Atomic Structure 1

Element Symbol Period Number Group Number Metal / Non-Metal

Sulfur S 3 6 Non-Metal
Cesium Cs 6 1 Metal
Bromine Br 4 7 Non-Metal
Barium Ba 6 2 Metal
Neon Ne 2 8 Non-Metal
Sodium Na 3 1 Metal
Krypton Kr 4 8 Non-Metal
Phosphorous P 3 5 Non-Metal
Potassium K 4 1 Metal
Iodine I 5 7 Non-Metal
Lithium Li 2 1 Metal
Helium He 1 8 Non-Metal
Oxygen O 2 6 Non-Metal
Francium Fr 7 1 Metal
Astatine At 6 7 Non-Metal
Argon Ar 3 8 Non-Metal
Beryllium Be 2 2 Metal
 Atomic Structure 2
Particle Number of Number of Number of Number of
protons electrons neutrons charged particles
12 12 12 24

Ga 3+ 31 28 39 59
Co 27 27 32 54
K+ 19 18 20 37

3 3 4 6
Ca2+ 20 18 20 38
S2- 16 18 16 34
P3- 15 18 16 33

30 30 35 60
Al3+ 13 10 14 23
K+ 19 18 20 37
Se2- 34 36 45 70
 Atomic Structure 3
Element Symbol Mention is it metal or non-metal ?
Sodium Na Metal
Neon Ne Non-metal
Francium Fr Metal
Aluminium Al Metal
Sulfur S Non-metal
Calcium Ca Metal
Carbon C Non-metal
Hydrogen H Non-metal
Bromine Br Non-metal
Oxygen O Non-metal
Lithium Li Metal
Barium Ba Metal
Beryllium Be Metal
Nitrogen N Non-metal
Radium Ra Metal
Astatine At Non-metal
Fluorine F Non-metal
Krypton Kr Non-metal
Potassium K Metal
Iodine I Non-metal
Phosphorous P Non-metal
Cesium Cs Metal
Iodine I Non-metal
Helium He Non-metal
 Bonding
Compound Formula
Lithium oxide Li2O
Sodium Phosphide Na3P
Calcium Chloride CaCl2
Aluminium Phosphide AlP
Magnesium fluoride MgF2
Potassium iodide KI
Calcium sulfide CaS
Aluminium Oxide Al2O3
Zinc(II) Sulfate ZnSO4
Iron (III) oxide Fe2O3
Magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2
Potassium Nitrite KNO2
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Iron (III) Sulfite Fe2(SO3)3
Aluminium sulfide Al2S3
Vanadium(III) hydroxide V(OH)3
Copper(II) Carbonate CuCO3
Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Silver (I) chloride AgCl
Barium sulphate BaSO4
Silver(I) nitrate AgNO3
Zinc(II) Phosphate Zn3(PO4)2
Sodium sulfide Na2S
Aluminium phosphite AlPO3
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
Manganese(IV) oxide MnO2
Zinc(II) nitride Zn3N2
Barium sulphite BaSO3
Magnesium oxide MgO
Cobalt(III) iodide CoI3
Iron(II) nitrate Fe(NO3)2
Sodium chloride NaCl
Chromium (III) hydroxide Cr(OH)3
Sodium nitride Na3N
 Acid & Base

Compound Formula Acid/ Base/ Salt Solubility in H2o

Magnesium Bromide MgBr2 Salt Soluble

Potassium Sulfate K2SO4 Salt Soluble
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Base Insoluble
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl Salt Soluble
Nitric acid HNO3 Acid Soluble
Magnesium oxide MgO Base Insoluble
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Salt Soluble
Copper(II) Sulfate CuSO4 Salt Soluble
Aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3 Base Insoluble
Zinc(II) hydroxide Zn(OH)2 Base Insoluble
Barium Sulfate BaSO4 Salt Insoluble
Hydrochloric acid HCl Acid Soluble
Silver(I) chloride AgCl Salt Insoluble
Aluminium sulfate Al2(SO4)3 Salt Soluble
Potassium oxide K2 O Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Copper(II) Iodide CuI2 Salt Soluble
Hydrobromic acid HBr Acid Soluble
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
 Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 Salt Soluble
Lead sulfate PbSO4 Salt Insoluble
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Acid Soluble
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Barium oxide BaO Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Lead Iodide PbI2 Salt Insoluble
Silver(I) bromide AgBr Salt Insoluble
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Iron(III) Carbonate Fe2(CO3)3 Base Insoluble
Calcium oxide CaO Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Alkali (Soluble base) Soluble
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Acid Soluble
 Solving on First three chapters
1- Regarding the following equation.

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → NaCl(aq) + BaSO4 (s)

(i) Balance the previous equation
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4 (s) [1]
(ii) What is the type of bonding in BaCl2?
Ionic [1]
(iii) What is the electronic configuration of Cl in NaCl
2,8,8 [1]

2- Aqueous sodium hydroxide added to aqueous ammonium sulfate.

