CSS 9: 3rd Quarter Reviewer

Topics:
i. Fundamentals of Computer Network iii. Communications Over the Telephone
(Network Types) Network
ii. Network Topologies iv. Modem vs. Router

i. Fundamentals of Computer Network

- To facilitate the exchange of information between different people and computers.
- Group of computer systems
- Linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication.
- Resource-sharing

Networks are used to:

✓ Facilitate communication (e-mail, video call, messaging)
✓ Enable different clients to share hardware resources —like a printer/scanner
✓ Enable file-sharing
✓ Make data easier to access

Network types depend on how large they are and how much of an area they cover
geographically. Most people who have a basic knowledge of networking are familiar with the
terms LAN and WAN. These are the types of Networks:
1) PAN Personal Area Network wireless devices such as laptops,
✓ Used on a personal level tablets, wireless desktops, and
✓ For connecting devices such as smartphones, to communicate.
phones, tablets, and laptops. ✓ In simpler terms, LAN siya w/o
✓ Connect to eachother using using cables.
wireless technologies (Bluetooth, 4) CAN Campus Area Network
hotspot, nearby-sharing), but - LAN + LAN (or more) = CAN
can also be connected by using a - Joins two or more LANs together
wired connection such as a USB within a limited area.
cable. - Example: A university that has
✓ Usually used for transferring small multiple buildings —in the same
files katulad ng calendar general area— that are connected
appointments, music files, small to each other to form a larger
document. network. (the buildings could be
✓ Ito yung mga usually ginagamit different departments on a
ng mga tao kapag may isshare University’s property, with each
sila na document ng madalian. Its building having their own LAN in
easy to control, madali siyang their department)
iturn on and off. 5) MAN Metropolitan Area Network
2) LAN Local Area Network ✓ A larger network than a CAN.
- Group of devices such as ✓ Spans over several buildings in a
computers, servers, switches, and city or town.
printers which are located in the ✓ MANs are typically connected
same building, such as in an using a high-speed connection
office or in a home. such as fiber optic cable.
- Close proximity to each other — ✓ A high-speed network that gives
keyword: local the ability for sharing data and
- Common type: Ethernet – where resources within a city.
two or more computers are ✓ I example nito ay yung mga free
connected to Ethernet cables wi-fi sa isang city katulad nung
using a switch. QCitizens, @QC_FreeGoWiFi,
3) WLAN Wireless Local Area @QCWiFi, etc.
Network 6) SAN Storage Area Network
✓ Uses wireless communication ✓ Stores and provides access to
instead of wired communication. large amounts of data.
✓ Having at least two devices that ✓ Basically, it’s a dedicated network
use wireless communication to that’s used for data storage.
form a local area network. Consists of multiple disk arrays,
✓ Typically have a Wi-Fi router or switches, and servers.
a wireless access point for
 ✓ One of the main reasons for using - is the largest type of network.
a SAN is because they are not - Includes multiple LANs, CANs
affected by network traffic such and MANs.
as bottlenecks that can happen in - A network that spans over a large
a LAN. geographical area such as a
✓ SAN aren’t really a part of a LAN, country continent or even the
it’s partitioned off. It’s a network entire globe.
all by itself. - The best example of WAN is the internet.
✓ Ang SAN ay hindi ka-category - Ito yung super laki na network na pwede
and iba kasi it’s all about storage siyang umabot sa buong globe,
and stuff. continent, country ganon.
7) WAN Wide Area Network

