HVAC SYSTEM

Eng: Ahmed Khamis

Email:[email protected]
Mobile: 01115525118
 Introduction
• Purpose of air conditioning
 Luxury:
Residential
Commercial
 Necessary
Pharmaceuticals industry
Laboratories
IT Industry
 There are four basic system categories:
• Direct expansion Systems
[i.e. direct expansion of refrigerant, without the chilled water cooling medium ]
1.1 Window air conditioners
1.2 Split type and package air conditioning systems
1.3 Unitary and Rooftop Air Conditioners
1.4 Heat pumps
• Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Air Systems
2.1 Single zone 2.4 Variable Air Volume (VAV)
2.2 Multi-zone 2.5 Dual Duct
2.3 Reheat (VAT)
• Central chilled water air conditioning systems - Air-and Water Systems
3.1 Two-pipe
3.2 Three-pipe
3.3 Fan Coil
• Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Water Systems, including
cooling towers which can also be applied to central chilled systems
4.1 Fan-coil units
4.2 Central chilled water air conditioning system with fan coils and other
devices
4.3 Water cooling tower
 Direct expansion DX

Decorative Ducted
• Window • Concealed Split
• High wall split • Central Split
• Floor Split • Package Unit
• Ceiling Split • Condensing unit + AHU
• Free Stand Split
• Cassette Split
Decorative
Direct expansion
System Ducted
Concealed Split
Central Split
Package Unit
Condensing Unit + AHU
Chilled water system
 Air Conditioning Central System:

Hot water return Exhaust air Return air

Flue gases Steam

Prefilter
H.Ex.
Hot water supply Air damper Main filter Return air fan
Fuel&air Cooling coil
Steam generator Condensate Heating coil

Outside air Supply air

Hot water pump
Boiler pump

Alternative hot water system Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air humidifier
Supply air fan
Air cooled condenser Flue gases
Hot water return
Cold water return
Fuel&air
Cold water supply Hot water supply To other AHU
Hot water boiler
Cold water pump
Cold water pump
Chilling unit Alternative Chilling unit

Chilling unit

Condensing water to cooling tower

Cold water return
Condensing water from tower
Cooling tower Cold water supply To other AHU

Condensing water pump Chilled water pump

 ALL AIR SYSTEM
• An all-air system provides complete sensible
and latent cooling capacity in the cold air
supplied by the system.
• Heating can be accomplished by the same air
stream, either in the central system or at a
particular zone.
• All-air systems can be classified into 2
categories:
– Single duct systems
– Dual duct systems
All Air System Classified to
All Air
System

Single- Multi- Variable Reheat Dual Duct

Zone zone Air system
1.1-Single Zone
System
Single zone
1.2-Multi- Zone System
Multi-zone
Multiple zone system schematic
1.3. Reheat System
Duct with re-heater
Dual Duct
1.4. Variable air volume(VAV)
system
Variable air volume
 Components of an All-Air System

Equipment may be packaged or separated

Humidifier
Supply air

Cooling

Heating
source

source
Air filter
FAN Supply air
Outdoor air duct To other
Frersh air
Return air

rooms

Air diffuser
Room
Return air fan (optional)

Exhaust Relurn air duct Return From other

air rooms
1.5. Dual Duct System

4.1 Single Fan Dual Duct System.

4.2 Two Fan Dual Duct System.

1.5.1 Single Fan Dual Duct System
1.5.2 Two Fan Dual Duct System
 Distribution systems important components:
1. The Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a cabinet that includes or
houses the central furnace, air conditioner, or heat pump
and the plenum and blower assembly that forces air through
the ductwork.
2. The Supply Ductwork carries air from the air handler
(supply source) to all spaces in a building. Each space has
at least one supply unit, while large spaces may need
several.
3. The Return Ductwork carries percent of exhaust air from
the conditioned space back to the air handler. One or more
main return ducts located in a central area can be used.
4. Supply and Return Plenums are boxes made of duct
material or other materials that collect the supply or return
air from individual ducts.
 Distribution systems important components:
5.The Ductwork is a branching network of round or
rectangular tubes generally constructed of sheet metal,
fiberglass board, or a flexible plastic and wire composite
material located within the walls, floors, and ceilings. The
three most common types of duct material used in home
construction are metal, fiberglass duct board, and flex-duct.
6. Flex-duct is installed between the register and plenum box,
or plenum box and air handler, usually in a single,
continuous piece. While flex-duct has fewer seams, the
inner lining and outer insulated covering can tear or be
pinched closed. Also longer flex-duct runs can restrict the
flow of air; proper design and installation is very important.
7. Both metal and fiberglass duct board are rigid and
installed in pieces. Fiberglass duct board, like flex-duct, is
made of an insulation material. Ducts are built of sections of
the duct board. The seams in the duct board should be
carefully sealed with mastic or high quality duct tape.
Distribution systems important components:
8. Rectangular metal duct, especially the kind used for plenums and
larger trunk runs, is often insulated on the inside with fiberglass duct
liner. If it is not insulated on the inside, metal ducts should be insulated
on the outside using a fiberglass matt with an attached metal foil vapor
retarder. The insulation should be at least two inches thick, and the
vapor barrier installed on the outside of the insulation facing away
from the duct.
The seams in the insulation are usually stapled together around the
duct and then taped. All of the seams should be sealed before
insulation is installed. All return and supply ducts located outside the
conditioned space, in attics, crawlspaces, or basements, for example,
should be sealed and insulated.
9. Ductwork Joints join pieces of ductwork.
10. Elbows are manufactured pieces of duct used for turns.
11. Boots connect ductwork to registers.
12. Registers and Grilles are the coverings for duct openings into the
conditioned
Advantages of All Air Systems
• The central plant is located in central room,
hence facilitating operating and maintenance,
noise control and choice of suitable equipment.
• No piping, electrical wiring and filters are
located inside the conditioned space.
•Gives a wide choice of zone-ability, flexibility,
and humidity control under all operating
conditions.
•Allows good design flexibility for optimum air
distribution, draft control, and local
requirements.
•Adapts to winter humidification
Disadvantages of All Air Systems

• Requires additional duct clearance which can

reduce the usable floor space.

• It requires a close cooperation between

architectural mechanical and structural engineers.

• Air balancing in large systems, can be difficult.

 2. All Water System

• Fundamentally, the function of the chilled-

water system is to transport the cooling
fluid from the chillers to the load terminals
and back to the chillers.
• Systems that use water as the heat
transfer medium are called Hydronic
Systems. [Hydronic]
2.1 All Water System
Water Flow - A
2.2 All Water System
Water Flow - B
2.3 All Water System
Water Flow - C
3- Water distribution

•Two pipes, with or without seasonal changeover

•Three pipes

•Four pipes
 Methods of Distributing Cooling
and Heating Media:
• Water Piping Arrangements:
– Two-pipe arrangement
– Three-pipe arrangement
– Four-pipe arrangement.
3.1.Two pipe systems
3.1.1Water piping systems.
Double piping system-1.
3.1.2 Water piping systems.
Double piping system-2.
3.2.Three pipe systems
3.2.1 Water piping systems.
Three piping system.
 3.3.1 Four pipe
common load system.
 3.3.2 Four pipe
Independent load system
3.3.3 Water piping systems.
Four piping system.
System Advantages
•First cost is often less than for other central systems.
•Less building space is required.
•More suitable for retrofit applications.
•Off-hour conditioning does not require a central air
system operation.
•Water is a more energy and space efficient method of
cooling and heating energy distribution.
•Re-circulation of air is unnecessary so mixing of odors
and contaminants, or concerns over fire and smoke
spreading from one zone to another, are minimized.
System Disadvantages

•Some maintenance must be performed in occupied

areas.
•Ventilation is usually from a wall aperture and is not
easily controlled
•A separate ventilation system is required for quality
installations.
•Relative humidity may be high in summer, particularly if
chilled water flow is modulated for temperature control
Indoor Design Condition
Special Cases Condition
• Textile factory ( RH = 70% , Tdb =24 )
• Chocolate factory ( RH = 30% , Tdb =24 )
• Data base , Server room (RH = 50% , Tdb =20 )
 HVAC Loads :

• Trasimittion: • Persons
• Roof= U roof A roof (To-Ti) • Sensible=Np*Qp sensible
• Wall =U wall A wall (To-Ti)l • Latent=Np*Qp latent
• Glass=U glass A glass (To-Ti)

• Lighting

• Equipment

• Solar: • Ventilation:
• Roof= U roof A roof Δt roof m 0 o = V 0 o / ʋ0=( L/s*10ˉ³)*Np/ ʋ0
• Wall =U wall A wall Δt wall Then
• Window=SHGC *A window *Sh.C Q vent = mo o (ho - hr)
 Cooling Load Component
Cooling Load Sensible Load Latent Load Space Load Coil Load
Component
Transmission
√ √ √
Solar
√ √ √
People
√ √ √ √
light
√ √ √
Equipment
√ √ √ √
infiltration
√ √ √ √
ventilation
√ √ √
Psychometric
Which study the properties of moist air .
Moist air : dry air (ma) + water vapor (mw)
Moist air properties:
• Dry bulb temp : (dbt)
• Dew point temp : (dpt)
• Humidity ratio (H or W) (mw/ma)
• Relative humidity (RH%) (mw/mw max) or (Pw/Pw max)
• Enthalpy (h) h= ha+hw
• Specific volume (ʋ) = KG/M3= M/V= 1/ρ
Moist air Processes
 Moist air Processes