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states
(NH4)2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (l) [3]

(ii) Mention two observation

Bubbles of colourless gas with pungent smell [2]

(iii) Write the formula of aluminum sulfate
Al2(SO4)3 [1]

3- Copper(II) oxide reacts with nitric acid

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

CuO (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + H2O (l) [2]

(ii) Mention the type of the reaction
Neutralsation [1]
(iii) Mention one observation
Black solid dissolves Or blue solution is formed [1]

(iv) Why (II) is mentioned in Copper(II) oxide [1]

It is oxidation state (Valency) of Cu as it is a transition metal that has more than one
valency (oxidation state)

(v) Copper doesn’t react with nitric acid. Explain

As Copper is less reactive than H

4- Regarding the following equation.
Mg + HCl → …………. + ……………
(i) Complete the balanced equation including states

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2(g) [3]

(ii) Mention one observation
Silvery grey metal dissolves and bubbles of colourless gas [2]
(iii) HCl is strong acid, explain the term acid
Proton (H+) donor [2]
(iv) Write the ionization equation of HCl when dissolved in water

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl- [1]

5- Iron (III) carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid

(i) Write the balanced equation including states

Fe2(CO3)3 (s) + 3H2SO4 (aq) → Fe2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3CO2 (g) + 3H2O(l) [3]

(ii) Mention two observation (Any two are right)

Reddish brown solid dissolves
Reddish brown solution formed
bubbles of colourless gas [2]

(iii) sulfuric is strong acid, explain the term strong

Fully ionized [2]
(iv) Mention the type of the reaction
Neutalisation [1]
6- Balance the following reaction
(i) 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O

(ii) 6Na + N2 → 2Na3N

(iii) (NH4)3PO4 + 3NaOH → Na3PO4 + 3NH3 + 3H2O

(iv) Al2(CO3)3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

(v) 6Li + 2H3PO4 → 2Li3PO4 + 3H2

(vi) 3Na2O + 2H3PO4 → 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O

(vii) (NH4)2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

(viii) 2FeCl2 + Cl2 → 2FeCl3

 Compound Colour Compound Colour

MgF2(s) White Ca(s) Silvery grey

NaCl(aq) Colourless HCl(aq) Colourless

Damp Litmus paper in acid Red Cu(s) Reddish brown

K(s) Silvery grey HF(aq) Colourless

Thymolphtalein in alkaline LiCl(aq)

solution Blue Colourless

HNO3(aq) Colourless FeO(s) Black

NH3(g) Colourless Damp Litmus paper in Blue

base

FeCO3(s) Green Na2CO3(aq) Colourless

CuCl2(aq) Green Ca(OH)2(aq) Colourless

MgO(s) White HBr(aq) Colourless

Cu(OH)2(s) blue MnO2(s) Black

H3PO4(aq) Colourless CuSO4(aq) Blue

O2(g) Colourless HI(aq) Colourless

H2SO4(aq) Colourless Fe(NO3)3(s) Reddish

brown

Ni(s) Silvery grey H2(g) Colourless

 Solving on First four chapters
Note : any word written in purple it is recommended to be written but u
won’t lose mark if it is not written

Q1: Regarding the following precipitation equation.

AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + AgCl(s)

(i) What is the valency of Ag in AgNO3

1+ [1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation

3 AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 AgCl(s) [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation

3Ag+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq) + Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl- (aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq) + 3 AgCl(s)

3Ag+(aq) + 3Cl- (aq) → 3AgCl(s) [1]

(iv) Write the electronic configuration of Al in AlCl3
2,8 [1]
(v) What is the type of bonding in AgCl
Ionic [1]

Q2: Chromium metal reacts with sulphuric acid forming Chromium (III) sulfate

(i) What is (III) refers to? Why it is mentioned?

It is the oxidation state or Valency of Cr [1]
As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]
Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state
(ii) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

2 Cr(s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq) → Cr2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g) [3]

1 mark for writing the equation right

1 mark for right balancing
1 mark for right states

(iii) Write the ionic equation

2Cr(s) + 6H+(aq) +3SO42-(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq) + 3H2 (g) [1]

2Cr(s) + 6H+(aq) → 2Cr3+(aq) + 3H2 (g)

(iv) Mention one observation [1]

• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

Or
• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
• OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
• OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right
 For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

(vi) Find the oxidising agent. Explain

H+ (hydrogen ion / proton) as it is reduced (valency decrease from 1 + to 0)
OR

H+ (hydrogen ion / proton) as it is reduced (gains electrons)

.[2]
(vii) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid. Mention the pH of sulphuric acid
0-3 [1]
 (viii) HClO is chloric acid. Write ionisation equation of chloric acid

HClO → H+ + ClO- [1]

Q3: Solid Magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) [3]

1 mark for writing the equation right

1 mark for right balancing

1 mark for right states
(ii) Write the ionic equation

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2H2O (l)

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l) [1]

(iii) Mention one observation [1]

(White) solid dissolves
OR :

(White) solid disappears

OR :

(White) solid disappears and dissolves

(iv) Mention the type of the reaction

Neutralization reaction .[1]
(v) What is the valency of N in nitric acid
5+ [1]
(i) Write the electronic configuration of Mg in Magnesium hydroxide
2,8
 (ii) Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide. Mention a chemical test confirming this fact [3]
Test : Add HCl or any named acid [1]
Result : it wil react and dissolve
Test: Add NaOH or any named alkali [1]

Result : It won’t react and dissolve [1]

The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark

Q4: Regarding the following equation.

