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DC - AC Converter - A

The document discusses the basic concepts of DC-AC converters known as inverters. It describes how an inverter uses switches to convert a DC input voltage into an AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. It then classifies inverters based on their output phases, input source, output voltage waveform, voltage levels, and switching types. Finally, it discusses the operation of a single phase half bridge inverter with resistive and inductive loads.

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bishnu prasad muni
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294 views15 pages

DC - AC Converter - A

The document discusses the basic concepts of DC-AC converters known as inverters. It describes how an inverter uses switches to convert a DC input voltage into an AC output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. It then classifies inverters based on their output phases, input source, output voltage waveform, voltage levels, and switching types. Finally, it discusses the operation of a single phase half bridge inverter with resistive and inductive loads.

Uploaded by

bishnu prasad muni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DC – AC Converter

Basic Concepts of Inverter


Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter

Dr. Bishnu Prasad Muni


Vasavi College of Engineering, Hyderabad
DC – AC converters are known as inverters, switch mode inverter

The function of an inverter is to change a DC input voltage to a symmetric AC output voltage of desired
magnitude and frequency.

The output voltage could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency.

A variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the input dc voltage and maintaining the gain of the inverter
constant.

If the dc input voltage is fixed and it is not controllable, a variable output voltage can be obtained by varying the
gain of the inverter, which can be done by pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control within the inverter.

The inverter gain may be defined as the ratio of the ac output voltage to dc input voltage.

Applications: Inverters are widely used in industrial, commercial and residential applications

(e.g., variable-speed ac motor drives, renewable energy, transportation, induction heating, standby power
supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, HVDC, FACTS etc. ).

The input may be a battery, fuel cell, solar cell, controlled or uncontrolled rectifier, Isolated DC-DC converter etc.
Classification of Inverters

(a) Based on Output Phases


• Single Phase
• Three Phase
• Six Phase Inverter etc.
• Three Phase 4 wire (Three phases and neutral - 4 Leg Inverter)

(b) Based on Input Source


• Current Source
• Voltage Source
• Z-Source

(c )Based on Output Voltage Waveform


• Square Wave (Single phase)
• Six Step (120 /180 Degree Conduction)
• Pulse Width Modulation (Sinusoidal, Space Vector, Trapezoidal)
(d) Based on Voltage Levels in Output Voltage
• Two Level
• Multi Level (Three Level, Five Level etc.)

(e) Based Switching

Hard switching
Soft Switching (Zero Voltage, Zero Current)
BASIC CONCEPTS OF SWITCH-MODE INVERTERS

The switch-mode inverter of is capable of operating


in all four quadrants of the io-v, plane, during each cycle of
the ac output.
Typical phase leg (phase arm) of an inverter comprises of two
switches along with free wheeling diode in anti-parallel with
each switch.
Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter
Operation with R-L Load (Highly Inductive)
Operation with Resistive Load
The root-mean-square (rms) output voltage can be derived as given below.

The instantaneous output voltage can be expressed in Fourier series as

Due to the quarter-wave symmetry along the x-axis, both a0 and an are zero. We can get bn as

Using bn, the instantaneous output voltage can be written as:

Due to the quarter-wave symmetry along the x-axis,


even harmonics are absent
The rms value of fundamental component of voltage waveform is:

Conduction period of freewheeling diode increases with higher inductive load, i.e. load of low power factor.

For an inductive load, the load current cannot change immediately with the output voltage. If Q1 is turned off
at t = T0/2, the load current would continue to flow through D2, load, and the lower half of the dc source until
the current falls to zero.

Shoot-through fault:

If to is the turn-off time of a device, there must be a minimum delay time of td (= to) between the outgoing
device and triggering of the next incoming device. Otherwise, short-circuit condition would result through the
two devices. Therefore, the maximum conduction time of a device would be t n(max) = To/2 - td.
For an RL load, the instantaneous load current i0 can be found by dividing the instantaneous output voltage by
the load impedance Z = R + jn L.

If I01 is the rms fundamental load current, the fundamental output power (for n = 1) can be written
as:
V01, I01: Fundamental
component of output voltage
and current

DC Input Current: . Assuming a lossless inverter, the average power absorbed by the load must be equal to
the average power supplied by the dc source.

Average DC input current : Io is the rms load current;


Power factor angle at the fundamental frequency.
Devices for Switching Converter

IGBTs are preferred switching power device for low, medium and high power inverter.
MOSFETS are used for low power high frequency switching converter

Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT)

Gate Turnoff Thryistor (GTO) : Obsolete

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Obsolete

When selecting power modules for a specific application, the following factors must be taken into
consideration:
-- voltage withstanding capability,

-- current carrying capacity of transistors and freewheeling diodes under the feasible cooling conditions
and in conjunction with the switching frequency,

-- insulation requirements specified by standards, such as insulation between module base plate
and terminals and, if available, internal sensors (current, voltage, temperature),
Typical Specifications of an IGBT Module

Collector Voltage Rating

Collector Current Rating

Switching Parameters

Conduction period parameters

Thermal Parameters

Freewheel Diode Parameters


Refer Data Sheet of any IGBT

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