One-Way Wide Module (Skip) Joist Concrete Floor System Design (ACI 318-14)

Version: September-22-2023
One-Way Wide Module (Skip) Joist Concrete Floor System Design (ACI 318-14)

A typical floor plan of a 5-story office building is shown below. Wide-module joists, or “skip” joists, are similar to
standard one-way joists, except the pans are 53 in. or 66 in. wide. For the 53 in. pans, the pan depth varies from 16 in.
to 24 in., and for 66 in. pans, the range is 14 in. to 24 in. Wide-module systems are economical for long spans with
heavy loads and improved vibration resistance (see references). The gravity loads treatment is shown in this example
and the lateral load effects are resisted by reinforced concrete shear walls. The design procedures shown in ACI 318-
14 are illustrated in detail in this example. The hand solution is also used for a detailed comparison with the analysis
and design results of the engineering software program spBeam.

Figure 1 – One-Way Wide Module Joist Concrete Floor Framing System

Version: September-22-2023
Contents
1. Preliminary Member Sizing ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Preliminary slab thickness and joist dimensions ............................................................................................... 2
1.2. Preliminary column sizes .................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Design of Structural Members ............................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. One-Way Slab Design ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1. Determination of span loads ................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.2. Determination of design moment and shear ......................................................................................... 11
2.1.3. Flexural Design .................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.4. Shear Design ........................................................................................................................................ 17
2.1.5. Deflections ........................................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.6. Computer Program Solution ................................................................................................................. 18
2.1.7. Summary and Comparison of Results .................................................................................................. 26
2.1.8. Conclusions and Observations ............................................................................................................. 28
2.2. One-Way Joist Design..................................................................................................................................... 29
2.2.1. Determination of span loads ................................................................................................................. 30
2.2.2. Determination of design moment and shear ......................................................................................... 30
2.2.3. Flexural Design .................................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.4. Shear Design ........................................................................................................................................ 36
2.2.5. Deflections ........................................................................................................................................... 38
2.2.6. Computer Program Solution ................................................................................................................. 38
2.2.7. Summary and Comparison of Results .................................................................................................. 47
2.2.8. Conclusions and Observations ............................................................................................................. 49
2.3. Design of Beam along Grid B (Interior Frame) .............................................................................................. 50
2.3.1. Determination of span loads ................................................................................................................. 51
2.3.2. Determination of design moment and shear ......................................................................................... 52
2.3.3. Flexural Design .................................................................................................................................... 54
2.3.4. Shear Design ........................................................................................................................................ 57
2.3.5. Deflections ........................................................................................................................................... 59
2.3.6. Computer Program Solution ................................................................................................................. 59
2.3.7. Summary and Comparison of Results .................................................................................................. 68
2.3.8. Conclusions and Observations ............................................................................................................. 69

Version: September-22-2023
2.4. Design of Beam along Grid A (Exterior Frame) ............................................................................................. 71
2.4.1. Determination of span loads ................................................................................................................. 72
2.4.2. Determination of design flexural moment, shear, and torsional moment ............................................. 74
2.4.3. Flexural, Shear, and Torsion Design .................................................................................................... 76
2.4.4. Deflections ........................................................................................................................................... 86
2.4.5. Computer Program Solution ................................................................................................................. 86
2.4.6. Summary and Comparison of Results .................................................................................................. 95
2.4.7. Conclusions and Observations ............................................................................................................. 97
2.5. Design of Interior, Edge, and Corner Columns ............................................................................................... 98
2.5.1. Determination of factored loads ........................................................................................................... 98
2.5.2. Column Capacity Diagram (Axial-Moment Interaction).................................................................... 101

Version: September-22-2023
Code

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14)

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-10)

International Code Council, 2012 International Building Code, Washington, D.C., 2012

References

• Notes on ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, Twelfth Edition, 2013 Portland
Cement Association.

• Concrete Floor Systems (Guide to Estimating and Economizing), Second Edition, 2002 David A. Fanella

• Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Fourth Edition, 2011 Mahmoud E. Kamara and Lawrence
C. Novak

• spBeam Engineering Software Program Manual v5.50, STRUCTUREPOINT, 2018

Design Data

Floor-to-Floor Height = 12 ft (provided by architectural drawings)

wc = 150 pcf

fc’ = 5,000 psi

fy = 60,000 psi (For flexural reinforcement)

fyt = 60,000 psi (For shear and torsional reinforcement)

Superimposed dead load, SDL = 20 psf framed partitions, wood studs plaster 2 sides

ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table C3-1)

Typical Floor Level, Live load, Lo = 80 psf (Office building) ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-1)

Roof Live Load, Lo = 20 psf (Ordinary flat roofs) ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-1)

Required fire resistance rating = 2 hours

1
1. Preliminary Member Sizing

1.1. Preliminary slab thickness and joist dimensions

In this example deflection will be calculated and checked to satisfy project deflection limits. Minimum member
thickness and depths from ACI 318-14 will be used for preliminary sizing.

a) One-way Slab

Using minimum thickness for solid one-way slabs in Table 7.3.1.1 for the solid slab spanning between the ribs.

l 72
End Spans: hs
= = = 3.00 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 7.3.1.1)
24 24

l 72
Interior Spans: hs
= = = 2.57 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 7.3.1.1)
28 28

The minimum slab thickness for wide-module joists for 2-hour fire rating is 4.60 in.

IBC 2012 (Table 720.1(3))

Therefore, select a slab thickness of 5 in. for all spans.

b) One-way Joist

The wide-module joist systems do not meet the limitations of ACI 318-14, 9.8.1.1 through 9.8.1.4. Therefore,
the structural members of this type of joist construction shall be designed with standard provisions for slabs and
beams. ACI 318-14 (9.8.1.8)

Using minimum thickness for non-prestressed beams in Table 9.3.1.1. For the ribs (part of the joists) supporting
the solid slab.

l 384
End Span: =h = = 20.76 in. (governs) ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
18.5 18.5

l 384
Interior Span: h
= = = 18.29 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
21 21

Therefore, select rib depth of 16 in. for a total joist depth of 21 in.

2
Figure 2 – Slab and Joist Dimensions

3
1.2. Preliminary column sizes

a) Interior Columns

Select a preliminary size based on the axial load demand. Determine interior column loads as follows:

The governing load combination: U = 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L + 0.50 × Lr ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

Where:

D = Dead Load, L = Live Load, Lr = Roof Live Load

Typical Floor Level Loads

# of Floors = 4

Dead Loads, D

Self-weight of wide-module joist system (see Figure 2):

 3 + 4.33 
2× × 16  + 5 × 72
2 × A1 + A2  2  = 6.63
Joist average thickness = = =in. 0.55 ft
Total Width 72

Weight of the joist = 0.55 × 150 pcf = 82.88 psf.

Superimposed dead load = 20 psf

Live Load, L: Calculate the live load reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K LL × AT 
 

Where:

L = Reduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member

Lo = Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member = 80 psf

KLL = Live load element factor = 4 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

AT = Tributary area = (30 × 32) = 960 ft2

 15 
80  0.25 +
L =× =39.36 psf
 4 × 960 

Which satisfies 0.40 × Lo requirement for members supporting two or more floors. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (4.7.2)

4
Roof Level Loads

Dead Loads, D

Self-weight of wide-module joist system (see Figure 2):

 3 + 4.33 
2× × 16  + 5 × 72
2 × A1 + A2  2  = 6.63
Joist average thickness = = =in. 0.55 ft
Total Width 72

Weight of the joist = 0.55 × 150 pcf = 82.88 psf.

No superimposed dead load at the roof

Roof Live Load, Lr: Calculate the roof live load reduction

Lr = Lo × R1 × R2 ; 12 ≤ Lr ≤ 20 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq 4-2)

Where:

Lo = 20 psf

R1 = 0.60 since AT = 960 ft2 ≥ 600 ft2

R2 = 1.00 for flat roof

Lr = 20 × 0.60 × 1.00 = 12.00 psf

Total Factored Load on 1st story interior column (@ 1st interior support)

Total Floor Load = 4 × [1.20 × (82.88 + 20) + 1.60 × 39.36] × 960 = 715,906.05 lb = 715.91 kips

Total Roof Load = [1.20 × 82.88 + 1.60 × 12.00] × 960 = 113,904.00 lb = 113.90 kips

Assume 24 in square column with 4 – #11 vertical bars with design axial strength, ϕPn,max of

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × φ × 0.85 × f c′ × ( Ag − Ast ) + f y × Ast  ACI 318-14 (22.4.2)

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × 0.65 × 0.85 × 5, 000 × ( ( 24 × 24 − 4 × 1.56 ) + 60, 000 × 4 × 1.56 )=

 1, 453,857.60 lb

φ Pn ,max = 1, 453.86 kips

  24 × 24  
Column Self-weigh=
t 1.20 ×   × 0.15 × ( 5 × 12=
) 43.20 kips
  144  

Total Reaction @ 1st interior support = 1.15 × (715.91 + 113.90) + 43.20 = 997.48 kips < 1,453.86 kips

Therefore, the preliminary interior column size of 24 in. × 24 in. is adequate.

5
b) Edge (Exterior) Columns

Select a preliminary size based on the axial load demand. Therefore, the load take-down for an edge column is
done as follows:

The governing load combination: U = 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L + 0.50 × Lr ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

Typical Floor Level Loads

# of Floors = 4

Dead Loads, D

Self-weight of wide-module joist system (see Figure 2):

Weight of the joist = 82.88 psf

Superimposed dead load = 20 psf

Live Load, L: Calculate the live load reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K LL × AT 
 

Where:

L = Reduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member

Lo = Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member = 80 psf

KLL = Live load element factor = 4 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

 30 × 32  2
AT = Tribut=
ary area =  480 ft
 2 

 15 
80  0.25 +
L =× =47.39 psf
 4 × 480 

Which satisfies 0.40 × Lo requirement for members supporting two or more floors. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (4.7.2)

6
Roof Level Loads

Dead Loads, D

Weight of the joist = 82.88 psf

No superimposed dead load at the roof

Roof Live Load, Lr: Calculate the roof live load reduction

Lr = Lo × R1 × R2 ; 12 ≤ Lr ≤ 20 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq 4-2)

Where:

Lo = 20 psf

R1 = 1.20 – 0.001 × AT = 1.20 – 0.001 × 480 = 0.72, since 200 ft2 < AT = 480 ft2 < 600 ft2

R2 = 1.00 for flat roof

Lr = 20 × 0.72 × 1.00 = 14.40 psf

Total Factored Load on 1st story edge column (@ 1st interior support)

Total Floor Load = 4 × [1.20 × (82.88 + 20) + 1.60 × 47.39] × 480 = 382,594.18 lb = 382.59 kips

Total Roof Load = [1.20 × 82.88 + 1.60 × 14.40] × 480 = 58,795.20 lb = 58.80 kips

Assume 20 in square column with 4 – #11 vertical bars with design axial strength, ϕPn,max of

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × φ × 0.85 × f c′ × ( Ag − Ast ) + f y × Ast  ACI 318-14 (22.4.2)

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × 0.65 × 0.85 × 5, 000 × ( ( 20 × 20 − 4 × 1.56 ) + 60, 000 × 4 × 1.56 )=

 1, 064,897.60 lb

φ Pn ,max = 1, 064.90 kips

  20 × 20  
Column Self-weigh=
t 1.20 ×   × 0.15 × ( 5 × 12=
) 30.00 kips
  144  

Total Reaction @ 1st interior support = 1.15 × (382.59 + 58.80) + 30.00 = 537.60 kips < 1,064.90 kips

Therefore, the preliminary edge column size of 20 in. × 20 in. is adequate.