Zn(s) + CuCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + Cu(s)

(i) What is the valency of Cu in CuCl

1+ [1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation

Zn(s) + 2 CuCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + 2 Cu(s) [1]

(iii) Write the electronic configuration of Cl in CuCl
2,8,8 [1]

(iv) Mention one observation

• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right  For
example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

OR:

• Reddish brown solid formed

 (v) Write the ionic equation

Zn(s) + 2Cu+aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Cu(s)

Zn(s) + 2Cu+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Cu(s) [1]

(vi) Find the reducing agent. Explain

Zinc metal (Zn) as its oxidised (valency increases from 0 to 2+)

OR:

Zinc metal (Zn) as its oxidised (loses electrons)

[2]
Q5: Magnesium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid
(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

MgCO3(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) [3]

1 mark for writing the equation right

1 mark for right balancing

1 mark for right states
(ii) Write the ionic equation

MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42- (aq) → Mg2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) [1]

MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(iii) Mention two observation [2]

Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas
(White) solid dissolves

OR :

(White) solid disappears

OR :

(White) solid disappears and dissolves

(iv) Mention the type of the reaction

Neutralization reaction [1]
 (vi) Mention a chemical test away from measuring pH using indicator or pH meter to
confirm that H2SO4 is an acid

Test : Add a suitable metal ex: Magnesium can’t be copper

Observation : Metal dissolves and disappears

or Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

OR:

Test : Add insoluble carbonate ex: CaCO3

Observation : insoluble carbonate dissolves and disappears

or Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

Note : u can’t add an alkali like NaOH as u won’t see an observation as if u add NaOH to
H2SO4 it will give aqueous salt and H2O and so no observation will be seen

(vii) What is the valency of C in CO32- ion

4+ [1]

Q6: Aqueous Potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of ammonium Sulfate

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states [3]

2KOH(aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

1 mark for writing the equation right

1 mark for right balancing

1 mark for right states
(ii) Write the ionic equation [1]

2k+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) + 2NH4+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) → 2k+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

2OH- (aq) + 2NH4+ (aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

 (iii) Mention two observation [2]
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent smell [1]
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent
smell that turns damp red litmus paper into blue [1]
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] that turns damp red
litmus paper into blue [1]

(iv) Potassium hydroxide is a strong alkali. Define the term strong [1]
Completely ionized or completely dissociated
(v) Write the formula of potassium phosphate [1]
K3PO4

(vi) What is the valency of sulphur in SO42- [1]

6+
(viii) What is the type of bonding in potassium hydroxide? [1]
Ionic

Q7: Ammonia is a weak base

(i) Write the equation of the reaction of Ammonia with nitric acid

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 [1]

(ii) What is the type of the reaction?
Neutralization reaction [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation

NH3 + H++ NO3- → NH4+ + NO3-

NH3 + H+ → NH4+
(iv) What is the colour of thymolphthalein when ammonia gas is bubbled through it
Blue [1]
 (v) Write the ionisation equation of nitric acid

HNO3 → H++ NO3- [1]

(vi) Define the term base
Proton [H+] acceptor [2]

 1 mark for proton acceptor

 1 mark for [H+]

(vii) What is the type of structure of ammonia

Simple covalent [1]
(viii) Write the electronic configuration of Nitrogen in ammonia
2,8 [1]
(ix) What is the number of electrons involved in bonding of ammonia
6 [1]
Q8: Regarding the following equation

Fe(s) + Cl2(aq)→ FeCl3(aq)

(i) Balance the previous equation
2 Fe(s) +3 Cl2(aq)→ 2 FeCl3(aq) [1]
(ii) Find reducing agent. Explain your answer
Iron (Fe) (1 mark)
As it is oxidized (valency increases from 0 to 3+ ) (1 mark)
OR:
As it is oxidized (loses electrons ) (1 mark)

(iii) What is the total number of electrons in chlorine molecule

34 [1]

(i) Write the type of bonding in chlorine molecule

Covalent [1]
(ii) What is the number of electrons involved in bonding of chlorine
2 [1]
Q9: Regarding the following equation.