ii. Network Topologies

- the layout of how a network communicates w/ different devices.
- it can be wired/wireless
Different types: - Requires that the cable is terminated at
WIRED: both ends using terminators.
 Star Topology - In order for this setup to remain
- most common operational, there must not be any
topology open connections, including the ends
- all computers are that attach to the computers.
connected to a - So, if a computer is removed or if the
central wiring point, such as a hub or a terminators are loose or missing, then
switch the cable would be open and data
- all data this topology passes thru the would bounce back.
central hub first before continuing to its - The ‘bounce back’ is known as signal
final destination reflection, and if this happens data flow
- BENEFIT: if one computer failed (or if would be disrupted.
there was a brake in the cable), the other  Mesh Topology
computers wouldn't be affected, each - each computer on the network is
computer has their own cable connected to every other computer on
connection. the network.
- DISADVANTAGE: If the central hub or - By having so many connections, it
switch fails, then all the computers handles failure very well.
connected on the central point would be - ADVANTAGE: It creates a high
affected. (A SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE) redundancy level. Because if one or more
 Ring Topology connections fail, the computers would
- Type of network still be able to communicate with each
configuration other.
where each - DISADVANTAGE: Because of the amount
computer is of cabling and network cards that have
connected to each other in a shape of to be used, mesh topologies can be
a closed loop or ring. expensive, so they are rarely used on
- Each data packet is sent around the ring LANs.
until it reaches its final destination. - They are mainly used on WANs like the
- Rarely used today. internet.
- ADVANTAGE: They are easy to install - Great example is internet: Because the
and easy to troubleshoot. internet is made up of numerous routers,
- DISADVANTAGE: If just one of the all over the world that are connected to
computers goes down or if there was a each other to route data to their
single break in the cable, then all data intended
flow would be disrupted. destination. So
 Bus Topology even if a few
- Each of routers go down,
the the data will get
computers rerouted using a different path to
and ultimately reach their destination.
network devices, are connected to a
single cable or backbone. WIRELESS
- Coaxial cable: The backbone Infrastructure topology
- T-connectors are BNC connectors.
→ Uses a combination of wired and wireless - Each device is responsible for their
devices. own security and permissions because
→ Very similar to a star topology, both has a they directly access each other without
wireless access point that’s also connected a server or router in between.
by a cable to same switch. - It is useful for setting up a quick wireless
→ The purpose of the wireless access point is network, where devices can share data
to make wireless devices such as laptops, without the need of an existing wireless
phones, tablets, cellphones, etc. connect network.
wirelessly to the network.  Wireless Mesh
→ The WAP (Wireless Access Point) acts like - It is similar
a bridge between the wireless network and to wired
the wired network. mesh
→ You can have many WAPs as you want. topologies
Types: but instead
 Ad hoc this one is wirelessly interconnected.
- It’s simple because it doesn’t rely on any - For example, you
infrastructure, such as cables, routers, wanted to deploy
servers, or WAPs. multiple wireless
- All devices under this wirelessly connect access points all
to other devices in a simple peer to throughout a
peer network. building so that wireless devices that
- They connect to each other without are in different areas are able to access
using a centralized device, such as Wi- the internet.
Fi router or access point.

iii. Communications Over the Telephone Network

• Outbound: from other countries
• Inbound: from the Philippines
Communications software consists of programs that:
1) help users establish a connection to another computer or network;
2) manage the transmission of data, instructions, and information; and
3) provide an interface for users to communicate with one another
The telephone network is an integral part of computer communications. Data, instructions, and
information are transmitted over the telephone network using dial-up lines or dedicated lines. The
following sections discuss dial-up lines and the various types of dedicated lines that use the
telephone network for data communications:
1. DIAL-UP LINE
✓ Temporary connection
✓ Uses one or more analog telephone lines for
communications.
✓ Not permanent
✓ Using a dial-up line to transmit data is similar to
using the telephone to make a call.
2. DEDICATED LINES
✓ a type of always-on connection that is established between two communications devices
(unlike a dial-up line where the connection is reestablished each time it is used).
✓ Businesses often use these.
✓ 5 Types of digital dedicated lines:
a. ISDN LINES (Integrated Services Digital Network) For the small business and
home user, an ISDN line provides faster transfer rates than dial-up telephone lines.
Not as widely used today as in the past.
b. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) transmits at fast speeds on existing standard copper
telephone wiring. Some DSL installations include a dial tone, providing users with
both voice and data communications.
c. FTTP Fiber to the Premises uses fiber-optic cable to provide extremely high-
speed Internet access to a user's physical permanent location. With FTTP service,
an optical terminal at your premises receives the signals and transfers them to a
router connected to your computer. Two types: FTTH (Fiber to the Home) and FTTB
(Fiber to the Building)
d. T-CARRIER LINES is any of several types of long-distance digital telephone lines
that carry multiple signals over a single communications line.
 e. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a service that carries voice, data, video,
and multimedia at extremely high speeds.

iv. Modem vs. Router

Modem

✓ Brings the internet into your home or ✓ As analog data comes in from the internet.
business The modem demodulates the incoming
✓ Establishes and maintains a dedicated analog signals into a digital signal so that
connection to your internet’s service a computer can understand it
provider to give you access to the internet. ✓ It also modulates outgoing digital signals
✓ You need a modem because of the two from a computer into an analog signal as
different types of signals that are used on it goes out on the internet.
a computer and on the internet. ✓ Modem = ‘modulator’ and ‘demodulates’
→ A computer only reads digital ✓ A modem modulates outgoing data from
signals, a computer and demodulates incoming
→ while signals out on the internet are data from the internet.
analog.

Cable DSL
Connected using a coaxial cable Connected using a typical phone line

Modem/Router
Would have a built-in wireless router, in one device

Router

✓ A router comes after a modem.

✓ There are different types of routers; routers that are used in businesses and larger organizations,
and smaller routers used for homes and small businesses. But they pretty much do the same
thing.
✓ A router is what routes or passes your internet connection to all your devices in your home.
✓ It directs it to all of your computers, phones, tablets and so on, so that those devices can access
the internet.
✓ A small office/home router will have a built-in switch with multiple ports so that you can connect
multiple devices using an ethernet connection. It also functions as a wireless access point so that
wireless devices can have internet access.
✓ You don’t need a router if you only want to connect one device.
✓ You need a router because as always, you have multiple devices that you need to connect
to the internet.