FINITE

CONTROL
VOLUME
ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 3
3.0 Finite Control Volume Analysis
3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
3.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of flow
3.3 Visualization of fluid flow
3.4 Continuity equation
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its
application
3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
◼ Analytical description of fluid flow can be expressed
using physical laws related to fluid flow in a suitable
mathematical formulation.
3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
◼ The quantity of fluid flowing in a system per unit
time can be expressed by the following three
different terms:
◼ Q The volume flow rate is the volume of fluid
flowing past a section per unit time.
◼ W The weight flow rate is the weight of fluid
flowing past a section per unit time.
◼ M The mass flow rate is the mass of fluid flowing
past a section per unit time.
3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
◼ The most fundamental of these three terms is the
volume flow rate Q, which is calculated from

◼ where A is the area of the section and ν is the

average velocity of flow. The units of Q can be
derived as follows, using SI units for illustration:
3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
◼ The weight flow rate W is related to Q by

◼ where γ is the specific weight of the fluid. The units of W are then

◼ The mass flow rate M is related to Q by

◼ The units of M are then

3.1 Introduction to fluid flow
3.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of flow
There are two distinct ways to describe motion: Lagrangian and Eulerian
Lagrangian description: To follow the path of individual objects.
This method requires us to track the position and velocity of each individual
fluid parcel (fluid particle) and take to be a parcel of fixed identity.

With a small number of objects, such In the Lagrangian description, one

as billiard balls on a pool table, must keep track of the position and
individual objects can be tracked. velocity of individual particles.
3.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of flow
• In the Eulerian description we
don’t really care what happens to
individual fluid particles; rather we
are concerned with the pressure,
velocity, acceleration, etc., of
whichever fluid particle happens
to be at the location of interest at
the time of interest.
• While there are many occasions in
which the Lagrangian description
is useful, the Eulerian description
In the Eulerian description, one is often more convenient for fluid
defines field variables, such as mechanics applications.
the pressure field and the
velocity field, at any location • Experimental measurements are
and instant in time. generally more suited to the
Eulerian description.
 3.3 Visualization of fluid flow
• Flow visualization: The visual
examination of flow field
features.
• While quantitative study of
fluid dynamics requires
advanced mathematics, much
can be learned from flow
visualization.
• Flow visualization is useful
not only in physical
experiments but in numerical Spinning baseball. The late F. N. M.
solutions as well Brown devoted many years to developing
[computational fluid dynamics and using smoke visualization in wind
(CFD)]. tunnels at the University of Notre Dame.
• In fact, the very first thing an Here the flow speed is about 23 m/s and
engineer using CFD does the ball is rotated at 630 rpm.
after obtaining a numerical
solution is simulate some
form of flow visualization.
3.3 Visualization of fluid flow
Particle image velocimetry (PIV): A modern experimental technique that
utilizes short segments of particle pathlines to measure the velocity field over
an entire plane in a flow.
Recent advances also extend the technique to three dimensions.
In PIV, tiny tracer particles are suspended in the fluid. However, the flow is
illuminated by two flashes of light (usually a light sheet from a laser) to
produce two bright spots (recorded by a camera) for each moving particle.
Then, both the magnitude and direction of the velocity vector at each particle
location can be inferred, assuming that the tracer particles are small enough
that they move with the fluid.

Modern digital photography and

fast computers have enabled PIV
to be performed rapidly enough
so that unsteady features of a
flow field can also be measured.

https://youtu.be/UCsszg32bo4
3.3 Visualization of fluid flow
Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques
It is based on the refractive property of light waves.
The speed of light through one material may differ somewhat from that in
another material, or even in the same material if its density changes. As
light travels through one fluid into a fluid with a different index of
refraction, the light rays bend (they are refracted).
Two primary flow visualization techniques that utilize the fact that the
index of refraction in air (or other gases) varies with density: the
shadowgraph technique and the schlieren technique.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyOLkHR5prw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLp_rSBzteI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tp0zB904Mc&t=132s
3.3 Visualization of fluid flow
Surface Flow Visualization Techniques
• The direction of fluid flow immediately above a solid surface
can be visualized with tufts—short, flexible strings glued to the
surface at one end that point in the flow direction.
• Tufts are especially useful for locating regions of flow
separation, where the flow direction suddenly reverses.
• A technique called surface oil visualization can be used for the
same purpose—oil placed on the surface forms streaks called
friction lines that indicate the direction of flow.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ9igGdd-EQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVE5F0-2xs8
3.4 Continuity equation
◼ The method of calculating the velocity of flow of
a fluid in a closed pipe system depends on the
principle of continuity(conservation of mass).