7
c) Corner Columns

Select a preliminary size based on the axial load demand. Therefore, the load take-down for a corner column is
done as follows:

The governing load combination: U = 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L + 0.50 × Lr ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

Typical Floor Level Loads

# of Floors = 4

Dead Loads, D

Self-weight of wide-module joist system (see Figure 2):

Weight of the joist = 82.88 psf

Superimposed dead load = 20 psf

Live Load, L: Calculate the live load reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K LL × AT 
 

Where:

L = Reduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member

Lo = Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member = 80 psf

KLL = Live load element factor = 4 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

 30 × 32  2
AT = Tribut=
ary area =  240 ft
 4 

 15 
80  0.25 +
L =× =58.73 psf
 4 × 240 

Which satisfies 0.40 × Lo requirement for members supporting two or more floors.

ASCE/SEI 7-10 (4.7.2)

8
Roof Level Loads

Dead Loads, D

Weight of the joist = 82.88 psf

No superimposed dead load at the roof

Roof Live Load, Lr: Calculate the roof live load reduction

Lr = Lo × R1 × R2 ; 12 ≤ Lr ≤ 20 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq 4-2)

Where:

Lo = 20 psf

R1 = 1.20 – 0.001 × AT = 1.20 – 0.001 × 240 = 0.96 since 200 ft2 < AT = 240 ft2 < 600 ft2

R2 = 1.00 for flat roof

Lr = 20 × 0.96 × 1.00 = 19.20 psf

Total Factored Load on 1st story corner column (@ exterior support)

Total Floor Load = 4 × [1.20 × (82.88 + 20) + 1.60 × 59.73] × 240 = 208,721.02 lb = 208.72 kips

Total Roof Load = [1.20 × 82.88 + 1.60 × 19.20] × 240 = 31,240.80 lb = 31.24 kips

Assume 20 in square column with 4 – #11 vertical bars with design axial strength, ϕPn,max of

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × φ × 0.85 × f c′ × ( Ag − Ast ) + f y × Ast  ACI 318-14 (22.4.2)

φ Pn ,max= 0.80 × 0.65 × 0.85 × 5, 000 × ( ( 20 × 20 − 4 × 1.56 ) + 60, 000 × 4 × 1.56 )=

 1, 064,897.60 lb

φ Pn ,max = 1, 064.90 kips

  20 × 20  
Column Self-weigh=
t 1.20 ×   × 0.15 × ( 5 × 12=
) 30.00 kips
  144  

Total Reaction @ 1st interior support = 208.72 + 31.24 + 30.00 = 269.96 kips < 1,064.90 kips

Therefore, the preliminary edge column size of 20 in. × 20 in. is adequate.

9
2. Design of Structural Members

The design of the following structural members is performed and compared with results of the engineering
software program spBeam:

2.1. One-Way Slab

2.2. One-Way Joist

2.3. Interior Beam

2.4. Exterior Beam

2.5. Interior Column

2.1. One-Way Slab Design

A unit strip of 1 ft is considered for the design of slab spanning between ribs. Note that ACI 318-14 does not
allow live load reduction for one-way slabs.

Figure 3 – Partial Plan View Illustrating Slab Design Strip

Slab design involves the following steps:

2.1.1. Determination of span loads

2.1.2. Determination of design moments and shears

10
 2.1.3. Flexural Design

2.1.4. Shear Design

2.1.5. Deflections

2.1.6. Computer Program Solution

2.1.7. Summary and comparison of design results

2.1.8. Conclusions and observations

2.1.1. Determination of span loads

The following gravity load combinations are considered:

U 1.40 × D
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1a)

 5  
wu =1.40 ×   × 0.15  + 0.02  =0.12 kips/ft per ft
 12  

U= 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

 5  
wu = 1.20 ×   × 0.15  + 0.02  + 1.60 × 0.08 = 0.23 kips/ft per ft
  12  

Span loads are governed by the second load combination.

2.1.2. Determination of design moment and shear

The factored moment and shear can be determined using the simplified method if the requirements are
satisfied: ACI 318-14 (6.5.1)

 Members are prismatic.

 Loads are uniformly distributed.

 L ≤ 3D (0.08 kips/ft per ft ≤ 3 × 0.0825 kips/ft per ft)

 There are at least two spans.

 The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.

Thus, the approximate coefficients can be used. The factored moments and shears are determined and
summarized in the following tables. ACI 318-14 (Table 6.5.2 and Table 6.5.3)

11
 Table 1 – One-Way Slab Design Moment Values
Location Design Moment Value
wu × ln 2 0.23 × 5.502 ft-kips
Exterior Support Negative = = 0.29
24 24 ft

wu × ln 2 0.23 × 5.502 ft-kips

End Spans Mid-span = = 0.49
14 14 ft

wu × ln 2 0.23 × 5.502 ft-kips

Interior Support Negative = = 0.69
10 10 ft

wu × ln 2 0.23 × 5.502 ft-kips

Mid-span Positive = = 0.43
16 16 ft
Interior Spans
wu × ln 2 0.23 × 5.502 ft-kips
Support Negative = = 0.62
11 11 ft

Table 2 – One-Way Slab Design Shear Values

Location Design Shear Value
wu × ln 0.23 × 5.50 kips
End Span at Face of First Interior Support 1.15 × 1.15 ×
= 0.72
=
2 2 ft

wu × ln 0.23 × 5.50 kips

At Face of all other Supports = = 0.62
2 2 ft

12
2.1.3. Flexural Design

For the one-way slab of a wide-module joist system, a single layer of longitudinal reinforcement is provided.
The first interior support negative moment governs the design as tabulated in Table 1. Therefore, it is
favorable to place the single layer reinforcement closer to the top fiber of the concrete slab. The required
reinforcement shall be calculated for the first interior support negative moment first. The required
reinforcement for the end span positive moment shall also be calculated as the low effective depth due to the
reinforcement location may govern the required reinforcement amount. Finally, the required reinforcement
for design shall be checked against the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement requirement per
ACI 318-14 (24.4.3.2).

Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the first interior support negative moment:

Mu = 0.69 ft-kips/ft

Use welded wire fabric reinforcement, 6 × 6-W5.5 × W5.5 with 1.5 in. concrete cover. The distance from
extreme compression fiber to the centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, d, is calculated below:

0.26
d = 5.00 − 1.50 − = 3.37 in.
2

To determine the area of steel, assumptions have to be made whether the section is tension or compression
controlled, and regarding the distance between the resultant compression and tension forces along the slab
section (jd). In this example, tension-controlled section will be assumed so the reduction factor ϕ is equal to
0.9, and jd will be taken equal to 0.992 × d. The assumptions will be verified once the area of steel is finalized.

Assume jd = 0.992 × d = 0.992 × 3.37 = 3.34 in.

Unit strip width, b = 12 in.

Mu 0.69 × 12, 000 in 2

=As = = 0.046
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 3.34 ft

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 0.046 in.2 per ft:

As × f y 0.046 × 60, 000

=a = = 0.054 in.
0.85 × f c′ × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 12

a 0.054
c
= = = 0.063 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
ε t=   × dt − 0.003=   × 3.37 − 0.003= 0.157 > 0.005
 c   0.063 

13
 Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

Mu 0.69 × 12, 000 in 2

=As = = 0.046
 a  0.054  ft
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 ×  3.37 − 
 2  2 

Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the positive moment:

Mu = 0.49 ft-kips/ft

The distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement:

d = 5.00 – 3.37 = 1.63 in.

To determine the area of steel, assumptions have to be made whether the section is tension or compression
controlled, and regarding the distance between the resultant compression and tension forces along the slab
section (jd). In this example, tension-controlled section will be assumed so the reduction factor ϕ is equal to
0.9, and jd will be taken equal to 0.975 × d. The assumptions will be verified once the area of steel is finalized.

Assume jd = 0.975 × d = 0.975 × 1.63 = 1.59 in.

Unit strip width, b = 12 in.

Mu 0.49 × 12, 000 in 2

=As = = 0.068
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 1.59 ft

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 0.068 in.2:

As × f y 0.070 × 60, 000

=a = = 0.081 in.
′
0.85 × f c × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 12

a 0.081
c
= = = 0.095 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
εt =   × dt − 0.003 =   × 1.63 − 0.003 = 0.049 > 0.005
 c   0.095 

Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

Mu 0.49 × 12, 000 in 2

=As = = 0.068
 a  0.081  ft
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 × 1.63 − 
 2  2 

14
Check the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement requirement:

in 2 in 2
As 0.0018 × b=
= × h 0.0018 × 12=
× 5 0.108 ≥ 0.0014 ACI 318-14 (Table 24.4.3.2)
ft ft

Check reinforcement spacing for crack control:

The maximum spacing of the flexural reinforcement closest to the tension face of the slab shall be:

 40, 000   40, 000 

s =15 ×   − 2.5 × cc , but not greater than 12 ×   ACI 318-14 (Table 24.3.2)
 f s   fs 

Where:

s = Maximum reinforcement spacing for crack control, in.

fs = Calculated stress in reinforcement closest to the tension face at service load, ksi

cc = The least distance from surface of reinforcement to the tension face, in.

2 2
Use f s = × f y = × 60, 000 =40, 000 psi ACI 318-14 (24.3.2.1)
3 3

cc = 1.50 in. for reinforcement resisting negative moment at supports (i.e. tension at the top)

cc = 3.24 in. for reinforcement resisting positive moment at mid-span (i.e. tension at the bottom)

Thus,

At supports

 40, 000   40, 000 

s=15 ×   − 2.50 × cc =15 ×   − 2.50 × 1.50 =11.25 in. (governs @ support)
 fs   40, 000 

 40, 000   40, 000 

But not greater than s =
12 ×  =12 ×  =12 in.
 f s   40, 000 

At mid-span

 40, 000   40, 000 

s=15 ×   − 2.50 × cc =15 ×   − 2.50 × 3.24 =6.90 in. (governs @ mid-span)
 f s   40, 000 

 40, 000   40, 000 

But not greater than s =
12 ×  =12 ×  =12 in.
 f s   40, 000 

15
Therefore, for this one-way slab, the shrinkage and temperature reinforcement requirement per ACI 318-14
(Table 24.4.3.2) governs the required reinforcement area (As = 0.108 in2/ft) and crack control requirement
per ACI 318-14 (Table 24.3.2) governs the reinforcement spacing (s = 6.90 in.).

The most feasible reinforcement solution that meets both requirements mentioned above is to provide welded
wire fabric reinforcement, 6 × 6 -W5.5 × W5.5. Note that the welded wire reinforcement selected provides
minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in the slab direction parallel to the joists as well.
Alternately, deformed bars can be utilized in lieu of welded wire fabric. It should be noted that two conditions
specific to this design contribute to having such a stringent spacing requirement.