Mn(s) + HCl (aq) → MnCl4 (aq) + H2 (g)

(i) What is the valency of Mn in MnCl4

4+ [1]

(ii) Balance the previous equation

Mn(s) + 4HCl (aq) → MnCl4 (aq) + 2H2 (g) [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation

Mn(s) + 4H+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → Mn4+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) + 2H2 (g)

Mn(s) + 4H+(aq) → Mn4+(aq) + 2H2 (g)

(iv) Mention two observation [2]

• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears

OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right
 For example : if u said :

 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )

 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

(v) What is the total number of electrons in H2

2 [1]
 (vi) Find the reducing agent. Explain
Manganese (Mn) (1 mark)
As it is oxidized (valency increases from 0 to 4+ ) (1 mark)
OR
As it is oxidized (Loses electrons ) (1 mark)
(vii) Write the formula of Iron (III) chloride

FeCl3 [1]

Q10: Zinc (II) oxide is amphoteric oxide

(i) Write the equation of reaction of Zinc (II) oxide with nitric acid

ZnO + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O [2]

(ii) Write the equation of reaction of Zinc (II) oxide with sodium hydroxide

ZnO + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2O [1]

(iii) Solid Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide. What is meant by acidic oxide

Oxides of non-metal that reacts with a base and dissolves in water to produce
acid solutions [1]

(iv) What is the type of structure of silicon dioxide

Giant covalent structure [1]

(v) Mention a chemical test which shows that Solid Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide [3]
Test :Add NaOH or any named alkali [1]
Result : it wil react and dissolve
Test: Add HCl or any named acid [1]

Result : It won’t react and dissolve [1]

The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark
 Solving Exams on the First three chapters

Exam (1)
Note : any word written in purple it is recommended to be written
but u won’t lose mark if it is not written
1. (i) Describe how you could show that iron (III) oxide is a basic oxide and not an
amphoteric oxide.
Test : Adding HCl or any named acid
Result : it will reacts and dissolves [1]

Test : Adding NaOH or any named alkali

Result : it will not react and dissolve or no visible change [1]
 The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark

(ii) What does (III) refer to and why it is written in the formula?

It is the oxidation state or valency of Fe [1]

As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]

Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state

(iii) Write the formula of Iron (III) oxide.

Fe2O3 [1]

(iv) What is the type of bonding in Iron (III) oxide.

ionic [1] Total [6]

2. Solid copper (II) carbonate is added to aqueous Sulfuric acid.

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states.

CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g) [3]

 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states
 (ii) Mention two observations.

Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

The colorless solution changed to blue
(Green ) solid dissolves

OR : (Green ) solid disappears

OR : (Green ) solid disappears and disappears

 Any two of the three are correct and the total is [2 marks]

(iii) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.

Define the term acid.
Proton [H+] donor [2]

 1 mark for proton donor

 1 mark for [H+]

Define the term strong .

Completely [1]

ionized or dissociated [1]

(iv) What is the colour of methyl orange when added to acid .

Red [1]

(V) Write the ionization equation of H3PO4 when dissolved in water

H3PO4 + 3 H2O → 3H3O+ + PO43- [2]

 1 mark for writing the equation right

 1 mark for right balancing

Total [12]

3. Aluminium oxide reacts with nitric acid.

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states.
Al2O3(s) + 6HNO3(aq) → 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) [3]
 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states
 (ii) Mention one observation.
• ( White) solid dissolves . [1]

OR :
(White) solid disappears

OR :
(White) solid disappears and dissolves

(iii) Mention the type of the reaction.

Neutralization reaction [1]
(iv) Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide ,,Define the term amphoteric
oxide?
An oxide that can react with both acids and alkalis ( to produce salts ) [1]
Or It is a substance that shows both acidic and basic properties
Total [6]

4. Aqueous sodium hydroxide added to aqueous ammonium sulfate

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states
2NaOH(aq) + (NH4)2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3(g) +2H2O(l) [3]
 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states
 Exam (2)
Note : any word written in purple it is recommended to be written but u
won’t lose mark if it is not written
1. (i) Magnesium oxide is a basic oxide but zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide . Both oxides are
insoluble in water.
You are provided with a mixture of solid magnesium oxide and solid zinc oxide .
Describe how can you obtain a sample of magnesium oxide from the mixture.
Test : add sodium hydroxide or any named alkali [1]
 The name of the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark

Result : Zinc oxide reacts and dissolves while magnesium oxide does not reacts or
dissolves [1]
Filter to remove magenesium oxide [1]

(ii) Define the term basic oxide.

An oxide of a metal that will react with the acid and neutralize it [1]
(iii) Copper (II) oxide is also a basic oxide

What does (II) refer to and why it is written in the formula?

It is the oxidation state or valency of Cu [1]

As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]

Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state

(iv) What is the formula of copper (II) oxide also mention its color

Formula : CuO [1]

Color : Black [1]

Total [8]
2. Ammonia gas reacts with Phosphoric acid.
(i) Write the Balanced previous equation
3NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4. [2]
 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing

(ii) Mention the type of the reaction.

