


  

 
      
  


 
 
    

V V

 
    
  

 1 N 
W  mg  (2 kg)(9.79 m/s 2 )  2
  19.58 N
1 kg  m/s 

Fnet  Fup  Fdown  200 19.58  180.4 N

F 180.4 N 1 kg  m/s 2 

a    
m 2 kg  1 N 



  1N  1 kgf 
W  mg  (70 kg)(1.67 m/s 2 )   11.9 kgf
 1 kg  m/s 2  9.81 N 
 

 1N  1 kgf 
W  mg  (70 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )   70 kgf
 1 kg  m/s 2  9.81 N 
 

 V V

V
t 
V



  
V
V

 
V


   


 

 

     
       
   

           
 


  

 

 
  


T (C)  T (K )  273  300  273  27C

T (F)  1.8T (C)  32  (1.8)(27)  32  80.6F

  


  

  

 

   

 

  
   



     

 
    
 

    

 


 


  


    

 
 
   
 


 
 
   
 


 hhead

Phead  Patm  ghhead Ptoe  Patm  ghtoe

htoe

Ptoe  Phead  ghtoe  ghhead  g (h toe  hhead )

 
 

     
   


 

 
  
 
    
   


  
  
   



 
  
  
   



 
  
 
   
   



  


 
  
   
   




 PA  Patm A  W

mg
P  Patm 
A
(60 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 N  1 bar 
 0.97 bar    
0.04 m 2 1 kg  m/s 2 105 N/m 2 


 

 
 


   
     
 
   

 
  
    
 
  





 

 
 
   
 


  SG   H 2O  (1.25)(1000 kg/m 3 )  1250 kg/m 3

 1N  1kPa 
P  gh  (1250kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s 2 )(0.72m)    8.83kPa
 1 kg  m/s 2  1000N/m 2 
  

Pabs  Patm  Pvac  87.6  8.83  78.8 kPa

Pabs  Pgage  Patm  8.83  87.6  96.4 kPa


 

P  Patm   gh
 1 N  1 kPa 
 (100 kPa)  (13,600 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.030 m)   
1 kg  m/s 2 1000 N/m 2 
 104 kPa

 
  
    
   



 Air

25cm Water


hw
 
hHg
Natural
gas

gh

P1   Hg ghHg   water ghwater  Patm Mercury

P1  Patm   Hg ghHg   water gh1

 1N  1 kPa 
P  98 kPa  (9.81 m/s 2 )[(13,600 kg/m 3 )(0.15 m)  (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.70 m)]  
 1 kg  m/s 2  1000 N/m 2 
 125 kPa   


 Oil


Water

 
hw

  hHg
Natural hoil
gas

gh

Mercury
P1   Hg ghHg   oil ghoil   water ghwater  Patm

P1  Patm   Hg ghHg   water gh1   oil ghoil

P  98 kPa 
 1N  1 kPa 
(9.81 m/s 2 )[(13,600 kg/m 3 )(0.15 m)  (1000 kg/m 3 )(0.70 m)  (690 kg/m 3 )(0.40 m)]   
 1 kg  m/s 2  1000 N/m 2 
  
 122 kPa


 
  
    
   
  
    
   

 


   



  


  



 

 

 


  





    

           

    0.168 m
   0.673 m


 

        

h1 Pair  Patm 0.28 m  69 100 kPa 1000 kg  m/s   1.59

2
SG 2  SG1   13.55    
h2 w gh2 0.40 m  (1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.40 m)  1 kPa  m 2 


     
  
 
  
 
 


    
  
  



     
  
 
  
 
 


W mg
Pgage  
A D2 / 4
(2500 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kN 
    347 kN/m 2  347 kPa
 (0.30 m) / 4
2 1000 kg  m/s 
2




   

   


           

 

  

    
 
      


    


 

gh

P1   w ghw   Hg ghHg   oil ghoil  Patm

P1  Patm   oil ghoil   Hg ghHg   w ghw

P1,gage
 SG oil hoil  SG Hg hHg  h w
w g

 80 kPa  1000 kg  m/s 2 

    0.72  (0.75 m)  13.6  hHg  0.3 m
 (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kPa.  m 2 
  


 

gh

P1   w ghw   Hg ghHg   oil ghoil  Patm

P1  Patm   oil ghoil   Hg ghHg   w ghw

P1,gage
 SG oil hoil  SG Hg h Hg  hw
w g

 40 kPa  1000 kg  m/s 2 

    0.72  (0.75 m)  13.6  hHg  0.3 m
2 
 (1000 kg/m )(9.81 m/s )  1 kPa.  m 
3 2





  
      
  
  

  

  

 
    
  
 
    
  
   
 
    
   

 
  
  
 
  
   
   
  
  
 
    
  


  
      

    

F2 m2 g (1900 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kN  

P1  P2   
 2
   D2  0.872 m
1000 kg  m/s 2 
31.23 kN/m
A2  D2 2 / 4  D2 2 / 4

 

 



 

  


 




  




  


 



 

 

 

 
 
  
    
 



  
     

   
  93.6 kPa

(mpiston  mweights ) g
P  Patm 
A
(10 kg  mweights )(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kN  
200 kPa  93.63 kPa    mweights  157 kg
 (0.12 m )/4
2 1000 kg  m/s 
2

F2
  
   
Fs F3
A  D 2 / 4
  
     
  
     
  

F1



 

V     

 
 V    
  


 

V   
 V
  
 
  

 
  V   
 
     

  
  
  


    

  
    

 



 

V   
 V
  
 
  

 
  V   
 

 

  

    


 

   

      
 
   

 
 



    
   

 



  
  
  
 
 

 
  
  
  
 

  

P  Patm
h
g
(107  99) kPa 1 kg  m/s 2 
1000 N/m 
2
  
 
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 N   1 kPa 



  Water Blown
air


Oil
75 cm
Pcontact  Pblow   a gha  Patm   w ghw

Pgage, blow  Pblow  Patm  (  w   oil ) gh

 1N  1 kPa 
 (1000- 790 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.75 m)  
 1 kg  m/s 2  1000 N/m 2 
 1.55 kPa   


 


    

    

    
 
 
   




 


    

    

    
  
  
   



 

12 cm

45

Pgage  Pabs  Patm  gh

 1N  1 Pa 
 (810 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.12 m)  
 1 kg  m/s 2  1 N/m 2 
 954 Pa   

L  h / sin   (12 cm) / sin 45  17.0 cm


 P  gh

 1 kN  1 kPa 
P  13.56(1000 kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s 2 )(0.0280 m) 
 1 kN/m 2   3.75 kPa
 1000 kg  m/s
2


4.21  I  19.64

225

180

135
P [kPa]

90

45

0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
I [mA]


 

 

 

 
  




  

 


  
 

      

      

 

        

     



 15

10 T am bient = 15°C
5

0
Tequiv [C]

-5 T am bient = 5°C

-10

-15

-20 T am bient = -7°C

-25

-30
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
V [km/h]


 

 