These are listed below:

• The 5 in. slab has a single layer reinforcement that is placed near the top surface (i.e. clear cover from the
top surface to the reinforcement is 1.50 in. This result in a high cc value for the calculation of
reinforcement spacing for crack control due to positive moment.

• The stress in reinforcement closest to the tension face at service load, fs, is taken as 2/3 fy as permitted by
ACI 318-14 without calculation. It is very likely that under the loading considered, the stress in the steel
will be lower than 2/3 fy. The fs value is expected to be in the range of 1/3 fy to 1/2 fy. Even if it is assumed
to be 1/2 fy, s value will be 12 in.

16
2.1.4. Shear Design

From Table 2 above, the shear value in end span at face of first interior support governs.

wu × ln 0.23 × 5.50 kips

1.15 ×
Vu = 1.15 ×
= 0.72
=
2 2 ft

The design shear at a distance, d, away from the face of support,

1.63 kips
Vu = 0.72 − 0.23 × = 0.69
12 ft

Shear strength provided by concrete

(
φVc =φ × 2 × f c′ × bw × d ) ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.5.5.1)

lb kips
( )
φVc= 0.75 × 2.00 × 1.00 × 5, 000 × 12 × 1.63 = 2077.20
ft
= 2.08
ft

kips kips
Vu 0.69
= φVc 2.08
<=
ft ft

Therefore, the slab shear capacity is adequate.

2.1.5. Deflections

Since the preliminary slab thickness met minimum thickness requirement, the deflection calculations are not
required. Unless governed by fire rating requirements; as in this example; lesser thicknesses and consequently
cost savings can be achieved through deflection computations. Deflection values are calculated and provided
for every model created by spBeam Program and can be used by the engineer to make additional optimization
decisions.

17
 2.1.6. Computer Program Solution

spBeam Program can be utilized to analysis and design beams and one-way slab systems. The one-way slab
is modeled as 1-ft unit strip supported on ribs. The ribs provide some rotational stiffness at the supports. In
spBeam solution, the rotational stiffness is assumed as 32,000 * kip-in/rad for modeling the joist supports.
Also, for one-way slab run, the rib widths assumed as 6 in. and modeled through dummy columns of 6 in. ×
12 in. with zero height (i.e. column stiffness is zero, but the 6 in. dimension of the column is utilized to push
the design moments 3 in. from the support centerline). In this example, user-defined bar size #2 is defined
in spBeam to represent welded wire fabric, W5.5, with the cross-sectional area of 0.055 in2 (see Figure 4).

Figure 4 – spBeam Reinforcement Database – User-defined Bar Set

The program calculates the internal forces (shear force and bending moment), moment and shear capacities,
immediate and long-term deflections, and required reinforcements. The graphical and text results are
provided below for input and output of the spBeam program. The graphical and text results are provided here
for both input and output of the spBeam model.

*
Refer to spBeam manual (Chapter 2 – Special Considerations for One and Two-Way Joist Systems)
*
Refer to spBeam manual (Chapter 4 – Defining Boundary Conditions, Rotational Stiffness)

18
Figure 5 – spBeam Model – Isometric View of 15 Span – 1ft Wide Unit Strip of One-Way Slab

19
Figure 6 – spBeam Model – Loads (Including Live Load Patterning) units in lb/ft2

20
Figure 7 – spBeam Model – Internal Forces (Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram)

21
Figure 8 – spBeam Model – Moment Capacity Diagram

22
Figure 9 – spBeam Model – Shear Capacity Diagram

23
Figure 10 – spBeam Model – Immediate Deflection Diagram

24
Figure 11 – spBeam Model – Reinforcement Diagram

25
2.1.7. Summary and Comparison of Results

26
27
 Table 3 - Comparison of Hand Solution with spBeam Solution for One-Way Slab
Flexural Design
Span Design Moment Reinforcement Required Minimum Reinforcement (in2/ft)
Location (ft-kips/ft) for Flexure (in2/ft) (Shrinkage & Temperature Reinforcement)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior 0.108 0.108
0.69 0.63 0.046 0.042
Negative (2-#2) (2-#2)
0.108 0.108
Positive 0.49 0.49 0.068 0.069
(2-#2) (2-#2)
Shear Design
Span
Vu (kips/ft) ϕVn (kips/ft)
Location
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior
0.69 0.67 2.08 2.08
Negative

2.1.8. Conclusions and Observations

Minimum reinforcement requirement governed flexural design in this example. spBeam program enables the
user to enter the rotational support springs as boundary conditions for joist supports and evaluate various
analysis and design options beyond the limitations of the simplified method. The coefficients traditionally
used to determine moments do not address various types of support and geometry.

Typically, in wide-module joist construction, one-way slab is reinforced with single layer reinforcement
placed near the top in the primary direction. As seen in this example, this may cause crack control criteria to
govern the reinforcement spacing and consequently, it may warrant the use of welded wire fabric
reinforcement instead of deformed bar.

The maximum calculated total immediate (instantaneous) deflection (DL + LL) = 0.003 in., this value can be
compared with maximum permissible calculated deflection limitation per project criteria in accordance to
ACI 318-14. ACI 318-14 (Table 24.2.2)

In addition to deflection results, parametric studies can be performed in spBeam to optimize design and
detailing results. Note in the reinforcement diagram (Figure 11) 2-#2 for top reinforcement in the span left
and right zones as well as span bottom reinforcement. One layer is suitable by inspection (Figure 8) to meet
the required area of steel for top and bottom reinforcement.

28
2.2. One-Way Joist Design

The wide-module joists in this floor are considered as beams per ACI 318-14 (9.8.1.8). Therefore, the design of
the joist shall conform to the requirements of T-beams per ACI 318-14 (9.2.4).

Figure 12 – Partial Plan View Illustrating One-Way Joist to be Design

Joist design involves the following steps:

2.2.1. Determination of span loads

2.2.2. Determination of design moments and shears

2.2.3. Flexural Design

2.2.4. Shear Design

2.2.5. Deflections

2.2.6. Computer Program Solution

2.2.7. Summary and comparison of design results

2.2.8. Conclusions and observations

29
2.2.1. Determination of span loads

The following gravity load combinations are considered:

U 1.40 × D
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1a)

  5    (6 + 8.67) / 2 16   kips
wu =1.40 ×   × 0.15  + 0.02  × 6 +  ×  × 0.15 =1.40 × 0.62 =0.86
  12    12 12   ft

U= 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

  5    (6 + 8.67) / 2 16  
wu =1.20 ×   × 0.15  + 0.02  × 6 +  ×  × 0.15 + 1.60 × 0.08 × 6
  12    12 12  

kips
wu = 1.20 × 0.62 + 1.60 × 0.48 = 1.51
ft

Span loads are governed by the second load combination.

Note that for Floor Live Load Reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10:

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K LL × AT 
 

Where:

Live Load Element Factor, KLL = 2 for interior beams ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

Tributary Area AT = (6 × 32) = 192 ft2

Since KLL × AT = 2 × 192 = 384 ft2 < 400 ft2 live load reduction is not applicable.

2.2.2. Determination of design moment and shear

The factored moment and shear can be determined using the simplified method if the requirements are
satisfied: ACI 318-14 (6.5.1)

 Members are prismatic.

 Loads are uniformly distributed.

 L ≤ 3D (0.48 kips/ft ≤ 3 × 0.62 kips/ft)

 There are at least two spans.

 The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.

30
 Thus, the approximate coefficients can be used. The factored moments and shears are determined and
summarized in the following tables. ACI 318-14 (Table 6.5.2 and Table 6.5.3)

Table 4 - One-Way Joist Design Moment Values

Location Design Moment Value
wu × ln 2 1.51× 30.17 2
Exterior Support Negative = = 57.21 ft-kips
24 24

wu × ln 2 1.51× 30.17 2
End Spans Mid-span = = 98.07 ft-kips
14 14

wu × ln 2 1.51× 30.082
Interior Support Negative = = 136.54 ft-kips
10 10

wu × ln 2 1.51× 302
Mid-span Positive = = 84.86 ft-kips
16 16
Interior Spans
wu × ln 2 1.51× 302
Support Negative = = 123.44 ft-kips
11 11

Table 5 - One-Way Joist Design Shear Values

Location Design Shear Value
wu × ln 1.51× 30.17
End Span at Face of First Interior Support 1.15 × 1.15 ×
= 26.17 kips
=
2 2

wu × ln 1.51× 30.17
At Face of all other Supports = = 22.76 kips
2 2

*
When support beam is wider than the column, the clear span, ln, of the joists is measured from the face of
the column. For calculating negative moments, ln, is taken as the average of the adjacent clear spans.
ACI 318-14 (6.5.2)

31
2.2.3. Flexural Design

For the one-way joist of a wide-module joist system, the end span moment values govern the design as
tabulated in Table 4.

Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the first interior support negative moment:

Mu = 136.54 ft-kips

Use #5 reinforcement with 1.5 in. concrete cover. The distance from extreme compression fiber to the
centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, d, is calculated below:

 3 5
d = 21 − 1.50 + + 0.50 ×  = 18.81 in.
 8 8 

To determine the area of steel, assumptions have to be made whether the section is tension or compression
controlled, and regarding the distance between the resultant compression and tension forces along the slab
section (jd). In this example, tension-controlled section will be assumed so the reduction factor ϕ is equal to
0.9, and jd will be taken equal to 0.909 × d since we are designing for the negative moment in a T-beam
(narrow compression zone). The assumptions will be verified once the area of steel is finalized.

Assume jd = 0.909 × d = 0.909 × 18.81 = 17.11 in.

6 + 8.67
Joist average width,
= b = 7.33 in.
2

The required reinforcement at initial trial is calculated as follows:

Mu 136.54 × 12, 000

=As = = 1.774 in.2
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 17.11

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 1.774 in.2:

As × f y 1.774 × 60, 000

=a = = 3.414 in.
0.85 × f c′ × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 7.33

a 3.414
c
= = = 4.016 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
εt =   × dt − 0.003 =   × 18.81 − 0.003 = 0.011 > 0.005
 c   4.016 

Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

32
 Mu 136.54 × 12, 000
=As = = 1.774 in.2
 a  3.414 
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 × 18.81 − 
 2  2 

The minimum reinforcement shall not be less than

3× f c′ 3 × 5, 000
A=
s ,min × bw=
×d = 0.49 in.2
× 7.34 × 18.81 ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(a))
fy 60, 000

And not less than

200 200
As ,min= × bw × d= × 7.34 × 18.81= 0.46 in.2 ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(b))
fy 60, 000

Part of the negative-moment steel shall be distributed over a width equal to the smaller of the effective flange
l 384
width (72 in.) and = = 38.40 in. ACI 318-14 (24.3.4)
10 10

Where the effective width of the overhanging flange on each side of the beam web is the smallest of the
following: ACI 318-14 (6.3.2.1)

bw + 2 × (8 × h= = 88.67 in. , where h is the slab thickness.