Neutralization reaction [1]
(iii) Suggest the PH of aqueous ammonia

8-11 [1]

(iv) Measuring the PH is one way of distinguishing between a strong acid and a weak acid.
Describe another method.
Test : add calcium/ Magnesium/ Zinc or Iron (can’t be copper)
Results: Faster rate of forming bubbles corresponds to the stronger acid
OR:
Test : Rate of reaction with (metal) carbonate
Results: Faster rate of forming bubbles corresponds to the stronger acid
OR:
Test : Rate of reaction with named (metal) oxide
Results: Dissolves faster mean that reaction is with the stronger acid
(V) Write the ionization equation of sulfuric when dissolved in water

H2SO4 + 2H2O → 2H3O+ + SO42- [2]

 1 mark for writing the equation right

 1 mark for right balancing
Total : [8]

3. A sample of solid iron is added to sulfuric acid giving iron (III) sulfate and hydrogen
(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states.
2Fe(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) [3]
 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states
(ii) Mention two observation.
• Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas
• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted
right  For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

• Reddish brown solution is formed.

Any two of the three are correct and the total is [2 marks]
(iii) Mention the type bonding in hydrogen.
Covalent bond [1]
(i) What is the colour of universal indicator when added to sulfuric acid .
Red [1]

Total [7]
4. Solid calcium hydroxide added to aqueous ammonium chloride
(ii) Write the Balanced previous equation including states
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) [3]
 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states

(iii) Mention two observation [2 marks]

Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent smell [1]
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent smell
that turns damp red litmus paper into blue [1]
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] that turns damp red
litmus paper into blue [1]

(White) solid dissolves

OR :

(White) solid disappears

OR :

(White) solid disappears and dissolves

(iv) What is the colour of thymophthalein when added to alkali. Blue [1]
(v) What is the color of universal indicator when added to calcium hydroxide.
Violet or purple [1]

Total [7]
 Exam (3)
Note : any word written in purple it is recommended to be written but u
won’t lose mark if it is not written

1- (i) Zinc oxide is amphoteric oxide. Show the chemical test confirming this fact
Test: Adding HCl or any named acid [2]
Adding NaOH or any named alkali
Results: It will react and dissolves in both HCl and NaOH
it shows both acidic and basic properties Therefore it is amphoteric oxide
 The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark

(ii) What is the electronic configuration of oxygen in ZnO

2,8 [1]
(iii) What is the type of bonding in ZnO
Ionic [1]

(iv) Chromium (III) oxide is also amphoteric.

What does (III) refer to and why it is written in the formula?
It is the oxidation state or Valency of Cr [1]

As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]

Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state

(v) Write the formula of Chromium (III) oxide

Cr2O3 [1]

Total [8]
2- Aqueous calcium hydroxide added to aqueous ammonium chloride.
(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) [3]

 1 mark for writing the equation right

 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states
 (ii) Mention two observation

(iii) Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent smell [1]

OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] with pungent smell that
turns damp red litmus paper into blue [1]
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas [1] that turns damp red
litmus paper into blue [1]

(iv) Write the formula of ammonium phosphate

(NH4)3PO4

(v) Calcium hydroxide is a strong alkali. Define the term alkali

Proton [H+] acceptor [2]

 1 mark for proton acceptor

 1 mark for [H+]

Total [8]

3- Regarding the following equation.

2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
(i) Complete the balanced equation including state [3]
(ii) Mention one observation

• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

Or
• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right
 For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )
 (iii) H2SO4 is strong acid, explain the term strong

Completely [1]

ionized or dissociated [1]

(iv) Write the ionization equation of H2SO4 when dissolved in water

H2SO4 + 2 H2O → 2H3O+ + SO42- [2]

 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
(v) What is the colour of methyl orange when added to acid

Red [1]
Total [9]
4- Ammonia gas reacts with hydrochloric acid
(i) Mention the type of the reaction
Neutralization reaction [1]
(ii) Write the equation
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl [1]
(iii) Find the electronic configuration of nitrogen in ammonia
2,8 [1]
(iv) What is the type of type of bonding in ammonia?
Covalent [1]
(v) What is the colour of universal indicator when exposed to ammonia gas
blue [1]

Total [5]
 Solving Exams on the First Four chapters

Exam (1)
Note : any word written in purple it is recommended to be written but u
won’t lose mark if it is not written

Q1: Regarding the following precipitation equation.

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)

(i) What is the valency of Ba in Ba(NO3)2

2+ [1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s) [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation

Ba2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + BaSO4 (s)

Ba2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4 (s) [1]

Here stating symbols are not required
(iv) Write the electronic configuration of Na in Na2SO4
2,8 [1]
(v) What is the type of bonding in BaSO4
Ionic [1]
Q2: Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid forming Zinc (II) chloride

(i) What does (II) refer to? Why it is mentioned?

It is the oxidation state or Valency of Zn [1]
As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency
Or as it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state [1]
(ii) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) [3]

1 mark for writing the equation right
1 mark for right balancing
1 mark for right states

(iii) Write the ionic equation

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2 (g)

Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2 (g) [1]

Here stating symbols are not required
(iv) Mention one observation [1]
• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)
Or
• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right 
For example: if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

(v) Find the oxidizing agent. Explain

H + (hydrogen ion / proton) (1 mark)
as it is reduced (valency decrease from 1+ to 0) (1 mark)
OR:
H + (hydrogen ion / proton)
as it is reduced (gains electrons)

(vi) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Mention the pH of Ethanoic acid

4-6 [1]
(vii) Write ionization equation of phosphoric acid in water

H3PO4 + 3H2O → 3H3O+ + PO43-

IF u write H3PO4 → 3H+ + PO43- it counts right [1]

Q3: Ammonia is a weak base

(i) Write the equation of the reaction of Ammonia with sulfuric acid

2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 [1]

1 mark for writing the equation right and for right balancing

(ii) What is the type of the reaction?