◼ This can be expressed in terms of the mass

flow rate as
3.4 Continuity equation

Figure 1 shows the portion of a fluid distribution system showing variations

in velocity, pressure, and elevation.
3.4 Continuity equation

◼ As M=ρAv, we have

◼ Equation above is a mathematical statement of the

principle of continuity and is called the continuity
equation.
◼ It is used to relate the fluid density, flow area, and
velocity of flow at two sections of the system in
which there is steady flow.
◼ It is valid for all fluids, whether gas or liquid.
3.4 Continuity equation
◼ If the fluid in the pipe in Fig. 1 is a liquid that can
be considered incompressible, then the terms ρ1
and ρ2 is the same.

◼ Since Q = Av,
3.4 Continuity equation

◼ Another example of the use of the continuity equation is to

determine the velocities in pipes coming from a junction as
shown in the figure below.
Example

In Fig. below the inside diameters of the pipe at

sections 1 and 2 are 50 mm and 100 mm,
respectively. Water at is flowing with an average
velocity of 8 m/s at section 1. Calculate the
following:

(a) Velocity at section 2

(b) Volume flow rate
(c) Weight flow rate
(d) Mass flow rate
(a) Velocity at section 2.
Then the velocity at section 2 is

Notice that for steady flow of a liquid, as the flow

area increases, the velocity decreases.

This is independent of pressure and elevation.

(b) Volume flow rate Q.

Because of the principle of continuity we could use

the conditions either at section 1 or at section 2 to
calculate Q. At section 1 we have
(c) Weight flow rate W.

At 70°C, the specific weight of water is 9.59kN/m3.

Then the weight flow rate is
(d) Mass flow rate M.

At the density of water is

978 kg/m3. Then the mass flow rate is
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
▪ An approximate relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation and is valid
in region of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible.

▪ The Bernoulli’s equation between any two points (point 1 and point 2) on the same
streamline is:
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
In the steady flow of a non-viscous, incompressible fluid of density ρ, the
pressure P, the fluid speed v, and the elevation Z at any two points (1
and 2) are related by:
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
Tanks, Reservoirs and Nozzles Exposed to the Atmosphere
◼ When the fluid at a reference point is exposed to the atmosphere,
the pressure is zero and the pressure head term can be
cancelled from Bernoulli’s equation.
◼ Fig below shows the siphon.
Tanks, Reservoirs and Nozzles Exposed to the Atmosphere
◼ The tank from which the fluid is being drawn can be assumed to be
quite large compared to the size of the flow area inside the pipe.
◼ The velocity head at the surface of a tank or reservoir is
considered to be zero and it can be cancelled from Bernoulli’s
equation.
 When Both Reference Points Are in the Same Pipe
◼ When the two points of reference for Bernoulli’s
equation are both inside a pipe of the same size, the
velocity head terms on both sides of the equation are
equal and can be cancelled.
 When Elevation Are Equal at Both Reference Point

◼ When the two points of reference for Bernoulli’s

equation are both at the same elevation, the elevation
head terms z1 and z2 are equal and can be cancelled.
 Example
Figure shows a siphon that is used to draw water from a swimming pool.
The pipe that makes up the siphon has an inside diameter of 40 mm and
terminates with a 25-mm diameter nozzle. Assuming that there are no
energy losses in the system, calculate the volume flow rate through the
siphon and the pressure at points B–E.
The first step in this problem solution is to calculate the
volume flow rate Q, using Bernoulli’s equation. The two most
convenient points to use for this calculation are A and F.
What is known about point A?

Point A is the free surface of the water in the pool. Therefore,

pA = 0Pa. Also, because the surface area of the pool is very
large, the velocity of the water at the surface is very nearly
zero. Therefore, we will assume vA = 0.
Point F is in the free stream of water outside the nozzle.
Because the stream is exposed to atmospheric pressure, the
pressure pF = 0 Pa. We also know that point F is 3.0 m below
point A.

Because pA = 0Pa,pF = 0Pa , and vA is approximately zero, we

can cancel the from the equation. What remains is
The objective is to calculate the volume flow rate, which
depends on the velocity.

The result is

Using the continuing equation , compute the volume flow rate.

Points A and B are the best. As shown in the previous
panels, using point A allows the equation to be simplified
greatly, and because we are looking for pB, we must choose
point B. Write Bernoulli’s equation for points A and B,
simplify it as before, and solve for pB.