) 8.67 + 2 × (8 × 5)

s   5.50 × 12 
bw + 2 ×  w  = 6 + 2×  = 72.00 in. , where sw is the clear distance to the adjacent web.
 2   2 

l   30.17 × 12 
bw + 2 ×  n =
 8.67 + 2 ×  = 99.17 in.
8
   8 

Therefore, the effective flange width is 72 in.

( 6 0.31) =
Provide 6-#5 bars within 38.4 in width. As , prov =× 1.86 in.2 > 1.774 in.2 o.k.

33
 Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the positive moment:

Mu = 98.07 ft-kips

In the positive moment regions, the beam acts as a T-shaped beam. The effective flange width as was
calculated earlier is 72 in.

By assuming #3 bars for joist stirrups and the maximum bar size for joist bottom reinforcement as #7 and
following the 1.50 in. concrete cover to reinforcement requirement of beam stirrups per ACI 318-14 (20.6.1),
the distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of longitudinal tension reinforcement, d, is
calculated below:

 3  7 
d = 21 − 1.50 + + 0.50 ×    = 18.69 in.
 8  8 

Since we are designing for the positive moment in a T-Beam (wide compression zone), select a moment arm,
jd approximately equal to 0.994 × d.

Assume that jd = 0.994 × d = 0.994 × 18.69 = 18.57 in.

Mu 98.07 × 12, 000

=As = = 1.173 in.2
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 18.57

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 1.173 in.2:

As × f y 1.173 × 60, 000

=a = = 0.230 in.
0.85 × f c′ × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 72

a 0.230
c
= = = 0.271 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
ε t=   × dt − 0.003=   × 18.69 − 0.003= 0.204 > 0.005
 c   0.27 

Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

Mu 98.07 × 12, 000

=As = = 1.173 in.2
 a  0.230 
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 × 18.69 − 
 2   2 

( 2 0.60 ) =
Use 2-#7 bundled bars with As , prov =× 1.20 in.2 > 1.173 in.2 o.k.

34
 Figure 13 – Cross-Sectional View at Joist Mid-Span (Section 2/2.2 in Figure 12)

Figure 14 – Cross-Sectional View at Joist Near Support Face (Section 3/2.2 in Figure 12)

35
 2.2.4. Shear Design

From Table 5 above, the shear value in end span at face of first interior support governs.

wu × ln 1.51× 30.17
1.15 ×
Vu = 1.15 ×
= 26.17 kips
=
2 2

The design shear at a distance, d, away from the face of support,

18.69
Vu = 26.17 − 1.51× = 23.82 kips
12

Shear strength provided by concrete

(
φVc =φ × 2 × f c′ × bw × d ) ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.5.5.1)

( )
φVc = 0.75 × 2.00 × 1.00 × 5, 000 × 7.34 × 18.69 = 14,538.77 lb = 14.54 kips

φVc
Since Vu > , shear reinforcement is required.
2

Try #3, Grade 60 double-leg stirrups with a 90° hook.

The nominal shear strength required to be provided by shear reinforcement is

Vu  23.82 
Vs = Vn − Vc = − Vc =   − 19.39 = 12.38 kips
φ  0.75 

Check whether Vs is less than 8 × f c′ × bw × d

If Vs is greater than 8 × f c′ × bw × d , then the cross-section has to be revised as ACI 318-14 limits the shear

capacity to be provided by stirrups to 8 × f c′ × bw × d ACI 318-14 (22.5.1.2)

8× f c′ × bw × d =8 × 5, 000 × 7.34 × 18.69 =77,540.09 lb =77.54 kips

Since Vs does not exceed 8 × f c′ × bw × d , the cross section is adequate.

Assume #3 stirrups with two legs (Av = 0.22 in.2)

Calculate the required stirrup spacing as

φ × Av × f yt × d 0.75 × 0.22 × 60 × 18.69

=sreq ' d = = 19.93 in. ACI 318-14 (22.5.10.5.3)
Vu − φ × Vc 23.82 − 14.54

36
 Check whether the required spacing based on the shear demand meets the spacing limits for shear
reinforcement per ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.2.2).

Check whether Vs is less than 4 × f c′ × bw × d

4× f c′ × bw × d = 4 × 5, 000 × 7.34 × 18.69 = 38, 770.05 lb = 38.77 kips > Vs =12.38 kips

Therefore, maximum stirrup spacing shall be the smallest of d/2 and 24 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.7.6.2.2)

d / 2  18.69 / 2  9.34 in.

=smax lesser
= of   lesser
= of   lesser
= of   9.34 in.
 24 in.  24 in.   24 in. 

This value governs over the required stirrup spacing of 19.93 in. which was based on the demand.

Joist minimum shear reinforcement requirements must be checked since wide-module joists do not satisfy
ACI 318-14 (9.8).

Check the maximum stirrup spacing based on minimum shear reinforcement

Av × f yt 0.22 × 60, 000

smax ≤ = = 33.93 in. (does not govern) ACI 318-14 (10.6.2.2(a))
0.75 × f c′ × bw 0.75 × 5, 000 × 7.34

Av × f yt 0.22 × 60, 000

smax ≤ = = 35.99 in. (does not govern) ACI 318-14 (10.6.2.2(b))
50 × bw 50 × 7.34

Therefore, smax value is governed by the spacing limit per ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.2.2), and is equal to 9.34 in.

Use #3 @ 9 in. stirrups

Av × f yt × d
=Vn + Vc ACI 318-14 (22.5.1.1 and 22.5.10.5.3)
s

0.22 × 60, 000 × 18.69

Vn = + 19.39 = 26.40 + 19.39 = 45.79 kips
9

φVn = 0.75 × 45.79 = 34.34 kips > Vu = 23.82 kips o.k.

Vu Vc
Compute where is equal to , and the stirrups can be stopped
φ 2

37
  Vu   Vc   23.82   19.39 
φ − 2   − 
 =  ln  0.75   2  30.17 × 12
=x  × × = 125.76 in.
Vu 2  23.82  2
φ  
 0.75 

At interior end of the exterior span, use 16-#3 @ 9 in o.c., Place 1st stirrup 2 in. from the face of supporting
girder.

2.2.5. Deflections

Since the preliminary joist depth met minimum depth requirement, the deflection calculations are not
required. A lesser depth maybe possible and consequently cost savings can be achieved through deflection
computations. Deflection values are calculated and provided for every model created by spBeam Program
and can be used by the engineer to make additional optimization decisions.

2.2.6. Computer Program Solution

spBeam Program can be utilized to analysis and design the one-way wide-module joist. A single wide-module
joist is modeled as a five span continuous-beam.

The program calculates the internal forces (shear force and bending moment), moment and shear capacities,
immediate and long-term deflection results, and required flexural reinforcement. The graphical and text
results are provided here for both input and output of the spBeam model.

The ribs are modeled as a rectangular longitudinal beam with an equivalent width of 7.33 in. and 21 in. depth
to reflect the sloped sides of the forming pans.

38
Figure 15 – spBeam Model – One-Way Joist Section

39
Figure 16 – spBeam Model – Isometric View – One-Way Joist

40
Figure 17 – spBeam Model – Loads (Including Live Load Patterning)

41
Figure 18 – spBeam Model – Internal Forces (Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram)

42
Figure 19 – spBeam Model – Moment Capacity Diagram

43
Figure 20 – spBeam Model – Shear Capacity Diagram

44
Figure 21 – spBeam Model – Immediate Deflection Diagram

45
Figure 22 – spBeam Model – Reinforcement Diagram

46
2.2.7. Summary and Comparison of Results

47
 Table 6 - Comparison of Hand Solution with spBeam Solution for One-Way Joist
Flexural Design
Span Design Moment Reinforcement Required Reinforcement Provided
Location (ft-kips) for Flexure (in.2) for Flexure (in.2)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior Negative 136.54 128.46 1.774 1.658 6-#5 6-#5
Positive 98.07 88.98 1.173 1.064 2-#7 2-#7
Shear Design
Span Location Vu (kips/ft) ϕVn (kips/ft)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior Negative 23.82 22.96 34.34 35.44

48
2.2.8. Conclusions and Observations

In this design example, the one-way joist system is modeled as a continuous T-beam representing single one-
way joist. There is a good agreement between the hand solution and computer solution. Note that the
coefficients traditionally used to determine moments do not address various types of support and geometry.

The maximum calculated total immediate (instantaneous) deflection (DL + LL) = 0.316 in., this value can be
compared with maximum permissible calculated deflection limitation per project criteria in accordance to
ACI 318-14. ACI 318-14 (Table 24.2.2)

In addition to deflection results, parametric studies can be performed in spBeam to optimize design and
detailing results. With a minimum spacing of 1 in. between the 2-#7, two stirrups, and 1.50 in. cover on each
side, a total width of 6.50 in. is required. The rib width at the bar level is 6.385 in. which is slightly less than
required. For detailing purposes, one of the following options can be used:

1. Bottom bars can be bundled. This practice is often found in joist construction.

2. Stirrups can be rotated by a small angle to preserve the minimum spacing.

3. Bottom bars can be raised sufficiently to achieve the required width taking into the account the reduction
into the moment capacity.

4. Other detailing options provided by the builder/formwork supply.

Figure 23 – Joist Cross-Section

49
2.3. Design of Beam along Grid B (Interior Frame)

In wide-module joist construction, the supporting beam, sometimes referred to as girder, depth is typically set to
match the overall joist depth. Therefore, the beam depth is set to 21 in. This depth need to satisfy the minimum
depth requirement of ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1) so that the deflection computations can be waived.

Using the minimum depth for non-prestressed beams in Table 9.3.1.1.

l 360
End Span: =h = = 19.46 in. (governs) < 21 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
18.5 18.5

l 360
Interior Span: h
= = = 17.14 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
21 21

Therefore, the preliminary beam depth satisfies the minimum depth requirement.

Figure 24 – Partial Plan View Showing Interior Beam along grid B

Beam (girder) design involves the following steps:

2.3.1. Determination of span loads

2.3.2. Determination of design moments and shears

2.3.3. Flexural Design

50
 2.3.4. Shear Design

2.3.5. Deflections

2.3.6. Computer Program Solution

2.3.7. Summary and comparison of design results

2.3.8. Conclusions and observations

2.3.1. Determination of span loads

Dead Load:

Try 36 in. width for the beam (slightly larger than the column width that helps facilitate the forming, and
reduces the beam longitudinal vs. column vertical bar interference)

 5   ( 6 + 8.67 ) / 2  16    36  kips

Joist & Slab Weight =  +    ×  / 6  × 0.15 ×  32 −  = 2.40

12   12 12  ft
 12   

 21 36  kips
Beam Weight =  ×  × 0.15 = 0.79
 12 12  ft

kips
Superimposed Dead Load, SDL = 0.02 × 32 = 0.64
ft

Live Load:

Check for live load reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K 
 LL × AT 

Where:

L = Reduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member

Lo = Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member = 80 psf

KLL = Live load element factor = 2 for interior beams ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

AT = Tributary area = (30 × 32) = 960 ft2

 15 
80  0.25 +
L =× =47.39 psf
 2 × 960 

Which satisfies 0.50 × Lo requirement for members supporting one floor. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (4.7.2)

51
 47.39 kips
L
= × 32
= 1.52
1, 000 ft

Load Combination:

The following gravity load combinations are considered:

U 1.40 × D
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1a)

kips
wu = 1.40 × ( 2.40 + 0.79 + 0.64 ) = 1.40 × 3.83 = 5.36
ft

U= 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

kips
wu = 1.20 × ( 2.40 + 0.79 + 0.64 ) + 1.60 × 1.52 = 1.20 × 3.83 + 1.60 × 1.52 = 7.02
ft

The span loads are governed by the second load combination.