Neutralization reaction [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation [1]

2NH3 + 2H++ SO42- → 2NH4+ + SO42-

2NH3 + 2H+ → 2NH4+

Here stating symbols are not required
(iv) What is the colour of universal indicator when ammonia gas is bubbled through it

Blue [1]
(v) Mention a chemical test that shows that Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide
Test: Adding HCl or any named acid [1]
Adding NaOH or any named alkali [1]

Results: It will react and dissolve in both HCl and NaOH [1]
it shows both acidic and basic properties. Therefore, it is amphoteric oxide.
 The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark

(vi) Define the term : amphoteric oxide

An oxide that can react with both acids and alkalis ( to produce salts ) [1]
Or It is a substance that shows both acidic and basic properties
Q4: Regarding the following precipitation equation

Mg(s) + Cl2(aq)→ MgCl2(aq)

(i) Write one observation [1]
Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right 
For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

(ii) Find reducing agent. Explain your answer

Mg (magnesium) metal (1 mark)
as it is oxidized (valency increases from 0 to 2+) (1 mark)
or :
Mg (magnesium) metal
it is oxidized (loses electrons)
(iii) What is the electronic configuration of Magnesium in MgCl2

2,8 [1]
(iv) Write the type of bonding in MgCl2
Ionic [1]
(v) What is the number of electrons involved in bonding of chlorine molecule (Cl2)

2 [1]
 Exam (2)
Q1: Regarding the following precipitation equation.

Pb (NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → … KNO3(aq) + PbCO3(s)

(i) What is the valency of Pb in PbCO3

……………..……………………………2+…………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation [1]

Pb (NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → 2 KNO3(aq) + PbCO3(s)

(iii) Write the ionic equation [1]

Pb2+ (aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + CO32- (aq) → 2 K+ (aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) + PbCO3(s)

Pb2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → PbCO3(s)

Here stating the symbols are not required
(iv) Write the electronic configuration of K in K2CO3
………………..………………………………2,8,8……………………………………………………[1]
(v) What is the type of bonding in KNO3

………………..……ionic………………………………………………………………………………[1]

Q2: CuCO3 reacts with sulphuric acid forming Copper (II) sulfate

(i) What does (II) refer to? Why it is mentioned?

It is the oxidation state or Valency of Cu [1]
As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]
Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state
(ii) Write the Balanced previous equation including states [3]

CuCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

1mark for writing the equation right
1mark for right balancing
1 mark for right states
(iii) Write the ionic equation [1]

CuCO3(s) + 2H+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

CuCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(iv) Mention two observations (any two)

• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)
• The colorless solution changed to blue
• (Green ) solid dissolves

OR : (Green ) solid disappears

OR : (Green ) solid disappears and disappears

Any two of the three are correct and the total is [2 marks]

(v) Find the oxidizing agent. Explain [1]

This reaction is not a redox reaction

(vi) sulphuric acid is a strong acid. Mention the pH of sulphuric acid

……………………………………0-3………………………………………………………………….[1]

(vii) HNO3 is Nitric acid Write ionisation equation of nitric acid [1]

HNO3 + H2O → H3O+ + NO3-

IF written : HNO3→ H3O+ + NO3- is counted right

Q3: Cl2 + KBr → KCl + Br2

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation [1]

Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2

(ii) Write the ionic equation [1]

Cl2+ 2K+ + 2Br- → 2K+ + 2Cl- + Br2

Cl2 + 2Br- → 2Cl- + Br2

Here stating the symbols are not required
 (iii) Find the reducing agent .Explain

Bromide ion [Br - ] [1]

As it is oxidized ( Valency increase from 1- to 0 ) [1]
Or As it is oxidized (loses electrons)
(iv) Mention the color of solid KBr.
White [1]

(vi) Mention a chemical test away from measuring pH using indicator or pH meter to
confirm that ethanoic acid is an acid [3]

Test : Add a suitable metal ex: Magnesium can’t be copper

Observation : Metal dissolves and disappears
Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)
OR:
Test : Add insoluble carbonate ex: CaCO3
Observation : insoluble carbonate dissolves and disappears
Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)
Note : u can’t add an alkali like NaOH as u won’t see an observation as if u add NaOH to
H2SO4 it will give aqueous salt and H2O and so no observation will be seen

(vii) What is the valency of Mn in MnO2

…………………………4+………………………………………………………………………….[1]
 Q4: Aluminum (III) oxide is amphoteric oxide

(i) Write the equation of reaction of aluminium oxide with nitric acid.

