ANG MGA ILOKANONG EBA SA LAOT: UNVEILING

THE UNHEARD NARRATIVES OF

WOMEN FISHERFOLKS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 13
Pages: 877-888
Document ID: 2023PEMJ1216
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8370048
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-19-9
Psych Educ, 2023, 13: 877-888, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1216, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8370048, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Ang Mga Ilokanong Eba Sa Laot: Unveiling the Unheard

Narratives of Women Fisherfolks
Etienne Roderick B. Paz*, Jehan G. Domenden, Morielle Ayen A. Leaño
Franz Angelo Daniel S. Lo, Dominic Patric G. Galdonez
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study analyzed and delved into the life experiences of fisherwomen residing in the municipality
of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur. Particularly, it aimed to: (1) examine the demographic profile of the
participating fisherwomen in terms of their age, annual income, and family structure; (2) determine
the challenges fisherwomen encountered or continue to encounter; (3) determine the benefits
fisherwomen provide to fishing groups; and (4) create a simulacrum that could elucidate the
experiences of fisherwomen. Upon analysis of the responses, the study found that, as fisherwomen,
the participants encounter numerous experiences and challenges in their life. Moreover, the study
merged their experiences into various themes containing several factors: Perspectives on fishing and
gender issues; Balance and Security; and Facing and Resolving challenges. Through this, the study
recognized the contributions of their experiences to the empowerment of women in their community.

Keywords: women empowerment, women fisherfolks, fishing community, qualitative study

Introduction studies have emerged on women's roles in fishing,

shedding light on their direct involvement in the field,
as seen in the research by Shyam and Geetha (2013).
Since pre-colonial times, women have played However, many of these studies do not originate from
significant roles in their respective communities. the Philippines. While there are studies about the lives
Women have been involved in important community of fishermen's wives in the Philippines, like the study
decisions in various aspects of social, political, by Bermio et al. (2019), there is still a lack of analysis
economic, and religious life. They have contributed to of the lives of actual female fisherfolk. Thus, the aim
the community's growth by managing activities such of this research is to focus on the contributions of
as weaving, caring for livestock and poultry, and selected female fisherfolk in the towns of Caoayan,
sometimes even hunting in the forests. It cannot be Ilocos Sur, particularly in the barangay of Villamar,
denied that men and women were equal during the highlighting not only their capabilities as community
time before the arrival of the Spanish in the members but also their unique stories as female
Philippines (Davis, 1989). fisherfolk in the area."

Despite the importance of women's roles, it is evident Research Questions

that fishing was predominantly a livelihood for men.
According to BFAR (2004), cited in the study by Overall, this research aimed to examine the livelihood
Gaerlan et al. (2012), women comprised only 6.3% of experiences of female fisherfolk. Specifically, its
the total workforce in fishing and aquaculture in 2002. objectives are:
This is further evidenced in Kara David's documentary
titled "Mga Anak ng Pugad Lawin," where fathers are 1. To understand the demographic profile of the
shown leaving to fish while mothers stay behind to involved female fisherfolk based on age, annual
care for their children (Matutina, 2014). Additionally, income, and family structure.
many studies, such as Gulati's (1982), suggest that 2. To identify the challenges faced by female
women have long been involved in fishing-related fisherfolk.
3. To identify the benefits of having female fisherfolk.
tasks but often not emphasized as the actual fishers.
4. To create a simulacrum that explains the
Recognition of women's abilities and contributions to experiences of female fisherfolk.
society is now widespread and timely. It is essential to
acknowledge the changes brought about by Literature Review
modernization and feminism, granting women the
freedom to pursue livelihoods that were once
exclusively for men, such as fishing. Over time, more Fishing as a Livelihood