2.3.2. Determination of design moment and shear

The factored moment and shear can be determined using the simplified method if the requirements are
satisfied: ACI 318-14 (6.5.1)

 Members are prismatic.

 Loads are uniformly distributed.

 L ≤ 3D (1.52 kips/ft ≤ 3 × 3.83 kips/ft)

 There are at least two spans.

 The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.
Thus, the approximate coefficients can be used. The factored moment and shear are determined and
summarized in the following tables. ACI 318-14 (Table 6.5.2 and Table 6.5.3)

52
 Table 7 - Interior Beam Design Moment Values
Location Design Moment Value
wu × ln 2 7.02 × 28.17 2
Exterior Support Negative = = 348.25 ft-kips
16 16

wu × ln 2 7.02 × 28.17 2
End Spans Mid-span = = 398.00 ft-kips
14 14

wu × ln 2 7.02 × 28.082
Interior Support Negative = = 553.90 ft-kips
10 10

wu × ln 2 7.02 × 282
Mid-span Positive = = 344.14 ft-kips
16 16
Interior Spans
wu × ln 2 7.02 × 282
Support Negative = = 500.56 ft-kips
11 11

Table 8 - Interior Beam Design Shear Values

Location Design Shear Value
wu × ln 7.02 × 28.17
End Span at Face of First Interior Support 1.15 × 1.15 ×
= 113.75 kips
=
2 2

wu × ln 7.02 × 28.17
At Face of all other Supports = = 98.91 kips
2 2

53
2.3.3. Flexural Design

For this interior beam, the end span moment values govern the design as tabulated in Table 7.

Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the first interior support negative moment:

Mu = 553.90 ft-kips

Use #8 bars with 1.50 in. concrete cover per ACI 318-14 (Table 20.6.1.3.1). To avoid interference with joist
negative moment reinforcement, the clear cover to the girder top reinforcement is required to be increased
by lowering the girder top reinforcement. The distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
longitudinal tension reinforcement, d, is calculated below:

 3 5 8
d = 21 − 1.50 + + + 0.50 ×  = 18.00 in.
 8 8 8

To determine the area of steel, assumptions have to be made whether the section is tension or compression
controlled, and regarding the distance between the resultant compression and tension forces along the slab
section (jd). In this example, tension-controlled section will be assumed so the reduction factor ϕ is equal to
0.9, and jd will be taken equal to 0.919 × d since we are designing for the negative moment in a rectangular
beam (narrow compression zone). The assumptions will be verified once the area of steel is finalized.

Assume jd = 0.919 × d = 0.919 × 18.00 = 16.54 in.

Interior beam width, b = 36 in.

The required reinforcement at initial trial is calculated as follows:

Mu 553.90 × 12, 000

=As = = 7.442 in.2
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 16.54

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 7.442 in.2:

As × f y 7.442 × 60, 000

=a = = 2.918 in.
0.85 × f c′ × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 36

a 2.918
c
= = = 3.433 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
ε t=   × dt − 0.003=   × 18.00 − 0.003= 0.013 > 0.005
 c   3.433 

Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

54
 Mu 553.90 × 12, 000
=As = = 7.442 in.2
 a  2.918 
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 × 18.00 − 
 2  2 

The minimum reinforcement shall not be less than

3× f c′ 3 × 5, 000
A=
s ,min ×d
× bw= × 18 2.29 in.2
× 36 = ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(a))
fy 60, 000

And not less than

200 200
As ,min= × bw × d= × 36 × 18= 2.16 in.2 ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(b))
fy 60, 000

Provide 10-#8 bars: As , prov =(10 × 0.79 ) =7.90 in.2 > 7.442 in.2 o.k.

Maximum spacing allowed:

Check the requirement for distribution of flexural reinforcement to control flexural cracking:

 40, 000   40, 000 

s = 15 ×   − 2.50 × cc ≤ 12 ×   ACI 318-14 (Table 24.3.2)
 fs   fs 

  8 
cc =21 − 18 + 0.50 ×    =2.5 in.
  8 

2 2
Use f s = × f y = × 60, 000 =40, 000 psi ACI 318-14 (24.3.2.1)
3 3

 40, 000 
s=15 ×   − 2.50 × 2.50 =8.75 in. (governs)
 40, 000 

 40, 000 
12 × 
s= =12 in.
 40, 000 

Spacing provided for 10-#8 bars

( bw − 2 × d s ) ( 36 − 2 × 2.625)
s prov
= = = 3.42 in. < 8.75 in. o.k.
# of bars − 1 9

Where ds = 2.625 in. for #3 stirrup as shown in the following Figure. CRSI 2002 (Figure 12-9)

55
 Figure 25 – Maximum Number of Bars in Beams

Check the spacing, s provided, is greater than the minimum center to center spacing, smin where:

 1 in. 
 
smin= db + the largest of  db  CRSI 2002 (Figure 12-9)
1.33 × max .agg .
 

Where maximum aggregate size is ¾”

 1.00 
smin = 1.00 + max  1.00  = 1.00 + 1.00 = 2.00 in.
1.33 × 0.75 1.00
= 
Since the spacing provided is greater than 2.00 in. Therefore, 10-#8 bars are o.k.

All the values on Table 9 are calculated based on the procedure outlined above.

56
 Table 9 - Reinforcing Design Summary for Interior Beam
End Span Interior Span
Exterior Negative Positive Interior Negative Positive Negative
Design Moment, Mu (ft-kips) 348.25 398.00 553.90 344.14 500.56
Effective depth, d (in.) 18.00 *
18.625 **
18.00 *
18.625 **
18.00*
As req’d (in.2) 4.522 5.013 7.442 4.301 6.664
As min (in. )2
2.29 2.37 2.29 2.37 2.29
Reinforcement 6-#8 7-#8 10-#8 6-#8 9-#8
*
The beam top bars are to be placed below the joist top bars.
**
The beam bottom bars are to be placed at the bottom-most layer. The joist bottom bars, then, shall be spliced at
joist-beam intersection.

2.3.4. Shear Design

From Table 8 above, the shear value in end span at face of first interior support governs.

wu × ln 7.02 × 28.17
1.15 ×
Vu = 1.15 ×
= 113.75 kips
=
2 2

The design shear at a distance, d, away from the face of support,

18
V=
u 113.75 − 7.02 × = 103.21 kips
12

Shear strength provided by concrete

(
φVc =φ × 2 × f c′ × bw × d ) ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.5.5.1)

( )
φVc = 0.75 × 2.00 × 1.00 × 5, 000 × 36 × 18 = 68, 730.78 lb= 68.73 kips

φVc
Since Vu > , shear reinforcement is required.
2

Try #3, Grade 60 four-leg stirrups (Av = 0.44 in.2) with a 90° hook.

The nominal shear strength required to be provided by shear reinforcement is

Vu  103.21 
Vs = Vn − Vc = − Vc =   − 91.64 = 45.98 kips
φ  0.75 

Check whether Vs is less than 8 × f c′ × bw × d

57
 If Vs is greater than 8 × f c′ × bw × d , then the cross-section has to be revised as ACI 318-14 limits the shear

capacity to be provided by stirrups to 8 × f c′ × bw × d ACI 318-14 (22.5.1.2)

8× f c′ × bw × d =8 × 5, 000 × 36 × 18 =366,564.16 lb =366.56 kips

Since Vs does not exceed 8 × f c′ × bw × d , the cross section is adequate.

Calculate the required stirrup spacing as

φ × Av × f yt × d 0.75 × 0.44 × 60, 000 × 18

=sreq ' d = = 10.34 in. ACI 318-14 (22.5.10.5.3)
Vu − φ × Vc 103.21 − 68.73

Check whether the required spacing based on the shear demand meets the spacing limits for shear
reinforcement per ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.2.2).

Check whether Vs is less than 4 × f c′ × bw × d

4× f c′ × bw × d = 4 × 5, 000 × 36 × 18 =183, 282.08 lb =183.28 kips > Vs = 45.98 kips

Therefore, maximum stirrup spacing shall be the smallest of d/2 and 24 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.7.6.2.2)

d / 2  18 / 2  9 in. 
=smax lesser
= of   lesser
= of   lesser
= of   9 in.
 24 in.  24 in.  24 in.

This value governs over the required stirrup spacing of 10.34 in which was based on the demand. Note that
since the stirrup spacing is governed by smax, the size of the stirrup can be kept as #3. Selecting #4 stirrup size
will produce capacity more than what is required and therefore, be uneconomical.

Check the maximum stirrup spacing based on minimum shear reinforcement

Av × f yt 0.44 × 60, 000

smax ≤ = = 13.83 in. (does not govern) ACI 318-14 (10.6.2.2(a))
0.75 × f c′ × bw 0.75 × 5, 000 × 36

Av × f yt 0.44 × 60, 000

smax ≤ = = 14.67 in. (does not govern) ACI 318-14 (10.6.2.2(b))
50 × bw 50 × 36

Therefore, smax value is governed by the spacing limit per ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.2.2), and is equal to 9 in.

Use #3 @ 8 in. stirrups

58
 Av × f yt × d
=Vn + Vc ACI 318-14 (22.5.1.1 and 22.5.10.5.3)
s

0.44 × 60, 000 × 18

Vn = + 91.64 = 59.40 + 91.64 = 151.04 kips o.k.
8

φVn = 0.75 × 151.04 = 113.28 kips > Vu = 103.21 kips

Vu Vc
Compute where is equal to , and the stirrups can be stopped
φ 2

 Vu   Vc   103.21   91.64 
φ − 2   − 
 =  ln  0.75   2  28.17 × 12
=x  × × = 112.73 in.
Vu 2  103.21  2
φ  
 0.75 

At interior end of the exterior span, use 16-#3 @ 8 in o.c., Place 1st stirrup 2 in. from the face of the column.

2.3.5. Deflections

Since the preliminary beam depth met minimum depth requirement, the deflection calculations are not
required. A lesser depth maybe possible and consequently cost savings can be achieved through deflection
computations. Deflection values are calculated and provided for every model created by spBeam Program
and can be used by the engineer to make additional optimization decisions.

2.3.6. Computer Program Solution

spBeam Program can be utilized to analyze and design the interior continuous beam along grid B. The beam
is modeled as a three span continuous rectangular beam.

The program calculates the internal forces (shear force and bending moment), moment and shear capacities,
immediate and long-term deflection results, and required flexural reinforcement. The graphical and text
results are provided here for both input and output of the spBeam model.