Al2O3(S) + 6HNO3(aq) → 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) [2]

1 mark for writing the equation right
1 mark for right balancing

Note : The states are not required here as they are not mentioned in the question
(ii) Write the salt formed from reaction of Aluminum (III) oxide with sodium hydroxide (salt

formed contains aluminate ion AlO2-)

…………………NaAlO2……………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(iii) Sulfur dioxide is an acidic oxide. What is meant by acidic oxide [1]
Oxides of non-metal that reacts with a base and dissolves in water to produce
acid solutions

(iv) What is the type of structure of sulfur dioxide

………………(simple) covalent ……………………………………………… [1]

 Exam (3)
Q1: Regarding the following precipitation equation.

AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + AgCl(s)

(i) What is the valency of Ag in AgNO3

1+ [1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation

3 AgNO3(aq) + AlCl3(aq) → Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 AgCl(s) [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation

3Ag+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq) + Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl- (aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq) + 3 AgCl(s)

3Ag+(aq) + 3Cl- (aq) → 3AgCl(s) [1]

(iv) Write the electronic configuration of Al in AlCl3

2,8 [1]
(v) What is the type of bonding in AgCl
Ionic [1]
Q2: Iron metal reacts with sulphuric acid forming Iron (III) sulfate

(i) What does (III) refer to? Why is it mentioned?

It is the oxidation state or Valency of iron (Fe) [1]
As it is a transition metal that has more than one valency [1]
Or As it is a transition metal that has more than one oxidation state
(ii) Write the Balanced previous equation including states [3]

2Fe(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

 1 mark for writing the equation right
 1 mark for right balancing
 1 mark for right states

(iii) Write the ionic equation

2Fe(s) + 6H+(aq) + 3SO42- (aq) → 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq) + 3H2(g) [1]

2Fe(s) + 6H+(aq) → 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3H2(g)

(iv) Mention one observation
• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas
• Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted right
 For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

• Reddish brown solution is formed.

Any one of the three are correct and the total is [1 mark]

(v) Find the oxidizing agent. Explain [1]

H+ (hydrogen ion / proton) as it is reduced (valency decrease from 1+ to 0)

(vi) sulphuric acid is a strong acid. Mention the pH of sulphuric acid

0-3 [1]
(vii) Write ionisation equation of sulfuric acid

H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42-

OR H2SO4 + 2H2O→ 2H3O+ + SO42- [1]

Q3: Ammonia is a weak base

(i) Write the equation of the reaction of Ammonia with nitric acid

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 [1]

(ii) What is the type of the reaction?
Neutralization reaction [1]
 (iii) Write the ionic equation [1]

NH3 + H++ NO3- → NH4+ + NO3-

NH3 + H+ → NH4+

(iv) What is the colour of thymolphthalein when ammonia gas is bubbled through it
Blue [1]
(v) Define the term base
Proton [H+] acceptor

1 mark for proton acceptor [1]

1 mark for [H+] [1]

(vi) What is the type of structure of ammonia

Simple covalent [1]

(vii) Write the electronic configuration of Nitrogen in ammonia (NH3)

2,8 [1]

(viii) What is the number of electrons involved in bonding of ammonia

6 [1]
Q4: Regarding the following precipitation equation

Fe(s) + Cl2(aq)→ FeCl3(aq)

(i) Balance the previous equation
2 Fe(s) +3 Cl2(aq)→ 2 FeCl3(aq) [1]
(ii) Find reducing agent. Explain your answer
Iron (Fe) (1 mark)
As it is oxidized (valency increases from 0 to 3+ ) (1 mark)
Or As it is oxidized ( loses electrons)
(iii) What is the total number of electrons in chlorine molecule

34 [1]
(i) Write the type of bonding in chlorine molecule
Covalent [1]
(ii) What is the number of electrons involved in bonding of chlorine (Cl2)
2 [1]
 Exam (4)
Q1: Solid Magnesium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

MgCO3(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) [3]

1 mark for writing the equation right
1 mark for right balancing
1 mark for right states
(ii) Write the ionic equation [1]

MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42- (aq) → Mg2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

MgCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

State symbols not required here

(iii) Mention two observation [2]

• Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas

• (White) solid dissolves

• OR :

(White) solid disappears

OR :

(White) solid disappears and dissolves

(iv) Mention the type of the reaction

Neutralization reaction [1]
(i) Mention a chemical test away from measuring pH using indicator or pH meter to
confirm that H2SO4 is an acid [3]

Test : Add a suitable metal ex: Magnesium can’t be copper

Observation : Metal dissolves and disappears
or Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

OR:

Test : Add insoluble carbonate ex: CaCO3

Observation : insoluble carbonate dissolves and disappears

or Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

Note : u can’t add an alkali like NaOH as u won’t see an observation as if u add
NaOH to H2SO4 it will give aqueous salt and H2O and so no observation will be seen

(ii) What is the valency of C in CO2 gas [1]

4+

Q2: Aqueous Potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of ammonium Sulfate

(i) Write the Balanced previous equation including states

2KOH(aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

1 mark for writing the equation right
1 mark for right balancing
1 mark for right states

(ii) Write the ionic equation [1]

2k+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) + 2NH4+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) → 2k+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

2OH- (aq) + 2NH4+ (aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

State symbols not required

 (iii) Mention one observation [1]
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas with pungent smell
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas with pungent smell
that turns damp red litmus paper into blue
OR :
Bubbles or Fizzing or effervescence of colorless gas that turns damp red
litmus paper into blue

(iv) Potassium hydroxide is a strong alkali. Define the term strong [1]
Completely ionized or completely dissociated

(v) Write the formula of potassium phosphate [1]

K3PO4

. Q3: Regarding the following equation.