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Research Article

As an archipelago, it cannot be denied that fishing metric tons in 2020 (PSA, 2021).
plays a significant role in the Philippine economy. The
fishing industry thrived greatly, becoming a full- Aquaculture: This subsector ranks second in terms of
fledged livelihood after the colonial period in the production, with 1,017.71 metric tons. However, this is
Philippines. As a result, it became one of the primary lower by 8.20% compared to the production in 2020,
means of livelihood for Filipino citizens (Melgar, which was 1,108.66 metric tons (PSA, 2021).
2022).Currently, the Philippines is among the leading
producers in aquaculture worldwide (FAO, 2020). The Role of Women in Fishing in a Global Context
According to BFAR (2019), cited in the study by Women play a significant role in the fishing industry,
Tahi◻luddi◻n and Terzi◻ (2021), nearly two not only in the Philippines but worldwide. However,
million coastal residents benefit from the bounties of despite their participation and contributions to the
fishing as their livelihood. The fishing industry is industry, their income and benefits often do not match
crucial as it constitutes a significant portion of the their efforts. According to the study by Oposa et al.
country's exports. In the aquaculture sector, 47% of (2019), women make up nearly 70% of the global
the production comes from commercial and municipal workforce in aquaculture. Furthermore, women
fishing. In municipal fishing alone, there is a contribute 56% of the annual small-scale catches,
production of 942,000 metric tonnes from the amounting to approximately $110 million in earnings.
sea.Despite this, fishing is often not the primary Despite their importance in fishing-related activities
livelihood for women. Most women involved in the such as harvesting, processing, and marketing, current
fishing industry are primarily housewives (Calhoun, statistics tend to focus on activities led by men rather
2016) or sellers of the catch from their husbands' than on activities where the majority of women are
fishing trips. Additionally, women are sometimes employed.
responsible for preparing nets and other fishing gear
(Gaerlan, 2012). Experiences of Women in the Fishing Industry

Status of Fishing in Ilocos Sur Women in the fishing industry are often seen as wives
of fishermen, and their contribution to the industry
According to the Philippines Statistics Authority involves assisting their husbands. Many of them are
(2021), fishery production in Ilocos Sur increased by resilient and overcome the challenges they face in their
0.21% in 2021. It was estimated at 6,983.42 metric livelihoods. They also exercise their rights as women
tons in 2021, compared to 6,974.78 metric tons in in making decisions within their families (Bermio et
2020. In the entire Ilocos Region, there was a 5.33% al., 2019).The study by Asmal et al. (2020) showed
increase, with fishery production reaching 189,260.45 that almost all of the thirty women in their selected
metric tons in 2021, compared to 179,683.35 metric area, 93% chose to be housewives, while 7% had jobs
tons in 2020.Among the four sectors that contribute to to contribute additional income. This study also
fishery production, marine municipal fishing and revealed that women naturally engage with various
aquaculture make the most significant contributions, people in their community, balancing their roles as
with marine municipal fishing accounting for 70.26% housewives with social interactions with other women
of the catches, while aquaculture accounts for 14.57% in their area.
(PSA, 2021).
Furthermore, the research by Calhoun et al. (2016)
Commercial Fisheries: This subsector experienced highlighted the different roles women play in the
higher production in 2021, with an estimated 343.36 fishing industry, particularly in processing and
metric tons compared to 336.06 metric tons in 2020, extraction sectors. Many studies have investigated the
representing a 2.25% increase (PSA, 2021). roles of women in the fishing industry. For example,
Cliffe and Akinrotimi (2014) examined the roles of
Municipal Fisheries: This subsector covers marine and
female fishers in various fishing-related activities
inland fishing. The total production reached 5,622.08
across ten locations in Nigeria. They found that,
metric tons in 2021, with a 1.66% increase compared
although women are highly important in the fishing
to 2020. Within this subsector, marine municipal
sector, their roles in the industry are not as emphasized
fishing contributed significantly to the total
compared to men.
production, with 4,906.14 metric tons, showing a
9.96% increase from 2020. However, inland municipal
History of the Rise of the Feminist Movement in the
fishing experienced a 32.97% decrease in 2021, with
Philippines
an output of 715.94 metric tons, compared to 1,068.16