The beam is modeled as a 36 in. by 21 in. deep rectangular longitudinal beam with column supports. The
supports can be modeled as pinned, fixed, or using actual geometric properties of the beam-column joint. A
value of 100 is used in this model for column stiffness share, indicating the actual column stiffness. When
the percentage lies between zero and 100%, the joint stiffness contribution by the column is multiplied by
that percentage. The default value is 100%.

59
Figure 26 – spBeam Model – Support Data

60
Figure 27 – spBeam Model – Isometric View – Interior Continuous Beam along Grid B

61
Figure 28 – spBeam Model – Loads (Including Live Load Patterning)

62
Figure 29 – spBeam Model – Internal Forces (Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram)

63
Figure 30 – spBeam Model – Moment Capacity Diagram

64
Figure 31 – spBeam Model – Shear Capacity Diagram

65
Figure 32 – spBeam Model – Immediate Deflection Diagram

66
Figure 33 – spBeam Model – Reinforcement Diagram

67
2.3.7. Summary and Comparison of Results

68
 Table 10 - Comparison of Hand Solution with spBeam Solution for One-Way Interior Beam
Flexural Design
Span Design Moment Reinforcement Required Reinforcement Provided
Location (ft-kips) for Flexure (in.2) for Flexure (in.2)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior Negative 553.90 486.01 7.442 6.454 10-#8 9-#8
Positive 344.14 316.28 4.301 3.938 6-#8 5-#8
Shear Design
Span Location Vu (kips/ft) ϕVn (kips/ft)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior Negative 103.21 95.14 113.28 109.45

2.3.8. Conclusions and Observations

In this design example, the interior beam is modeled as a continuous rectangular longitudinal beam. There is
a good agreement between the hand solution and computer solution. Note that the coefficients traditionally
used to determine moments do not address various types of support and geometry.

The maximum calculated total immediate (instantaneous) deflection (DL + LL) = 0.529 in., this value can be
compared with maximum permissible calculated deflection limitation per project criteria in accordance to
ACI 318-14. ACI 318-14 (Table 24.2.2)

In addition to deflection results, parametric studies can be performed in spBeam to optimize design and
detailing results.

The reinforcement diagram (Figure 33) shows the minimum length required (including the development
length) for flexural design. The bars can be extended and detailed to provide the required support for shear
stirrups.

69
Figure 34 – Interior Beam Cross-Section (Near the First Interior Support)

70
2.4. Design of Beam along Grid A (Exterior Frame)

In the wide-module joist construction, the supporting beam depths shall be same as the overall joist depth.
Therefore, the beam depth is set to 21 in. This beam depth need to satisfy the minimum depth requirement of
ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1) so that the deflection computations can be waived. The beams of the exterior frame
shall be designed and detailed for the combined effects of flexure, shear, and torsion according to ACI 318.

Using the minimum depth for non-prestressed beams in Table 9.3.1.1.

l 360
End Span: =h = = 19.46 in. (governs) < 21 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
18.5 18.5

l 360
Interior Span: h
= = = 17.14 in. ACI 318-14 (Table 9.3.1.1)
21 21

Therefore, the preliminary beam depth satisfies the minimum depth requirement.

Figure 35 – Partial Plan View Showing Exterior Beam along grid A

Beam (girder) design involves the following steps:

2.4.1. Determination of span loads

2.4.2. Determination of design moment, shear, and torsion

2.4.3. Flexural and torsion design

71
 2.4.4. Shear and torsion design

2.4.5. Deflections

2.4.6. Computer program solution

2.4.7. Summary and comparison of design results

2.4.8. Conclusions and observations

2.4.1. Determination of span loads

Dead Load:

Try 24 in. width for the beam (slightly larger than the column width that helps facilitate the forming, and
reduces the beam longitudinal vs. column vertical bar interference)

 5   ( 6 + 8.67 ) / 2  16    24 − 20 / 2  kips

Joist & Slab Weight =  +    ×  / 6  × 0.15 × 16 −  = 1.23

12   12  12    12  ft

 21 24  kips
Beam Weight =  ×  × 0.15 = 0.53
 12 12  ft

kips
Superimposed Dead Load SDL = 0.02 × (16 + 10 / 12 ) = 0.34
ft

Live Load:

Check for live load reduction per ASCE/SEI 7-10

 15 
Lo ×  0.25 +
L=  ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Eq. 4-1)
 K 
 LL × AT 

Where:

L = Reduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member

Lo = Unreduced design live load per ft2 of area supported by the member = 80 psf

KLL = 2 (edge beams without cantilever slabs) ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Table 4-2)

AT = Tributary area = (30 × (16 − 10 / 12)) = 505 ft 2

 15 
80  0.25 +
L =× =57.76 psf
 2 × 505 

Which satisfies 0.50 × Lo requirement for members supporting one floor. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (4.7.2)

72
 57.76  10  kips
L= × 16 + = 0.97
1, 000  12  ft

Load Combination:

The following gravity load combinations are considered:

U 1.40 × D
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1a)

kips
wu = 1.40 × (1.23 + 0.53 + 0.34) = 1.40 × 2.10 = 2.93
ft

U= 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

kips
wu = 1.20 × (1.23 + 0.53 + 0.34) + 1.60 × 0.97 = 1.20 × 2.10 + 1.60 × 0.97 = 4.06
ft

The span loads are governed by the second load combination.

For factored torsional moment calculations, the beam self-weight is not included since it is applied along the
beam section centerline. And the moment arm is the distance from the midspan to the centerline of the exterior
beam section = 16/2 – (24/2 - 20/2)/12 = 7.83 ft.

Thus, the following load combinations are used for the calculation of the factored torsional moment:

U 1.40 × D
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1a)

ft-kips
Tu = (1.40 × (1.23 + 0.34)) × 7.83 = 1.40 × 1.57 × 7.83 = 17.17
ft

U= 1.20 × D + 1.60 × L ACI 318-14 (Eq. 5.3.1b)

ft-kips
Tu = (1.20 × (1.24 + 0.34) + 1.60 × 0.97 ) × 7.83 = (1.20 × 1.57 + 1.60 × 0.97 ) × 7.83 = 26.91
ft

The span factored torsional moments are governed by the second load combination.

73
2.4.2. Determination of design flexural moment, shear, and torsional moment

The factored moment and shear can be determined using the simplified method if the requirements are
satisfied: ACI 318-14 (6.5.1)

 Members are prismatic.

 Loads are uniformly distributed.

 L ≤ 3D (0.97 kips/ft ≤ 3 × 2.10 kips/ft)

 There are at least two spans.

 The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.

Thus, the approximate coefficients can be used. The factored moments and shears are determined and
summarized in the following tables. ACI 318-14 (Table 6.5.2 and Table 6.5.3)

Table 11 - Exterior Beam Design Flexural Moment Values

Location Design Flexural Moment Value
wu × ln 2 4.06 × 28.332
Exterior Support Negative = = 203.95 ft-kips
16 16

wu × ln 2 4.06 × 28.332
End Spans Mid-span = = 233.08 ft-kips
14 14

wu × ln 2 4.06 × 28.332
Interior Support Negative = = 326.31 ft-kips
10 10

wu × ln 2 4.06 × 28.332
Mid-span Positive = = 203.95 ft-kips
16 16
Interior Spans
wu × ln 2 4.06 × 28.332
Support Negative = = 296.65 ft-kips
11 11

Table 12 - Exterior Design Shear Values

Location Design Shear Value
wu × ln 4.06 × 28.33
End Span at Face of First Interior Support 1.15 × 1.15 ×
= 66.22 kips
=
2 2

wu × ln 4.06 × 28.33
At Face of all other Supports = = 57.58 kips
2 2

74
 Any structural analysis method can be used to calculate the torsional. The following table shows the
torsional moment values at the centerline of the supports:

Table 13 - Exterior Design Torsional Moment Values

Location Design Torsional Moment Value
wu × l 26.91× 30
At the centerline of all Supports = = 403.59 ft-kips
2 2

75
2.4.3. Flexural, Shear, and Torsion Design

For this exterior beam, the end span moment values govern the design as tabulated in Table 11.

Calculate the required reinforcement to resist the first interior support negative moment:

Mu = 326.31 ft-kips

Use #8 bars with 1.50 in. concrete cover per ACI 318-14 (Table 20.6.1.3.1). To avoid interference with joist
negative moment reinforcement, the clear cover to the girder top reinforcement is required to be increased
by lowering the girder top reinforcement. The distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
longitudinal tension reinforcement, d, is calculated below:

 3 5 8
d = 21 − 1.50 + + + 0.50 ×  = 18.00 in.
 8 8 8 

To determine the area of steel, assumptions have to be made whether the section is tension or compression
controlled, and regarding the distance between the resultant compression and tension forces along the slab
section (jd). In this example, tension-controlled section will be assumed so the reduction factor ϕ is equal to
0.9, and jd will be taken equal to 0.929 × d since we are designing for the negative moment in a rectangular
beam (narrow compression zone). The assumptions will be verified once the area of steel is finalized.

Assume jd = 0.929 × d = 0.929 × 18.00 = 16.73 in.

Exterior beam width, b = 24 in.

The required reinforcement at initial trial is calculated as follows:

Mu 326.31× 12, 000

=As = = 4.336 in.2
φ × f y × jd 0.90 × 60, 000 × 16.73

Recalculate ‘a’ for the actual As = 4.336 in.2:

As × f y 4.336 × 60, 000

=a = = 2.550 in.
0.85 × f c′ × b 0.85 × 5, 000 × 24

a 2.550
c
= = = 3.000 in.
β1 0.85

 0.003   0.003 
εt =   × dt − 0.003 =   × 18.00 − 0.003 = 0.015 > 0.005
 c   3.000 

76
 Therefore, the assumption that section is tension-controlled is valid.

Mu 326.31× 12, 000

=As = = 4.336 in.2
 a  2.550 
φ × f y ×  d −  0.90 × 60, 000 × 18.00 − 
 2   2 

The minimum reinforcement shall not be less than

3× f c′ 3 × 5, 000
A=
s ,min × bw=
×d × 18 1.53 in.2
× 24 = ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(a))
fy 60, 000

And not less than

200 200
As ,min= × bw × d= × 24 × 18= 1.44 in.2 ACI 318-14 (9.6.1.2(b))
fy 60, 000

All the values on the following table are calculated based on the procedure outlined above.

Table 14 - Reinforcing Design Summary (Flexure only) for Exterior Beam

End Span Interior Span
Exterior Negative Positive Interior Negative Positive Negative
Design Moment, Mu (ft-kips) 203.95 233.08 326.31 203.65 296.65
Effective depth, d (in.) 18.00 *
18.625 **
18.00 *
18.625 **
18.00*
As, req’d (in.2) 2.631 2.915 4.336 2.535 3.912
As, min (in. ) 2
1.53 1.58 1.53 1.58 1.53
*
The beam top bars are to be placed below the joist top bars.
**
The beam bottom bars are to be placed at the bottom-most layer. The joist bottom bars, then, shall be spliced at
joist-beam intersection.

Torsion requirements for longitudinal steel have to be determined and combined with reinforcement area
required for flexure.