Because pA = 0 and vA = 0, we have

We can calculate vB by using the continuity equation:
The pressure at point B is

The negative sign indicates that pB is 4.50 kPa below

atmospheric pressure. Notice that when we deal with fluids in
motion, the concept that points on the same level have the
same pressure does not apply as it does with fluids at rest.
The next three panels present the solutions for the pressures
pC, pD, and pE, which can be found in a manner very similar to
that used for pB. Complete the solution for pC before looking at
the next panel.
The answer is pC = -16.27kPa. We use Bernoulli’s equation.
Because pA = 0 and vA = 0, the pressure at point C is
The pressure at point E is 24.93 kPa. We use
Bernoulli’s equation:

Because pA = 0 and vA = 0, we have

3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
Bernoulli's equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are:

➢ Flow must be steady

➢ Density is constant (which also means the fluid is

incompressible)

➢ Friction losses are negligible.

➢ The equation relates the states at two points along a single

streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines).

All these conditions are impossible to satisfy at any instant in time!

Fortunately for many real situations where the conditions are
approximately satisfied, the equation gives very good results.
Other form of Bernoullis Equation
Total
pressure
Dynamic
Static pressure
pressure
1
P + V +  gyz = P = const
2

2 Hydrostatic
Pressure form pressure

Pressure Total
head head
P V2
+ + yz = H = const
 g 2g
elevation
Velocity head
head Head form
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
Bernoulli Equation Applications : Velocity measurement

◼ Pitot tube
◼ Pitot static tube
◼ Orifice
◼ Venturi
3.5 Bernoulli’s equation and application
Pitot Tubes

◼ Pitot tube is used to measure

velocity of flowing fluid.
◼ A piezometer and a pitot tube
tapped into a horizontal tube is
shown in the figure given.
◼ Point 2 in the figure is called
stagnation point. At this point
velocity is zero because fluid
does not move at this point.
Pitot Tubes
Example
Pitot Static Tubes
Example
Orifice
◼ We take point 1 to be at the free surface of water so that
P₁ = Patm.
◼ V₁ = 0 compare to V₂.
◼ Z₁ = 5 m and Z₂ = 0 ( we take the reference level at the
center of the outlet)
◼ P₂ = Patm (water discharges into the atmosphere)
exercise
 Venturi Meter
▪ A Device for measuring velocity, v and rate of flow, Q in a pipe.

▪ It consists of a rapidly converging section which increases the velocity

of flow and hence reduces the pressure. It then returns to the original
dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging 'diffuser' section.

▪ By measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be

calculated.

h

1 2
Example
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
◼ The momentum equation is a statement of Newton’s 2nd Law (N2L)
◼ N2L states that: The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the
resultant force acting on the body, and takes place in the direction of the force

▪ acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity, the N2L equation above can
be written as:
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
❑ From the equation above, m/Δt is also referred to as the mass flow rate,
Therefore the equation becomes:

❑ The equation is called the linear momentum or force equation.

➢ The velocity across most inlets and outlets of practical engineering interest is not
uniform. There form a dimensionless correction factor β, called the momentum-
flux correction factor.
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
Application of Linear Momentum Equation

◼ Fluid flow round a curved vane

◼ Fluid flow round a pipe bend
◼ Fluid flow impact on a plane surface
◼ Fluid flow passes through a nozzle
 3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
Procedures for using the linear momentum equation:
1. Identify the control volume (portion of fluid) – for FBD
2. Established the reference axis. The reference axis is usually chosen to be in
the same direction as the reaction forces.
3. Identify and show on the FBD all external forces (pressure, body, reaction)
acting on the control volume.
*Pressure force acts against the control volume, unless the fluid is
release into the atmosphere.
*Body force acts downwards from the control volume.
*Reaction force acts against the control volume.
4. Show the direction of the velocity of flow as it enters and leaves the control
volume
5. Using the data thus shown for the free body, write the linear momentum
equations in the relevant directions (x, y, or z direction)
6. Substitute data and solve for the desired quantity.
FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME

➢ Pressure force acts against the control

volume, unless the fluid is release into
the atmosphere.
➢ Body force acts downwards from the
control volume.
➢ Reaction force acts against the control
volume.

Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions, and thus

it can be ignored when performing force balances
since its effect cancels out in every direction.
FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME

▪ The momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow

▪ The momentum equations along the x axis

▪ The momentum equations along the z axis

90o

▪ The magnitude of the resultant force

**The weight of the elbow, the

water in it and momentum flux
is disregarded
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
Example
3.6 Linear momentum equation and application
Example

D1=81cm
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
3.7 Angular momentum equation and its application
Exercise
Exercise
END OF CHAPTER 3