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 (SG) GOVERNANCE SAHIL SIR  INDIA ALSO PROMOTE GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENT OF CSOs
 Topics in Paper 2
 Development process and development
 Under Art-19(1)(c):- right to form association is
a fundamental right
Industry
 Role of NGOs , SHGs & various other  2007:- state gave “national policy on
associated groups Volunteer organization” and has following
 This topic is about a concept called “civil points mentioned
society organizations”: CSOs 1. State and Volunteer organizations are important
“partners” in development process {state
 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS accepts that it is leaving some gaps }
 Three important actors 2. State has to create “enabling environment” for
1. State the growth of the CSOs. And enabling
 1947-1991:-purely socialist was India environment means
 Poor or vulnerable section with others are taken a) State should not “over regulate” CSOS.
care by state b) State must allow CSOs to mobilize funds.
 Welfare schemes for vulnerable section like c) State should also provide funds to CSOs if
Subsidies but some gaps left by state { not able CSOs fill the gap left by state
to reach everyone as falls short of resources } 3. State must regulate CSOs , so that CSOs work in
2. Market “transparent & accountable” manner
 1991 onwards 4. State must enter into “strategic partnership”
 Based on Ideology of capitalist {profit} with CSOs. Because, CSOs have ground
 Market usually takes care of rich knowledge about local resources and local
3. Civil society organizations constraints. CSOs have power to innovate & find
solutions to problem with minimum resources
 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION (CSO) TOPIC :- THE NGOs
 called “Volunteering organizations”
 CSO is an umbrella term for wide array of  Non-Governmental Organizations)
 Non-profit
organizations of organizations includes
 Non-state
 NGOs
 Voluntary association of people
 SHGs
 Same feature as CSOs. however, Work for welfare of
 Co-operatives other not for their own problems unlike other CSOs
 Sports association (e.g BCCI) (note it)
 Professional bodies (bar council of India , CA
association) A. REGISTRATION OF NGOs
 Pressure groups (trade union, Fikki)  REGISTERED WITH STATE (NOTE IT) AND
 Social entrepreneurs THREE WAYS TO REGISTER AN NGOs
 RWAs (resident welfare associations)
a) Can register as a society under “Indian
 They fill the gaps left by the states
society Act,1860”
 NATURE OF CSOs  Usually sports body, religious organizations ,
1) Volunteer associations:-Are Volunteer professional body
associations of people in order to solve common  Every state also has its society law also , so there
problems and achieve common goals and create is an option to register with state also like PB,HR
etc
a “Social Capital”
b) As a trust under “Indian trust Act, 1882”
2) Non-Profit body:- only purpose to provide
 When there is an underlying assets like large land
services to the members of CSOs. Profit may , immovable asset etc
come but agenda is to serve not to get profit
c) As a charitable company under “companies
3) Independent of state:- may be registered or
Act,2013”
regulated by the state but not created by the
 Charitable companies are non-profit in
state . CSOs are only created by volunteering so
nature
they are independent of state but they can put
on state B. SCOPE OF NGOs
 For CSO these three conditions are needed  Four main areas where NGOs work
 Democratic countries promote growth & 1. Environment related issues
development of CSOs &  Climate change
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 Biodiversity  Working:- File RTI with state and collect alot of
 Pollution data and extract important information from this
 E.G:- Green peace NGO data and information is published in the form of
report prepared by NGO and is shared with
2. Human rights people like people
 Especially for vulnerable section that which  People then be able to ask questions from state
is ignored by states on behalf of this report (prepared by NGO) and
 Like minority rights people are participating in Governance and this
 Rights of prisoners {like under trial mechanism is called “Social audit”
population in jails should be reduced} 3. Acts as watchdogs on state
 Capital punishment  This Promotes “transparency” Through the “RTI”
 HIV patients and
 Tribal rights  This Promotes “accountability” of state through
 E.G:- Amnesty International NGO “Social audit
3. Research and survey 4. They are partners in PF {policy formation}
 Collect data and PI {policy implementation}
 E.G:- a) How Partners in PF
 Pratham NGO does it on primary education  they provide input to the state
in Schools  NGOs do survey & collect data then process and
create a report of data (about any issue or social
 PRS NGO does legislative research {analyze , problem or policy related area or topic)
criticize , advice reform}  This report is a feedback to be taken by state to
4. Fill the gap revise concerned policy and feedback should be
 They provide services which are not given by incorporated in policy formation and focus
State , and two areas are there should be on improving overall outcome
a) where state is not willing to work b) How partners in PI
 Fill gaps left by state
 LGBT rights
 NGOs can provide innovative solutions to state
 Rights of sex workers
to solve problem as they have knowledge about
 Leprosy patients local resources (innovation why , because
 Refugee resources are very less in India)
 Acid attack victims
 Physical disabled people  State has two parts
b) where state lacks resources to work but 1. Legislature
is willing to work 2. Executive
 disaster management {Covid-19} a) Permanent:- Civil services
 sanitation & manual scavenging b) Temporary: - ministers, enjoy will of
people as people elect.
 slums
 So ministers do the task of policy
 rural development formulations (PF)
 health care services
 once policy is formulated and then
C. NGOs ROLE in DEVELOPMENT PROCESS implemented by bureaucracy (PI)
 If asked role of CSOs or NGOs :- the answer 5. Acts as catalyst for social change
would be same  NGOs push the state into action to bring
1. Advocacy reforms ( as a catalyst)
 Fight for the rights of others  Some examples:-
 Through PIL {public interest litigation} a. RTI Act 2005 passed because of the efforts
 NAAZ Foundation fights for LGBT rights of MKSS (Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan,)
 Young Lawyers association:- fights for b. Lokpal Bill was passed because of the efforts
women right to enter temples against of “IAC:- India against Corruption”
Sabrimala Custom c. Section 377 abolished by efforts of NAAZ
 Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolen:- fights Foundation
against instant triple talaq d. ADR (association of democratic reforms)
NGO’s main work to reduce criminalization
2. Improves people’s participation in
of politics in India and two major reforms
governance
came because of its efforts
 Through social audit mechanism
a) Lilly Thomas case,2013

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b) NOTA  (NGOs can voluntarily disclose audit
6. They are service providers reports on their websites ,
 During disaster management as state falls  can increase the reach of NGOs}
short of resources 4. lack of “Transparency” & “Accountability”
 Examples during Covid-19 within NGOs
 Doctors without borders NGO provides a) Transparent (T) by:-
 Doctors  NGOs must be open to RTI {especially when
 Health care workers is funded by State}
 Oxygen concentrators
 Khalsa Aid foundation
 Voluntary disclosure of their Audit on their
website
 Sonu Sood Foundation :- handling
migrants crisis b) Accountability (A) by
 For Weakest of the weak sections  NGOs must be open to audit by 3rd party
 Examples of weakest  If NGOs will remain T and A voluntarily, it
 Sarthak foundation NGO for PwD will improve trust b/w state and NGO
(people with disability) leading to better flow of funds from state to
 Chayya Foundation NGO for acid attack NGOs
victims 5. NGOs work in SILOS
 Bachpan bachao Andolan NGO for
rescuing child from child labour  They do not co-ordinate among each other
 Missionaries of charities NGO for leprosy resulting in duplication of efforts and
patient ultimately leads to wastage of resources
 Solution:- state should bring coordination
D. PROBLEMS WITH NGOs among them
1. NGOs Align with political parties 6. Poor interaction with the state
 NGOs receive fund from political parties a) State tries to over regulate the NGOs as
 NGOs funded by them , protest against the State feels the only task of NGOs is to
state only for the sake of protest criticize the State
 Over regulation is done by cutting the
 It is not illegal to receive funds but is source of funds for NGOs. e.g:-canceling
unethical FCRA license
 Solution:- NGOs must go for voluntary  State tries to label NGOs as anti-national
disclosure of their source of funds (NGOs {using UAPA} and anti-development if they
should remain neutral ethically, as their task protest against state especially in the name
is also welfare of people of tribal rights, minority rights, Dalit rights
2. Diversion of funds and human rights {Amnesty FCRA license
was cancelled after Art370 and Green peace
 Money laundering through process of
had also same case}
layering (by hiding original source of money)
 State targets specific NGOs dealing with
{called Shell NGOs}
pollution & climate change , human rights
 Use of money other than the “stated and religion based NGOs {especially Islamic
purpose” (under registration purpose is and Christian }
mentioned) b) State feels NGOs are diverting funds other
 Overuse of funds in administration expenses than the stated purpose e.g Christian
3. Poor “capacity building” for NGOs missionaries doing religious conversions
specially in Southern states and North-east
 Capacity building means to fill gaps left by
c) State feels foreign funded NGOs are
state
engaged in foreign funded activism
 So lack of skill trained professionals to fill the  Foreign funded activism:- IB-2014
gap report on NGOs highlighted that
 NGOs are not digitalized  many internationally funded NGOs are
 benefits of digitalization can be implementing the agenda of foreign enemy
 faster interaction with the state, states
 promotes transparency for NGOs  NGOs protest against the development
initiative of the state resulting in loss of GDP
of the country
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 Because of protest movements in  NGOs who wish to receive foreign funds must apply
kudankulam nuclear power plant, against for FCRA license issued by ministry of home affairs
coal fired power plants, GM crops, in all  Re-granting is allowed
these 2-3% GDP got wasted  After license there is FCRA compliance
 Two NGOs name came in report 1) NGOs have to file annual audit report
a) GREEN PEACE NGO 2) Funds must not be diverted for purpose other
than the status purpose
b) Narmada bachao Andolan
3) Funds must not be used for Anti-national
 Four tools to kill NGOs in hands of
activities or against public interest {however,
state both word grounds are not defined }
1. PMLA:- Prevention of Money
B. 2020 amended
Laundering Act (using ED)
 Became more stringent
2. UAPA  Civil servants are added to list of individuals along
3. Canceling FCRA license (FCRA 2010) with Judges, MLA, MPs, Electoral candidates , Media
4. Cancelling the license of NGOs itself personnel
d) Solution to increase interaction  No re-granting {NGOs having FCRA license can
 State must make NGOs as important “stake transfer funds among themselves during 2010 but not
holder” while going for development prohibited to stop money laundering}
projects  Administrative expenses have been restricted to 20%
 by sharing the report of EIA and SIA of the foreign funds received {earlier in 2010 it was
50%}
report with NGOs
 FCRA account can be opened only in SBI, New Delhi
 Take criticism as feedback from NGOs
branch. This will increase administrative expenses of
 Both should work together and try to NGOs
minimize the impact of development  FCRA licenses can now be suspended for a period of
projects on environment 360-days pending investigation {2010=180 days}
 NGOs on their part should also be …………1st class ended,2nd started……..
 more “transparent & accountable” in
their work,  2019 SC DAV College trust v/s Director of
 disclose their source of fund, Public Instructions
 no unnecessary process and a) Only those NGO’s which are substantially funded by
state shall come under the ambit of RTI
 create their “code of ethics”
b) The word substantial means a large portion of funds,
 State must define the role and goal of NGOs
which may not necessarily be more than 50% of the
clearly while formulating the policy total funds
 When roles and goals are defined clearly c) How much is large is not defined by the SC (it looks
it will result in better flow of funds from case to case basis)
state to NGO d) While calculating substantial funding in-direct
 State must also understand that dissent and funding by state shall also be taken into account.
protest are also part of democracy
 State must also understand that NGOs  SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGs)
cannot works without funds and hence state  India has around 60 lakh SHGs , mobilized around 6
must regulate NGOs but not over-regulate crore women
 It is an association of 15 to20 women
E. SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR NGOs  They have some common problems (mainly in rural
1. From state areas, for very poor families women come together),
 Women come together to solve the common
2. From market {CSR funds} problem like domestic violence, etc
3. From foreign contributions  These women have same socio-economic background
4. From individuals  These SHGs are informal bodies and not registered
with the state
 FCRA:- foreign contribution regulation  No regulation by state
Act, 2010  FACILITATOR:- ROLE OF FACILITATOR
A. 2010 a) Facilitator is mainly here NGOs
 Prohibits individuals from receiving foreign funds b) he will teach this association called “group
 Like Judges, MLA, MPs, Electoral candidates , Media
dynamics” {how to work in a group= group
personnel
dynamics}
 Organizations of “political nature” prohibited to
receive foreign funds {term political nature is not c) they can pool their savings and give loan among
defined in this Act} {Political parties here also themselves. no collateral is required but interest
prohibited} is charged
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 Like SHGs of 50 women is formed and each Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
women is contributing 10,000 Rs. So total pool is through its 14 active projects.
500000. Then facilitator will say that micro loan  It Did exactly same as SEWA in southern states
(credit less than 50,000Rs usually) can be given  Efforts of MYRADA made SHGs movement a
to the members of SHGs and this loan can be great success in southern states
used in two or three ways  SHG movement is more successful in south then
a. either for meeting contingent (contingency) north as 44% of SHGs are present in 4 states
requirements (like death of buffalo, {Kerala, Karnataka, ,TN, AP}
marriage, any mis-happening)  Largest number of SHGs are in= AP
b. for starting any micro enterprise (any self-  Best SHGs model is in= Kerala because GOI + GO
employment opportunity) (individually) Kerala started KUDUMBASHREE project in Kerala
(MICRO FINANCE) in 1998, this was poverty elevation project.
c. they can all together start their micro- Target was one SHG at each village at initial level
enterprise (mainly work is related to agro-  In Kerala it is a three tier model
processing) a) Village level SHG
 {it will give them economic returns and
 Doing task of micro finance
people will come out of poverty )  One member from each village SHG is

 THE HISTORY OF SHGs present in district level SHG (30000+ village

SHG)
1. NGO: SEWA (GUJARAT) 1972 b) District level SHG (SHG FEDERATIONS)
 SEWA :- self employed women association  One member from each village level SHG
 SEWA was founded in 1972 by Gandhian and here
 And one member from district level SHG will
civil rights leader Ela Bhatt as a branch of Textile
Labour Association (TLA), a labour union represent at state level SHG
 SHG federation provides all kind of technical
founded by Gandhi in 1918. The organization
grew very quickly, with 30,000 members in 1996, or non-technical support to village level
to 318,527 in 2000, to 1,919,676 in 2013. SHGs
 Act as big brother over village SHGs
 SEWA in 1972, in Ahmedabad. Today we are 1.5
million women strong. We are the single largest c) State level SHG
women worker's Central trade union in India  one member from district level SHG will
 WORK:- organizing the un-organized women represent at state level SHG
into groups, in order to give them better access  problems which cannot be solved by SHG
to markets and credits federation like funds , will be solved by state
 They divided women into groups and Women in level SHG
a particular group have same skills , before in  all are organically inter-linked
group they were working individually, after 3. NABARD SHG BANK LINKAGE
coming into group get better access to
a. markets by increasing their bargaining PROGRAMME {SBL}1992
power or strength (basically creating social  Land mark year for SHG = 1992 (always mention
capital) and in Exam)
b. credits (bank feel safe to give loans to  The SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) was
groups rather individually, so) initiated as an action research by the National
 SEWA is acting as facilitator here Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD) in 1989 and was subsequently
2. NGO-1980 MYRADA crystallized into a pilot project in 1992.
 Mysore Resettlement and Development Agency  Purpose / Objective:- To provide thrift, credit
(MYRADA) and other financial services to the poor in all
 Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non- areas enabling them to raise their income levels
governmental organization working for micro- and standard of living
credit initiatives and sustainable development in  WHY NABARD CAME WITH THIS PROGRAM
Southern India. From 1968 to 1978, MYRADA  An individual needs small loan immediately without
concerned itself with the resettlement of 15,000 any collateral for short term, but supply is of large
Tibetan Refugees with the Indian government. loan for long term with collateral (by Banks).
After 1978, MYRADA shifted its focus to working Therefore the issue here arises, highlighted by
with poor communities in rural India. Currently, MYRANDA and informal money lenders gave them
MYRADA centers its attention on the districts of loan. so NABARD came with this model

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 In this model, NABARD says it will re-finance RRBs  NABARD JLG (2004-2005)
and Cooperatives and these banks have to give credit  For those who have no Savings o deposit into banks
to SHGs (large loan) and SHGs in turn will provide for SHGs credit loan , NABARD started JLG (Joint
micro credit (small loan) to members of SHGs Liability Group) in 2004-2005 for those who are very
 This is called SBL programme poor and don’t have any savings and who are not
 Demand supply mismatch now have to be bridged members of SHGs
 How it works  Here NABARD re-finance RRBs and Cooperatives and
a) Initially the members of SHGs pool their savings these banks have to give credit to JLGs (no collateral,
let say 150000 for 15 members , this is deposited no savings)
in bank and bank will open a SHG account (first  4 to 10 members are there in JLG (no savings and
time in history of India a new account is opened) come from same economic background (do same
b) Bank will give loan (large loan) In multiples of economic activity))
150000 like 6 lakh (4 times) etc to SHGs  They will get loan from NABARD , there will be joint
c) SHGs give loan to its members and acting as liability of all members to repay loan
micro-finance intermediaries b/w bank and  JLG can give loan to any member of them and can
members of SHGs start any work
d) SHGs do not need any collateral with the bank,  Here chances of loan default is very high but Main
only savings that are deposited are enough. And purpose is welfare and poverty eradication, financial
bank gives loan in multiple of deposited money inclusion and reaching to the last mile
e) Banks work here on collective guarantee means
every member is under the peer pressure of  SGSY:-1999
other member to repay the loan because  Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana"(SGSY)
everybody’s saving is on stake, and if they default  SGSY is a holistic Scheme covering all aspects of self
on loan everyone will lose their savings. (this employment such as organisation of the poor into
makes it successful model) