when the phenotype is for the recessive
allele “aa”)
• Codominance: the phenomena when some traits are controlled
by multiple alleles (the gene exist in several forms but
individuals only has 2 alleles) such as ABO blood type
• Incomplete Dominance: When heterozygote has a phenotype
intermediate between that of either homozygote, and it is a form
of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a particular
trait is not expressed completely over its paired allele

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