77
 Calculate the required reinforcement to resist torsion:

Check if torsional effects can be neglected:

If Tu < ϕTth, it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects. ACI 318-14 (22.7.1.1)

Where:

Tu = 403.59 ft-kips

ϕTth = 12.47 ft-kips = Threshold torsion (the calculation of ϕTth is shown in the next section)

Since Tu > ϕTth, the torsional effects must be considered.

Check if the factored design torsion can be reduced:

It is permitted to reduce Tu to ϕTcr; due to redistribution of internal forces after torsional cracking; if the
exterior continuous beam meet the following requirements: ACI 318-14 (22.7.3.2)

1. The beam is statically indeterminate (continuous beam).

2. Tu ≥ ϕTcr.

To check the second condition, ϕTcr need to be calculated as follows:

Since the beams are cast monolithically with slab and joists, Acp (area enclosed by outside perimeter of
concrete cross section) and pcp (outside perimeter of concrete cross section) for the beam can include a portion
of the adjoining slab. The effective width, be, of the overhanging flange must conform to ACI 318-14
(8.4.1.8):

be = h – hf = 21 – 5 = 16 in. (governs)

be = 4 × hf = 4 × 5 = 20 in.

Acp = (21 × 24) + (16 × 5) = 584 in.2

Pcp = 2 × (21 + 24 + 16) = 122 in.

( 584 )
2
Acp 2
= = 2795.54 in.3
pcp 122

The torsional properties of the beam ignoring the overhanging flange are the following:

Acp = (21 × 24) = 504 in.2

78
 Pcp = 2 × (21 + 24) = 90 in.

( 504 )
2
Acp 2
= = 2822.40 in.3 > 2795.54 in.3
pcp 90

Therefore, consider the rectangular section. ACI 318-14 (9.2.4.4(b))

 Acp 2 
φTcr = φ × 4 × λ × f c′ ×   ACI 318-14 (Table 22.7.5.1(a))
 p
 cp 

φTcr = 0.75 × 4.00 × 1.00 × 5, 000 × 2822.40 = 598, 721.45 in-lb = 49.89 ft-kips

 Acp 2  φTcr 49.89

φTth = φ × λ × f c′ ×   = = = 12.47 ft-kips
 pcp 4 4
 

Checking the second condition of ACI 318-14 (22.7.3.2):

Tu = 406.59 ft-kips > ϕTcr = 49.89 ft-kips

Thus, ACI 318-14 permits to reduce Tu to ϕTcr.

Tu = ϕTcr = 49.89 ft-kips ACI 318-14 (22.7.3.2)

It is assumed that the torsional loading on the beam is uniformly distributed along the span.

Determine the adequacy of cross-sectional dimensions for the torsion:

For solid sections, the limit on shear and torsion is given by:

2 2
 Vu   Tu × ph   V 
  + 2 
≤ φ ×  c + 8× f c′  ACI 318-14 (22.7.7.1)
 bw × d   1.70 × Aoh   bw × d 

Where:

Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement.

ph = perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement.

Using d = 18.00 in., the factored shear force at the critical section located at a distance d from the face of
the support is:

18.00
Vu = 66.22 − 4.06 × = 60.13 kips
12

79
Also, the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete is:

Vc = 2 × λ × f c′ × bw × d ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.5.5.1)

Using a 1.50-in. clear cover to #3 closed stirrups at bottom and 2.125 in clear cover to #3 closed stirrups at
top.

Aoh = 21 − ( ( 2.125 + 1.50 ) + 0.375 )  ×  24 − ( (1.50 + 1.50 ) + 0.375 )  =350.63 in 2

{ }
2 ×  21 − ( ( 2.125 + 1.50 ) + 0.375 )  +  24 − ( (1.50 + 1.50 ) + 0.375 )  =
ph = 75.25 in.

2 2
 60,125.43   49.89 × 12, 000 × 75.25 
  + 256.60 psi
 =
 24 × 18   1.70 × 350.632 

 2 × 5, 000 × 24 × 18 
< 0.75 ×  + 8 × 5, 000  =530.33 kips
 24 × 18 

Therefore, the section is adequate.

Determine the transverse reinforcement required for torsion:

At Tu
= ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.7.6.1a)
s φ × 2 × Ao × f yt × cot (θ )

Where:

Ao = 0.85 × Aoh = 0.85 × 350.63 = 298.03 in.2 ACI 318-14 (22.7.6.1.1)

θ = 45 ̊ ACI 318-14 (22.7.6.1.2(a))

Therefore,

At 49.89 × 12, 000

= 0.0223 in 2 / in per leg
s 0.75 × 2 × 298.03 × 60, 000 × cot ( 45° )

80
 Determine the transverse reinforcement required for shear:

From Table 12 above, the maximum shear value occurs at the face of the first interior support in the end span.

wu × ln 4.06 × 28.33
1.15 × 1.15 ×
= 66.22 kips
=
2 2

The design shear at a distance, d, away from the face of support,

18
Vu= 66.22 − 4.06 × = 60.13 kips
12

Shear strength provided by concrete

(
φVc =φ × 2 × f c′ × bw × d ) ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.5.5.1)

( )
φVc = 0.75 × 2.00 × 1.00 × 5, 000 × 24 × 18 = 45,820.52 lb= 45.82 kips

φVc
Since Vu > , shear reinforcement is required.
2

The nominal shear strength required to be provided by shear reinforcement is

Vu  60.13 
Vs = Vn − Vc = − Vc =   − 61.09 = 19.07 kips
φ  0.75 

Check whether Vs is less than 8 × f c′ × bw × d

If Vs is greater than 8 × f c′ × bw × d , then the cross-section has to be revised as ACI 318-14 limits the shear

capacity to be provided by stirrups to 8 × f c′ × bw × d ACI 318-14 (22.5.1.2)

8× f c′ × bw × d =8 × 5, 000 × 24 × 18 =244,376.10 lb =244.38 kips

Since Vs does not exceed 8 × f c′ × bw × d , the cross section is adequate.

Calculate the required transverse reinforcement for shear as

Av Vu − φVc 60.13 − 45.82 in.2

= = = 0.0177 ACI 318-14 (22.5.10.5.3)
s φ × f yt × d 0.75 × 60.000 × 18 in

81
 Calculate total required transverse reinforcement for combined shear and torsion:

Av At in.2 /in.
+ 2 ×= 0.0177 + 2 × 0.0223 = 0.0623 in.2 /in.
s s leg

Minimum transverse reinforcement for shear and torsion is calculated as follows:

 b 
0.75 × f c′ ×  w  
( Av + 2 × At )min   f yt 
= greater of   ACI 318-14 (9.6.4.2)
s   bw  
50 ×  f  
  yt  

  24  
 0.75 × 5, 000 ×  
( Av + 2 × At )min  60, 000   0.0212 
= greater of  = = 0.0212 in.2 /in < 0.0623 in.2 /in
s   24   0.0200 
50 ×   
  60, 000  

Av A
Then, provide + 2× t =0.0623 in.2 /in.
s s

Calculate the required spacing:

Maximum spacing of transverse torsion reinforcement:

 p / 8
smax = lesser of  h  ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.3.3)
12 in.

75.25 / 8 9.41 in.

=smax lesser
= of   lesser
= of   9.41 in.
12 in.  12 in. 

Maximum spacing of transverse shear reinforcement:

Check whether the required spacing based on the shear demand meets the spacing limits for shear
reinforcement per ACI 318-14 (9.7.6.2.2).

Check whether Vs is less than 4 × f c′ × bw × d

4× f c′ × bw × d = 4 × 5, 000 × 24 × 18 =122,188.05 lb =122.19 kips > Vs =19.07 kips

Therefore, maximum stirrup spacing shall be the smallest of d/2 and 24 in.

82
 d / 2 
smax = lesser of   ACI 318-14 (Table 9.7.6.2.2)
 24 in.

18 / 2  9 in. 
=smax lesser
= of   lesser
= of   9 in. (governs)
 24 in.  24 in.

Using a bundle of 2-#3 closed stirrups with 2 legs (area per leg = 0.22 in.2), the required spacing, s, at the
critical section is:

s = 0.44 / 0.0623 = 7.06 in, < 9.00 in.

Provide a bundle of 2-#3 closed stirrups with 2 legs spaced at 7 in. on center. #3 bars are selected for
consistency with the transverse reinforcement size used for the joist and interior beam. The stirrups are
bundled at outer legs to maintain A0 value in calculation of At/s for torsion. The bundle of 2-#3 bars are
defined as user-defined reinforcement of size #2 in spBeam Program.

The designer may choose to utilize #4 closed stirrups with 2 legs at 6 in. on center alternatively.

In view of the shear and torsion distribution along the span length, this same reinforcement and spacing can
be provided throughout the span length.

Calculate the additional required longitudinal reinforcement for torsion:

Tu × ph
Al = ACI 318-14 (Eq. 22.7.6.1b)
φ × 2 × Ao × f y × cot (θ )

Where:

Ao = 0.85 × Aoh = 0.85 × 350.63 = 298.03 in.2 ACI 318-14 (22.7.6.1.1)

θ = 45 ̊ ACI 318-14 (22.7.6.1.2(a))

Therefore,

49.89 × 12, 000 × 75.25

Al = 1.680 in.2
0.75 × 2.00 × 298.03 × 60, 000 × cot ( 45° )

The minimum total area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement:

5× f c′ × Acp A  f yt 
 −  t  × ph × 
 fy  s  fy 
Al ,min = lesser of   ACI 318-14 (9.6.4.3)
5× f c′ × Acp  25 × bw  f yt 
 −
 f  × ph × 
 fy  yt  fy 

83
 5× 5, 000 × 504  60, 000  
 −  0.022 × 75.25 ×  
60, 000  60, 000   1.29 
Al ,min lesser of 
= = =  1.29 in.
2
  2.22
5× 5, 000 × 504  25 × 24
− × 75.25 ×
60, 000   


 60, 000  60, 000 60, 000 

Since Al > Al,min, use Al = 1.680 in.2

The longitudinal reinforcement is to be distributed around the perimeter of the stirrups, with a maximum
spacing of 12 in. There shall be at least one longitudinal bar in each corner of the stirrups.
ACI 318-14 (9.7.5.1)

Longitudinal bars shall have a diameter at least 0.042 times the stirrup spacing, but not less than 3/8 in.
ACI 318-14 (9.7.5.2)

To meet the maximum spacing requirement, a bar has to be provided between corner bars at all four sides.
This configuration leads to eight-bars; three at top, three at bottom, and one at each side. Therefore, the
reinforcement area per bar is As = 1.680/8 = 0.21 in.2

Then, use #5 bars for longitudinal bars which also meets minimum bar diameter requirement of 3/8 in. Al
shall be provided in addition to the required flexural reinforcement at the negative moment regions (support-
top) and positive moment region (mid-span-bottom). At mid-span-top region where flexural reinforcement
is not required for flexure, 3-#5 bars shall be provided. Class B lap splice is to be provided.