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Research Article

The roots of feminism in the Philippines run deep. soldiers during World War II. These comfort women
From the absence of gender distinctions in pre-colonial were coerced to satisfy the sexual desires of Japanese
times to the imposition of foreign ideals of machismo soldiers, often through rape if they did not comply
and patriarchy by colonizers (Rafael, 2018, cited in (Rafael, 2018). The experiences women endured
Rodriguez, 2022), many milestones mark the during these times were abhorrent.
continuous advancement of feminism and gender
equality in the Philippines, contributing significantly Short Glimpses of Feminism Amidst Colonization
to the country's development as a sovereign and free
state. From the attainment of Philippine independence from
the Spaniards to liberation from the Japanese, there
Early Demonstrations of Feminism in the Philippines have been several glimpses of feminism in the country
In pre-colonial times, gender equality was not a (Hega et al., 2017). The involvement of women in
problem, with women enjoying significant power and wartime is not uncommon, as there were individuals
the freedom to make decisions regarding their sexual who stood against the Spaniards, such as Teresa
lives (Rodriguez, 2022). The presence of women with Magbanua, Agueda Kahabagan, and Trinidad Tecson,
substantial authority in various fields like religion, who became generals and captains in the revolutionary
culture, medicine, and theoretical knowledge is battles against the Spaniards. There were also figures
evident. These women, known as "babaylan," were like Gregoria de Jesus, Patrocinio Gamboa, Melchora
tasked with overseeing matters in their communities Aquino, and Hilaria Aguinaldo who undertook roles
(Hega et al., 2017). It is recorded in Philippine history far from the heart of the conflict, caring for documents
that these babaylan were not subservient to the datu; or tending to wounded revolutionaries (Doran, 2001;
rather, they collaborated in various social functions Hega et al., 2017). There were also associations
and activities. However, with the arrival of the formed to raise funds during the war, such as the
Spanish, the significance of the babaylan diminished, Asociacion Filantropica dela Cruz Roja, which was
along with the concept of gender equality between managed by women. Additionally, women made
women and men (Davis, 1989). intellectual contributions, including published
literature that aided the advancement of the revolution,
The Arrival of Foreigners and the Emergence of such as El Heraldo de la Revolucion and La
Machismo, Patriarchy, and Maternalism Independencia (Torres, 1998; Camagay, 1998, as cited
in Hega et al., 2017). During the Japanese occupation,
With the arrival of foreigners in the Philippines, they Felipa Culala, a member of the Hukbo ng Bayan
sought to impose their reforms and foreign ideas on Laban sa mga Hapon (HUKBALAHAP), was well-
the colonized people. This led to the establishment of known and served as its commander (Hega et al.,
gender roles that profoundly altered the climate of 2017).
gender equality in the Philippines (Camacho, 2007,
cited in Rodriguez, 2022). From the Spanish Feminist Movements During Colonization
colonization to the Japanese occupation, it cannot be
denied that Filipino women experienced much After the Philippine Revolution, several feminist
suffering. Under Spanish rule, women's status associations emerged in the country. The first to be
declined, and the babaylan were stigmatized as established was the Asociacion Feminista Filipina led
practitioners of black magic, forbidden from receiving by Concepcion Felix de Calderon, followed by the
education in universities. If they were educated, the Asociacion Feminista Ilonga by Pura Villanueva-
curriculum was tailored to be different from that of Kalaw. They advocated for women's right to vote and
men, focusing more on maintaining their modesty to have their voices considered in political matters
(Rodriguez, 2022). During the American era, the idea (Hega et al., 2017). There were also the Society for the
of maternalism emerged, further linking women to Advancement of Women and the National Federation
motherhood and limiting their rights to employment of Women’s Clubs, which contributed to the fight for
and education (Sobritchea, 1990, cited in Rodriguez, women's rights, including the resolution approved to
2022). During this time, stereotypes about women grant women the right to vote, and the Women’s
became even more prevalent and served as the basis Bureau, which demanded maternity leave for pregnant
for the gender roles that persist to this day. In the women to ensure they receive proper compensation
Japanese era, the suffering of women intensified as the even while expecting. The Liga Nacional de Damas
implications of objectification became more evident. Filipinas aspired for Philippine independence and
Women were subjected to violence and brutality, with better factory conditions for women. The League of
some being forced into sexual slavery by Japanese Women Voters was formed to educate the public about

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Research Article

political issues to encourage Filipinos to vote. representing their experiences as female fishermen
(Gudmundsdottir, 2001). Through interviews, the
Filipino Feminism in the Post-War and Contemporary experiences of female fishermen were collected and
Periods: Even as the country regained its independence analyzed, including their demographic backgrounds
from various colonizers, their influence lingered, and the challenges they faced in fishing (Bermio et al.,
including genderism and sexism etched into Filipino 2019).
culture. Even in contemporary times, patriarchal
society still prevails, and it is imperative to recognize Population and Sampling
women's contributions in the ongoing development
and the restoration of gender equality alongside This study involved one or two female fishermen from
m en .Th e Mo v em en t of the Free F ilip in a Villamar, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur, to understand and
(MAKIBAKA) faced the aim of connecting issues analyze their personal experiences as female
related to nationalism and women (Santos, 2004). fishermen. It was ensured that participants met the
Although one of the most controversial movements in following inclusion criteria: (a) residents of coastal
Philippine history, its feminist nature cannot be areas for more than three (3) years; (b) primary
denied. Some of the more successful advocates of livelihood is fishing; (c) financial dependence on
women's democratic rights include the Katipunan ng fishing as a source of income; (d) have more than one
Bagong Pilipina formed by former HUKBALAHAP year of experience as fishermen; and (e) capable of
members, the Kilusang Kababaihang Pilipina expressing their thoughts and feelings. Thus, the
(PILIPINA), the Katipunan ng Kalayaan para sa sampling technique used in the study was purposive
Kababaihan (KALAYAAN), and the General sampling or judgment sampling, where participants
Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, were selected based on the stated inclusion criteria and
Equality, Leadership, and Action (GABRIELA). These their experiences. This was done to directly target
movements fought for rights enjoyed not only by relevant experiences needed for the study (Etikan et
women but also by all, including equality, al., 2016; Bermio et al., 2019).
development, peace, and freedom (Estrada-Claudio,
2005, as cited in Hega et al., 2017). Research Instrument