• Sensible heating process (H=C)

• Sensible cooling process (H=C)
• Cooling & dehumidification
• RH =90 ͠ 95%
• RH =100 %
• Sensible Heat ratio or factor (RSHR or RSHF
• Humidification process
• Adiabatic Humidification Process [h= constant
• Steam Humidification
• Dehumidification process
• Adiabatic chemical
• mixing process
Sensible heating process (H=C)
Q add = h2 – h1
Heating capacity = ma°(h2- h1) kw
Method of heating:
• Electrical coil
• Hot water coil
• Steam coil
 Sensible Cooling process (H=C)
Q removed = h1- h2 kj/kg
Cooling capacity = ma °( h1- h2)kj

Cooling above dew point temp

dbt2 > dpt
TR = 3.5 KW = 12000 Btu/hr
Ice water temp 2 to 4°C
Child water temp 4 to 11°C
Cold water temp < 11
 Cooling & dehumidification
Apparatus Dew Point = surface temperature = condensate temperature
 Cooling & dehumidification
Apparatus Dew Point = surface temperature = condensate temperature
RH =90 ͠ 95% (Coil not direct contact)

RH =100 % ( Spray direct contact)

Sensible Heat ratio or factor (RSHR or RSHF)
Total heat =h1 – h2
Sensible heat = ho – h2
LH + SH= h1 – h0 + h0 –h2 =(h1 – h2)
SHR = (sensible heat / latent heat)= [(h0 – h2)/ (h1 – h2)]
 What meant by ? Coil SHR= 0.6 OR 0.87 OR 1

When we purchase coil must identify by

-Cooling capacity
-SHR
Note:
Person at rest SH=60w , LH=50W
GYM SH=180W , LH=250W
Surface Temperature

• latent load appear as water vapor Water vapor is

extracted from the air in the coil as (condensate water)
• Sensible load appears after the coil which moves with
the supplied air
• When the air pass on the coil the heat transfer will be in
(2 phase) (conduction & convection) But some of the air
will will not be cooled because it make (by pass) on the
coil
By Pass Factor

• BPF= (T2-T3)/ (T1-T3)

• When the pipes of coil be nearest it is better for heat
transfer
• but it is worst for the pressure drop which will increase
the power.
• Contact factor = 1-BPF
• If BPF increase then Heat transfer Decrease
 Humidification process
Adiabatic Humidification Process [h= constant]
For Spinning factories

T water = wbt(1 – 2)
T water > wbt(1 – 2`)
T water < wbt (1- 2``)
Humidification Effiency = (h2 – h1)/(h3 – h1)
=(t1 – t2)/(t1 – t3)= 0.8 ~0.85
Depends on:
• Amount of sprayed water
• No of nozzles .
• Contact factor
• Amount of humidification = m a o (H2-H1)
Humidification process
Steam Humidification

• Q add = (h2-h1)
• Total heat = m a o (h2-h1) KW
• = m o steam * latent heat ( 2501) (KJ/KG )
• Amount of humidification = m a o (H2-H1)
Dehumidification process
Adiabatic chemical

• Q add = (h2-h1)
• Total heat = m a o (h2-h1) KW
= m o steam * latent heat ( 2501) (KJ/KG )
• Amount of moisture removed = m a o (H1-H2)
Efficiency Ɛ = (H1-H2)/ (H1-H3)

The reasons of efficiency not be 100%

1. Rpm of wheel 8 ~12 rpm
2. Amount of reactivation air not sufficient
( reactivation area 1/3 A & process air area 2/3 A)
A: desiccant wheel area
3. The temperature of reactivation air not sufficient
4. Desiccant material insufficient ( silica gel & lithium chloride
 Dehumidification process
Adiabatic chemical
The reasons of efficiency not be 100%
1. Rpm of wheel 8 ~12 rpm
2. Amount of reactivation air not sufficient
( reactivation area 1/3 A & process air area 2/3 A)
A: desiccant wheel area
3. The temperature of reactivation air not sufficient
4. Desiccant material insufficient ( silica gel & lithium chloride)
 Mixing process

• m1+m2=m3 1

. m1*h1+m2*h2+m3*h3 2
. m1*h1+m2*h2=(m1+m2)h3
. m1*h1 – m1*h3 = m2*h3 - m2*h2

. m1H1+ m2H2 = m3H3 3

. m1/m2 = H3-H2/H1-H3
. m1/m2 = 23/12
. m1/( m1+m2) = 23/12

The masses inversely proportional with distance with distances