Table 15 - Reinforcing Design Summary (Flexure + Torsion)

End Span Interior Span
Top Reinforcing for Bottom Top Reinforcing for Bottom Top Reinforcing for
Exterior Negative Reinforcing for Interior Negative Reinforcing for Interior Negative
Moment Positive Moment Moment Positive Moment Moment
Required Longitudinal
2.631 2.915 4.336 2.535 3.912
Reinforcement (in.2)
Required Torsional
Longitudinal 1.680 × (3/8) = 0.63 1.680 × (3/8) = 0.63 1.680 × (3/8) = 0.63 1.680 × (3/8) = 0.63 1.680 × (3/8) = 0.63
Reinforcement (in.2)
Required Total
Longitudinal 3.261 3.545 4.966 3.165 4.542
Reinforcement (in.2)
Reinforcement 5-#8 5-#8 7–#8 4-#8 6-#8

84
 Maximum spacing allowed:

Check the requirement for distribution of flexural reinforcement to control flexural cracking:

 40, 000   40, 000 

s = 15 ×   − 2.50 × cc ≤ 12 ×   ACI 318-14 (Table 24.3.2)
 f s   fs 

  8 
cc =21 − 18 + 0.50 ×    =2.50 in.
  8 

2 2
Use f s = × f y = × 60, 000 =40, 000 psi ACI 318-14 (24.3.2.1)
3 3

 40, 000 
s=15 ×   − 2.50 × 2.50 =8.75 in. (governs)
 40, 000 

 40, 000 
12 × 
s= =12 in.
 40, 000 

Spacing provided for 4-#8 bars

( bw − 2 × d s ) ( 24 − 2 × 2.625)
s prov
= = = 6.25 in. < 8.75 in. o.k.
# of bars − 1 3

Where ds = 2.625 in. for #3 stirrup. CRSI 2002 (Figure 12-9)

Check the spacing, s provided, is greater than the minimum center to center spacing, smin where:

 1 
smin
= d b + max  db  CRSI 2002 (Figure 12-9)
1.33 × max .agg .
Where maximum aggregate size is ¾”

 1.00 
smin = 1.00 + max  1.00  = 1.00 + 1.00 = 2 in.
1.33 × 0.75 =
1.00 
Spacing provided for 7-#8 bars

( bw − 2 × d s ) ( 24 − 2 × 2.625)
s prov
= = = 3.13 in. > 2.00 in. o.k.
# of bars − 1 6

Therefore, the reinforcement selections in the previous table meet the spacing requirements.

85
2.4.4. Deflections

Since the preliminary beam depth met minimum depth requirement, the deflection calculations are not
required. A lesser depth maybe possible and consequently cost savings can be achieved through deflection
computations. Deflection values are calculated and provided for every model created by spBeam Program
and can be used by the engineer to make additional optimization decisions.

2.4.5. Computer Program Solution

spBeam Program can be utilized to analyze and design the exterior continuous beam along grid A. The beam
is modeled as a three span continuous rectangular beam.

The program calculates the internal forces (shear force and bending moment), moment and shear capacities,
immediate and long-term deflection results, and required flexural reinforcement. The graphical and text
results are provided here for both input and output of the spBeam model.

The beam is modeled as a 24 in. by 21 in. deep rectangular longitudinal beam with column supports at 100%
stiffness share.

Figure 36 – spBeam Reinforcement (User-Defined Bar Set)

The reinforcement database is selected as User-defined in order to define a bundle of 2-#3 bars as #2 with
cross-sectional area of 0.22 in2. (Different than #2 defined earlier for welded wire).

86
Torsion analysis was engaged using the torsion analysis and design check box located on the solve options
tab in the input dialog box. The design for torsion is based on a thin-walled tube, space truss analogy. spBeam
allows both equilibrium and compatibility torsion conditions. In the equilibrium mode, which is assumed by
default, unreduced total value of the torsional design moment is used in the design. In the compatibility mode,
factored torsional moments that exceed cracking moment Tcr are reduced to the value of Tcr. However, it is
user’s responsibility to determine which mode is appropriate and the program does not perform any
redistribution of internal forces if compatibility torsion is selected. In this model, the following solve options
were used.

Figure 37 – spBeam Solve Options

87
Figure 38 – spBeam Model – Isometric View – Exterior Continuous Beam along Grid A

88
Figure 39 – spBeam Model – Loads (Including Live Load Patterning)

89
Figure 40 – spBeam Model – Internal Forces (Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram)

90
Figure 41 – spBeam Model – Moment Capacity Diagram

91
Figure 42 – spBeam Model – Shear Capacity Diagram

92
Figure 43 – spBeam Model – Immediate Deflection Diagram

93
Figure 44 – spBeam Model – Reinforcement Diagram

94
2.4.6. Summary and Comparison of Results

95
 Table 16 - Comparison of Hand Solution with spBeam Solution for Exterior Beam
Span Mu (ft-kips) Tu (ft-kips) At/s (in.2/in. per leg)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior
326.31 281.55 49.89 49.89 0.0223 0.0223
Negative
Span Av/s (in.2/in.) (Av+2At)/s (in.2/in.) Al (in.2)
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior
0.0177 0.0108 0.0623 0.0554 1.680 1.680
Negative

Table 17 - Comparison of Hand Solution with spBeam Solution (Reinforcement)

Span Required Reinforcement Area Reinforcement Provided
Location for Flexure + Torsion (in.2) for Flexure + Torsion
End Span Hand spBeam Hand spBeam
Interior 3.700 + 1.68 × (3/8) =
4.966 Top Bar: 7-#8 Top Bar: 5-#8 + 3-#8 = 8-#8
Negative 4.330
2.194 + 1.68 × (3/8) =
Positive 3.545 Bottom Bar: 5-#8 Bottom Bar: 3-#8 + 3-#8 = 6-#8
2.824

96
2.4.7. Conclusions and Observations

In this design example, the exterior beam is modeled as a continuous rectangular longitudinal beam. There
is a good agreement between the hand solution and computer solution. Note that the coefficients traditionally
used to determine moments do not address various types of support and geometry.

The maximum calculated total immediate (instantaneous) deflection (DL + LL) = 0.368 in., this value can be
compared with maximum permissible calculated deflection limitation per project criteria in accordance to
ACI 318-14. ACI 318-14 (Table 24.2.2)

In addition to deflection results, parametric studies can be performed in spBeam to optimize design and
detailing results.

The following observations can be made regarding the reinforcement diagram (Figure 44):

• The longitudinal reinforcement for the flexural design only and does not include (Al).

• Al is shown in the text output report (Design Results) because it has to be detailed and distributed to meet
the torsional spacing requirements:

• At least one longitudinal bar must be present at each corner of the stirrups.

• And a bar has to be provided between corner bars at all four sides to meet the maximum spacing
requirement (max 12 in.).

• This configuration leads to eight-bars in this example: three at top, three at bottom, and one at each
side.

• Then, for the top bar for the interior negative section for the end span we need:

1) The longitudinal reinforcement for the flexural design 5-#8 is required for flexure.

2) The longitudinal reinforcement for the torsional design 3-#8 (3 top bars of the 8 bars distributed
around the perimeter of the stirrups). See Table 17.

• Also, for the bottom bar for the positive section for the end span we need:

3) The longitudinal reinforcement for the flexural design 3-#8 is required for flexure.

4) The longitudinal reinforcement for the torsional design 3-#8 (3 bottom bars of the 8 bars
distributed around the perimeter of the stirrups). See Table 17.

• Transverse reinforcement shown reflects the total size and quantity of stirrups to resist the combined
effects of shear and torsion.

• Top bars minimum length required (including the development length) for flexural design is shown. The
bars can be extended and detailed to provide the required support for shear stirrups.

97
 Figure 45 – Exterior Beam Cross-Section

2.5. Design of Interior, Edge, and Corner Columns

This section includes the design of interior, edge, and corner columns using spColumn software. The preliminary
dimensions for these columns were calculated previously in Section 1.2.

2.5.1. Determination of factored loads

Interior Column:

Total Factored Load on 1st story interior column (@ 1st interior support) are reorganized based on the
calculations on Section 1.2 as follows:

= 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 82.88 + 20 ) + 1× 82.88 ) × 960  / 1000 + 36.00

PD = Total service dead load = 581.79 kips

= 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 39.36 ) + 1× 12 ) × 960  / 1000 = 187.08 kips

PL = Total service live load

Pu = 1.20 × PD + 1.60 × PL = 1.20 × 581.79 + 1.60 × 187.08 = 997.48 kips

Mu,x = unbalance flexural moment at the Interior support for the interior beam (see Figure 29)

= 595.20 - 545.96 = 49.24 ft-kips

Mu,y = unbalance flexural moment at the interior support for the joist (see Figure 18)

= 154.53 – 141.78 = 12.75 ft-kips

98
The factored loads are then input into spColumn to construct the axial load – moment interaction diagram as
shown in the sample input below.

Figure 46 – spColumn Input Loads

Edge (Exterior) Column:

Total Factored Load on 1st story edge column (@ 1st interior support) are reorganized based on the calculations
on Section 1.2 as follows:

= 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 82.88 + 20 ) + 1× 82.88 ) × 480  / 1000 + 25.00

PD = Total service dead load = 297.90 kips

= 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 47.39 ) + 1× 14.40 ) × 480  / 1000 = 112.58 kips

PL = Total service live load

Pu = 1.20 × PD + 1.60 × PL = 1.20 × 297.70 + 1.60 × 112.58 = 537.60 kips

Mu,x = unbalance flexural moment at the Interior support (see Figure 40)

= 333.50 – 317.49 = 16.01 ft-kips

Mu,y = torsional moment at the Interior support for the exterior beam (see Section 2.4.3) + unbalance flexural
moment at exterior support for the joist (see Figure 18)

= 2×Tu + 73.96 = 2 × 49.89 + 73.96 = 173.75 ft-kips

99
Corner Column:

Total Factored Load on 1st story corner column (@ exterior support) are reorganized based on the calculations
on Section 1.2 as follows:

= 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 82.88 + 20 ) + 1× 82.88 ) × 240  / 1000 + 25.00

PD = Total service dead load = 161.45 kips

PL = Total service live load = 1.15 × ( 4 × ( 58.76 ) + 1× 19.20 ) × 240  / 1000 = 70.14 kips

Pu = 1.20 × PD + 1.60 × PL = 1.20 × 161.45 + 1.60 × 70.14 = 305.96 kips

Mu,x = unbalance flexural moment at the Exterior support (see Figure 40) = 249.96 ft-kips

Mu,y = torsional moment at the Exterior support for the exterior beam (see Section 2.4.3) + unbalance flexural
moment at exterior support for the joist (see Figure 18)

= Tu + 73.96 = 49.89 + 73.96 = 123.85 ft-kips

100
2.5.2. Column Capacity Diagram (Axial-Moment Interaction)

The axial force and moment interaction diagram is constructed using spColumn based on geometry and
load input shown below:

Interior Column:

Figure 47 – spColumn Model – Biaxial Moment Interaction

101
Figure 48 – spColumn Model –Axial Moment Interaction

102
Figure 49 – spColumn Model – Nominal and Factored Failure Surfaces

103
Edge (Exterior) Column:

Figure 50 – spColumn Model –Axial Moment Interaction

104
Corner Column:

Figure 51 – spColumn Model –Axial Moment Interaction

105