One of the most significant feminist movements in the Data collection was conducted using a researcher-
Philippines was the EDSA People Power Revolution made interview guide designed to assist in analyzing
led by Corazon Aquino, the first female president of both verbal and nonverbal cues observed during the
the Philippines. Alongside former President Aquino interviews. To better analyze the content discussed
were nuns and other citizens (Hega et al., 2017). This between the researchers and the participants, the
revolution not only showcased the power of the people interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim
in a democratic country but also demonstrated that (Bermio et al., 2019). The content of the instrument
women could lead and contribute to movements that was pilot tested to determine its appropriateness for the
bring real change to the Philippines.In conjunction study.
with these movements, numerous laws were enacted to
support women's rights in various aspects. One such Data Co llectio n Pro cedure and Ethica l
law was RA 6725, implemented in 1989, which Considerations
prohibited discrimination against women in
employment (Cudis, 2017). Political parties like Prior to conducting data collection, the researchers
Akbayan also defended and promoted bills such as the wrote a letter of request to the authorities of Caoayan,
Reproductive Health Bill, Magna Carta of Women, Ilocos Sur. Once the researchers obtained the
and Gender Balance Bill (Hega et al., 2017). necessary clearance to conduct the study, they visited
the participants in Villamar, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur, at
their respective residences to conduct semi-structured
Methodology
individual interviews. The researchers gathered the
demographic information of the participants and later
Study Design explained the study's objectives and the purpose of the
interview. It was ensured that the participants were
This paper utilized a qualitative research approach. informed that their participation was voluntary, and
Specifically, it employed a phenomenological that the data collected during the interview would
narrative research design aimed at gathering the stories remain confidential. The interviews were continued
of those involved and creating a simulacrum until data saturation was achieved. Following the study

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by Bermio et al. (2019), the researchers created two structure of their families is extended, as they live with
copies of the recorded interview to facilitate a more their parents, children, and grandchildren. The
thorough analysis of the interview content. The participants, as revealed in their interviews, are of
individual transcript contained the chronological older age and are no longer actively involved in
sequence of what the participants said during the fishing. Nevertheless, despite their reduced fishing
interview, while the analytical transcript contained the activities, they continue to work to meet their families'
researchers' analysis of the participants' statements. needs occasionally, engaging in "panagkammel"
The cool and warm analyses (de Guzman and Tan, (g athering fish from shallow waters) and
2007) were employed to code and elaborate on the "panagdaklis" (net fishing) practices and selling the
necessary themes for the study. caught fish. These contributions should be
acknowledged, even if they are no longer frequently
going out to sea, as they still possess valuable
Results and Discussion
experiences as female fishermen from their youth.

Demographic Profile of the Participants Regarding the annual income and family structure of
the participants, it can be deduced that they fall into
In this study, the experiences of two women with the category of low-income households. A family is
fishing backgrounds were gathered and explored. Due classified as low-income if the proportion of their
to the underrepresentation of women in most fishing monthly income to the number of individuals in the
communities in Ilocos Sur, only elderly women, who household, or the per capita income in the household,
had experience in fishing during their time, were does not exceed PhP 15,000 to PhP 20,000. Based on
identified as potential participants in the study. Both of the participants' data, the first participant has a per
them still occasionally visit the local markets in their capita income of PhP 1,267.5 (PhP15,210 / 12), while
municipalities, such as Vigan Public Market and the second participant has a per capita income of PhP
Narvacan Public Market, and sometimes venture to 1,000 (PhP10,000 / 10). These figures are significantly
other provinces to earn their livelihoods. One of them below the poverty threshold and even surpass the food
still engages in fishing through "panagkammel" and threshold (Php 8,000), indicating that they can afford
to buy nearly enough food but not all the necessary
"panagdaklis" methods, while the other has
nutrients required by the body (Statista, 2023).
transitioned into selling the catch obtained from local
fishermen or from her own children who are also
Challenges faced by Women Fisherfolks
fishermen. The demographic profiles of the
participants are presented in Table 1.
Perspectives on Fishing and Gender Issues
Table 1. Demographic Profile of Participants
In navigating a livelihood dominated by men, women
receive various forms of motivation that drive them to
continue advancing and expanding their role in a field
traditionally defined by masculinity (Bermio et al.,
2019). Researchers have identified different factors
influencing women's continued participation in the
fishing industry, which they have attributed to: (1)
fishing is for men, (2) women’s penetrating gaze in
society, and (3) gender inequality. All these categories
are anchored in the elements of women empowerment,
shedding light on the sources of motivation received
It can be inferred from the shared data that the first by female fishermen (Tsuma, 2016, cited in Bermio et
participant is 53 years old, while the second participant al., 2019). Undoubtedly, these factors play a crucial
is 67 years old. Both interviewees have estimated role in where women in the fishing industry stand
annual incomes ranging from PhP 120,000 to today.
PhP182,500, which translates to monthly earnings of
approximately PhP 10,000 to PhP 15,210. Fishing is for men. Due to the separation of roles
Furthermore, their income depends on the demand for between men and women brought about by
their fish sales and the number of customers buying colonialism, there has been significant attention given
their seafood products. It is also noted that the to fishing as a male-dominated livelihood.
Consequently, there are instances when women are