Mn(s) + HCl (aq) → MnCl4 (aq) + H2 (g)

(i) What is the valency of Mn in MnCl4

4+ [1]
(ii) Balance the previous equation

Mn(s) + 4HCl (aq) → MnCl4 (aq) + 2H2 (g) [1]

(iii) Write the ionic equation [1]

Mn(s) + 4H+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → Mn4+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) + 2H2 (g)

Mn(s) + 4H+(aq) → Mn4+(aq) + 2H2 (g)
 (iv) Mention one observation [1]
• Bubbles or fizzing or effervescence (of colorless gas)

• OR: Silvery grey metal dissolves or disappears

OR : The metal dissolves or disappears
OR : The solid dissolves or disappears
 If u write the word dissolves only counts right
 If u write the word disappears only counts right
 If u write the word dissolves and disappears also is counted
right
 For example : if u said :
 The metal dissolves ( it is right  )
 The metal disappears ( it is right  )
 The metal dissolves and disappears ( it is right  )

(iv) Find the reducing agent. Explain

Manganese (Mn) (1 mark)
As it is oxidized (valency increases from 0 to 4+ ) (1 mark)

Q4: Zinc (II) oxide is amphoteric oxide

(i) Write the equation of reaction of Zinc (II) oxide with sodium hydroxide

ZnO + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2O [1]

(ii) Solid Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide. What is meant by acidic oxide

Oxides of non-metal that reacts with a base and dissolves in water to produce
acid solutions [1]
(iii) What is the type of structure of silicon dioxide

Giant covalent structure [1]

(iv) Mention a chemical test which shows that Solid Silicon dioxide is acidic oxide
Test :Add NaOH or any named alkali [1]
Result : it wil react and dissolve
Test: Add HCl or any named acid [1]

Result : It won’t react and dissolve [1]

The name of the acid and the base must be mentioned otherwise will lose the mark
 Preparation of salt
Salt Soluble / Way of Salt Soluble / Way of
insoluble preparation insoluble preparation

MgCl2 Soluble Excess NaCl Soluble Titration

AgCl Insoluble Precipitation Zn(NO3)2 Soluble Excess

NH4NO3 Soluble Titration BaSO4 Insoluble Precipitation

K2SO4 Soluble Titration CuSO4 Soluble Excess

Li2CO3 Soluble Titration CaCO3 Insoluble Precipitation

AgBr Insoluble Precipitation NaBr Soluble Titration

CuBr2 Soluble Excess MgI2 Soluble Excess

AgI Insoluble Precipitation NaI Soluble Titration

Ca(NO3)2 Soluble Excess CaSO4 Insoluble Precipitation

AgNO3 Soluble Excess Na3PO4 Soluble Titration

ZnCO3 Insoluble Precipitation NiCl2 Soluble Excess

NH4Cl Soluble Titration LiBr Soluble Titration

FeCO3 Insoluble Precipitation Fe(NO3)3 Soluble Excess

 - For the following salts,
1- Mention the way of preparation
2- Write the balanced equation of the reaction of preparation including states
3- Write the ionic equation

 AgBr
1- Precipitation
2- AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)
3- Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Br -(aq) → AgBr + NO3- + Na+
Ag+(aq) + Br -(aq) → AgBr(s)

 K2SO4
1- Titration
2- 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2H2O(l) + K2SO4(aq)
3- 2K+ + 2OH- + 2H+ + SO42- → 2H2O + 2K+ + SO42-
2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) → 2H2O(l)

 Mg(NO3)2
1- Excess
2- MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → H2O(l) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
3- MgO + 2H+ + 2NO3- → 2H2O + Mg2+ + 2NO3-
MgO(s) + 2H+(aq) → 2H2O(l) + Mg2+(aq)

 BaSO4
1- Precipitation
2- Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
3- Ba2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + SO42- → BaSO4 + 2NO3- + 2Na+
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)
 LiCl
1- Titration
2- LiOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → H2O(l) + LiCl(aq)
3- Li+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- → H2O + Li+ + Cl-
OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)

 CuBr2
1- Excess
2- CuCO3(s) + 2HBr(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) + CuBr2(aq)
3- CuCO3 + 2H+ + 2Br - → H2O + CO2 + Cu2+ + 2Br -
CuCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Cu2+(aq)

 CaCO3
1- Precipitation
2- Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
3- Ca2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3 + 2NO3- + 2Na+

Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)