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reluctant to enter this profession (Asmal, 2020). to continue fishing as their livelihood.
Therefore, one of the most critical aspects of being a
female fisherman is the assessment of their desire to During the interviews, the participants were asked
continue fishing as a livelihood. Throughout the about their roles as family members, and they often
interviews, both participants shared their views on the linked their fishing income to their family's
differences between the tasks performed by men and sustenance. Participant 1 mentioned that, as a family
women at sea, yet they also recognized the member with a d au g h t er - in - law and eight
contributions they make as women. Participant 1 grandchildren, she prays that she can continue selling
pointed out that while there are distinctions in men's in the store to provide for her family. The interviews
and women's activities in the sea, they still recognize revealed the sacrifices made by female fishermen to
their contributions that men may not excel in, such as ensure their family's well-being, which is consistent
"sinusunggaban namin yung mga biya/talimusak" with Bermio et al.'s (2019) findings that highlight the
( c a t c h i n g c r a b s an d c l a m s ) an d " mg a integral role of being a mother.
luslusi/‘geoduck’" (harvesting geoducks), skills that
When not facing family-related challenges,
men may not possess.
participants also found reasons to continue their
The participants had experiences and stated that they livelihoods based on concerns for their future. Health
were capable of matching the skills of their male and retirement concerns were some of the issues
counterparts. Participant 2 also mentioned that she discussed during the interviews. Participant 1
joins fishing activities at sea, such as "sigay" and mentioned saving money for her departure to ensure
" daklis, " du rin g her time. These m o dest that her family would not have financial difficulties in
acknowledgments of their skills reinforce their managing her funeral expenses. On the other hand,
position as female fishermen. Their acceptance of the Participant 2 saved money for her daily medicine to
idea that they can perform tasks typically seen as treat her illnesses.
better suited for men gives them a sense of self-worth
In the collected experiences of the two participants, it
as fishermen. They are recognized for their ability to
can be said that one of the pressures of being female
face the challenges of a profession predominantly
and a family member is financial custodianship
viewed as masculine. In these discussions, it cannot be
(Ocampo and Binondo, 2022). This is one of the
denied that women make significant contributions to
primary driving forces in their livelihoods as it is
the fisheries sector. Although their contributions may
expected of them to provide not only for their own
be infrequent, women provide valuable skills and
needs but even more so for their families.
talents to fishing that their male counterparts may lack.
According to the World Bank (2012), women make up
Responsibilities to their parents were also discovered.
46% of the 31 million small-scale fishermen and 62%
As daughters, they felt the responsibility to take care
of the three million large-scale fishermen. In total,
of their parents, even in times of hardship. Participant
47% of fishermen are women, encompassing various
1 had to tighten her budget to buy medicine for her
roles in fisheries, including harvesting and post-
mother, stating, "kaya nga minsan nagigipitan na rin
harvest activities. However, women's contributions in
ako sa mga ipambibili ko para sa mga gamot ng aking
this sector are not adequately represented, as most data
ina" (that's why there are times when I have to cut
related to labor contributions are centered around men
(Ocampo and Binondo, 2022). Even though they back on my expenses for my mother's medication).
receive empowerment in their own small ways, it is While Participant 2 was the only one providing
undeniable that much more needs to be done to fully assistance to her mother among her siblings. In
recognize women's contributions to fishing. essence, these actions may be related to the concept of
"utang na loob" (debt of gratitude), deeply rooted in
Women’s penetrating gaze in society. As providers Filipino culture. It is one way they reciprocate for the
for their families, becoming a female fisherman is sacrifices their mothers made during their upbringing
challenging because there is no guaranteed daily (Kaut, 1961).
income. Despite this difficulty, they continue to work
in the fishing industry to support their families. Gender Inequality. It is truly admirable to see women
According to Medard et al. (2002), when families of engaged in fishing activities, but how the community
fishermen are forced to live "hand to mouth," one of treats them within their societal roles as female
the responsibilities of women is to ensure that there is laborers in a seemingly male-dominated profession is
still food on the table, even in times of hardship. This something that requires attention. According to
category identifies various factors influencing women Gustavsson and Riley (2018), gender inequality within

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the fishing industry can often be traced back to the enhancing her appearance with makeup, saying, "It
underestimation of women's capabilities in fishing, feels good when you do that." Despite criticism from
especially in terms of physical strength compared to her children, she believes that her fishing work makes
their male counterparts. However, interviews have her feel more connected to her femininity. Instead of
yielded new insights into the positive perceptions of being discouraged by her children's remarks, she even
male fishers toward their female peers. Participant 2 advises them to follow her lead. Participant 2 places
received compliments from her fellow fishers like, more importance on her attire and ensures she dresses
"You can also catch tuna," or "You can also go to sea." neatly, especially for important occasions or when
She even mentioned that her male counterparts with more educated individuals. Despite financial
admired her ability to navigate at sea rather than constraints, these female fishers manage to allocate a
resenting it. According to the participants, instead of budget for their personal needs as women. Perhaps
harboring negative views, male fishers often provide intrinsic to women is the desire to maintain
support, becoming pillars for female fishers to appearances, as Kim and Lee (2018) suggest, as
continue their livelihoods in the industry. This aligns women often face social anxiety, prejudice, and
with Nozawa's (2001) assertion that relationships inequality based on their physical appearance.
between different genders can foster empowerment or Therefore, personal grooming may serve as a means
disempowerment. While discrimination against for women to feel satisfied, confident, and secure in
women in the fishing industry is less prevalent in the themselves. Wang's (2009) study also suggests that
communities of the participants in this study, it cannot physical appearance can influence a person's chances
be denied that some communities perpetuate gender of success. It can align with society's perception of an
inequality more than others. Open criticism of the individual based on appearance or contribute to a more
patriarchy's return of power to women is still robust sense of self due to the presence of social
widespread (Nozawa, 2001). However, communities security.
like Villamar stand as evidence that there is hope for
the nation to fully embrace women's capabilities and Family Security. Given that they are their families'
power. primary breadwinners, it is essential for female fishers
to learn how to ensure their family's security. Due to
Benefits of having Women Fisherfolks women's resourcefulness (Morales, 2017, cited by
Ocampo and Binondo, 2022), they are the primary
Views on Family Security financial managers in the family to maintain a
balanced lifestyle. Throughout the interviews,
As individuals, family members, and fishers, it is
participants mentioned various ways they ensure their
essential to prioritize balance and security to ensure
families' well-being, especially when it comes to
the well-being of both their families and themselves
finding income sources for their families' daily needs.
(Damour et al., 2023). Given that fishing is not a high-
Participant 1 sometimes faces financial difficulties but
paying profession for daily needs (National Wages and
persists in her work to provide for her family's daily
Productivity Commission, 2019), securing personal
needs. She says, "Sometimes, my child, I encounter
and family financial needs is a significant topic to
explore. Within this theme, researchers focused on problems. Sometimes, there are times when I go out to
various aspects of personal life that need sell again, and I would have a little more. So my
strengthening, including (1) personal security, (2) thinking is, 'It's for them.'" Despite the daily
family security, and (3) future security. These aspects challenges, Participant 1 never forgets to prioritize her
are interconnected, ranging from the micro to the family. Participant 2 has also worked in other towns
macro perspective on current and future security. like San Fernando, La Union, as a helper, and in
Narvacan, Ilocos Sur, selling her catches. Given the
Personal Security. Participants often prioritize their numerous tasks they undertake, female fishers do not
families, which can sometimes overshadow their lose sight of their families and how they will sustain
personal security. However, despite their occupation as their lives.
fishers, they still find ways to attend to their personal
needs as women. Alongside these actions, their self- Future Security. Because female fishers often earn
esteem and self-confidence improve. One of the low daily incomes and allocate most of their earnings
essential factors in empowerment is the ability to value to support their families, there is rarely any money left
oneself and make independent decisions (Bermio et for their personal needs. Unlike men who aspire to
al., 2019). In interviews, the participants demonstrated financial success or wealth, women aim for financial
these qualities. Participant 1, for example, spoke of stability rather than financial success (Zambrano-

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Varghese, 2017). As seen in the accounts of the the Lord), or "Agyaman ken Apo" (Thank the Lord).
participants, having enough money to maintain a Religiosity is prevalent among women, especially in
balanced lifestyle is sufficient for them, and they do Christian nations like the Philippines, due to colonial
not aspire for more. Setting aside money for their influences. Mitchell (2022) suggests a gender gap in
personal needs is a common practice among Filipinos, religion, with women being more religious than men,
known as "alkansya" (savings). According to particularly among Christians. However, it is
Zambrano-Varghese (2017), men are better at saving mentioned that if they cannot sell their catches, they
money, while women focus on having a comfortable sometimes import items to sell from other locations.
life. They also have stalls where they sell their goods, as
indicated in the interviews conducted. Female fishers
In Facing and Resolving Challenges are patient and hardworking, willing to go above and
beyond what is necessary to solve their problems
As individuals, female fishers face numerous (Chen & Mace, 2023). They are diligent and contribute
challenges, both related to their work and personal much through their struggles to their families.
lives. In their ongoing journey, the crucial skill of
facing and resolving these issues cannot be Support in Problem Resolution. Participants shared
underestimated. Linked to the ability to make the support they receive to help resolve their problems.
decisions based on the five empowerment factors is the Their first source of assistance is often their family.
effective search for solutions to the challenges Sometimes, they talk to their children to see if they can
encountered (Saravanakumar, 2020; Tsuma, 2016, help with expenses or ask their siblings for help. Their
cited by Bermio et al., 2009). Therefore, it is crucial to family members have their own families and
understand the experiences of female fishers in (1) sometimes work to meet their own needs, so female
facing challenges, (2) resolving challenges, and (3) fishers often take on most of the expenses for their
receiving support to overcome them. family and their mother's medical bills. Aside from
support from their children, the second participant is a
Facing Challenges. Recognizing the challenges they beneficiary of the barangay (local government unit).
face is crucial to begin addressing and resolving them She mentioned that during times when she was
(Saravanakumar, 2020). Many factors affect how one hospitalized, the barangay provided some assistance to
confronts life's challenges (Heppner et al., 1982), and cover the expenses. She noted that the aid was not
through interviews, participants shared their ways of based on her gender or occupation but on her status as
confronting challenges in their lives and livelihoods. a senior citizen. In the Philippines, RA 10642 ensures
Throughout the interviews, participants mentioned that all senior citizens receive Philippine Health
various issues they encounter concerning their work Insurance. This is evidence that, in the eyes of the law,
and personal lives. Health challenges were often cited, assisting the elderly is a duty, regardless of gender.
such as lifestyle diseases by Participant 2 and
accidents by Participant 1. Their recognition of these Simulacrum of the study
future challenges is an indicator not only of their
problem-solving abilities but also of their strength and Balangay (Representation of the Experiences of
resilience amidst adversity. As they age, facing these Female Fisherfolk)
issues becomes a natural part of their lives. In addition
to health issues, they face financial problems resulting
from their low-income occupation. Participant 1
mentioned that her earnings were insufficient for her
family's daily needs because she was the sole provider
for her family's daily necessities and her mother's
medical expenses. The participants' recognition of
future problems is a sign not only of their ability to
solve problems but also of their strength and resilience
in the face of adversity.

Resolving Challenges. In the challenges they face,

participants have often revealed that they rely on
prayer to find solace and seek help. They frequently
use expressions such as "Palubos ni Apo" (Leave it to
the Lord), "Ikarkararagko kenni Apo" (I entrust it to

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Research Article

Parts for Advancing the Boat Parts for Boat Stability

To enable boats to sail and navigate more efficiently, To maintain the stability of the boat, various structures
various parts of the boat play crucial roles in aiding were created, such as the outriggers, crossbeams, and
fishermen. The sail, mast, and oars are just a few of the keel. These structures were designed to prevent the
boat components that determine the speed and boat from capsizing due to the powerful forces of the
direction of the boat's journey. Similar to how these waves. Similar to the different purposes of these boat
parts contribute to the boat's movement, they also parts in maintaining the boat's stability, they also
symbolize various incentives and advancements represent the balance and security in the lives of
achieved by female fisherfolk. female fisherfolk.

Sail: The sail, known as "layag" in Filipino, is one of Outriggers (Katig): Outriggers, also known as
the boat's components that determine its route. Having "katig," are attached on both sides of the boat to
a sail is one of the most effective ways to expedite maintain its balance. In the Philippines, they are
travel time at sea (Stead, 2018). During pre-colonial typically made of wood or metal and are often attached
times, sails were essential for accelerating trade to lightweight or small boats. Sometimes, they are
between islands in the Philippines (Stead and Dizon, fitted with platforms to provide additional space for
2011). Like harnessing the wind to reach further fishing (Aguilar, 2006). Like the purpose of outriggers
destinations, the sail in symbolism represents the in the boat's stability, the personal security of female
empowerment of female fisherfolk. It symbolizes their fisherfolk involves balancing their priorities to support
wholehearted embrace of their innate capabilities and the continuation of their livelihood. Rather than
their defiance of outdated ideas about the roles of focusing on enhancing their appearance as women,
women and men. The sail signifies their acceptance of they choose simplicity in their decisions.
both their femininity and their role as fisherfolk,
thereby representing their strength and their Crossbeams (Tadik): Crossbeams, known as "tadik,"
confrontations with the challenges of a patriarchal provide support to the outriggers and sometimes
society. support the weight of the fishermen when they row.
These are crucial for ensuring the stability and balance
Mast: The mast or "palo" supports the sail of the boat. of the boat when it is at sea and to ensure there are
It is common for boats to have three masts, which immediate solutions to challenges encountered in the
facilitates the rigging and unrigging of sails, making ocean (Stead, 2018). Similar to the role of crossbeams
sailing more efficient (Stead and Dizon, 2011; Stead, in providing additional support against the forces of
2018). The presence of three masts supports the sail's wind and waves, tadik symbolize the security of the
ability to harness the winds of the ocean effectively. families of female fisherfolk. They represent the
Similarly, female fisherfolk face many challenges and support of female fisherfolk for their families, not only
have developed strategies to strengthen their work, supporting themselves but their entire family.
such as motivations to support their families by
ensuring they have food on the table or ensuring the Keel (Unayan): The keel, also known as "unayan,"
longevity of their loved ones by purchasing necessary supports the boat to prevent it from tipping over in the
medications. water. It is the fundamental structure of the boat and
provides overall support to ensure the boat is not
Oars: Oars, known as "sagwan" in Filipino, are one of swayed by other winds or waves (National Museum of
the primary manual means of propelling a boat through the Philippines, 2021). The additional support against
the water. Typically, there are groups of fishermen on gusts of wind and waves can be likened to the support
each side of the boat. Sometimes, fishermen also row provided for future security. Due to the nature of their
in sync with the outriggers of the boat to cover a wider livelihood, the keel symbolizes the actions of female
area while rowing (Stead, 2018). Oars are a powerful fisherfolk to sustain their future needs. It represents
means to change the boat's direction and speed, in their roles as providers for their families.
addition to using the sail itself. Like the additional
support provided by the oars in steering the boat, Parts for Facilitating Water Travel
female fisherfolk have experiences where they
received assistance in empowering themselves in their To expedite their journey on the water, fishermen use
chosen profession. They have received feedback from parts like the bow (dulong), stern (ulin), and cabin
others that helped them recognize their abilities and (kubo). These three tools are used to ensure safe and
see their worth and contributions to fishing. well-planned travel on the water. In relation to

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Research Article

symbolism, they represent how individuals face and and receiving support for future challenges, were
solve their problems and ensure safe travels in life. emphasized. Through these themes and categories, the
researchers have constructed a simulacrum resembling
Bow (Dulong): The bow, also known as "dulong," is a balangay to represent all these experiences.
the front part of the boat used to expedite the journey
by canceling out oncoming waves (Lee et al., 2019). It Based on the study's results, the researchers
is responsible for reducing the resistance the boat recommend a more in-depth examination of the
encounters from the water when moving forward. This individual themes shared. It is advisable to strengthen
relates to how female fisherfolk confront the the identification of the participants in more profound
challenges they encounter in life. ways to gather sufficient information that will aid in
understanding their diverse experiences. In connection
Stern (Ulin): The stern, known as "ulin," is a structure to this, it is also beneficial to develop perspectives and
used to minimize the obstruction of water in the boat. views on women engaged in fishing as livelihood and
It is typically located at the front of the boat, especially expand people’s knowledge on gender-related issues,
at the very back. Furthermore, the stern is used to which are one of today’s societal problems.
avoid or reduce the rocking of the boat (Li et al., Furthermore, conducting data collection in various
2014). In connection to the lives of female fisherfolk, communities would be more appropriate to gain a
the stern enhances the boat's flow in the water and broader perspective on the experiences of female
symbolizes the actions taken to address obstacles or fisherfolk.
issues in life. This includes procuring goods from
distant locations to support their families.
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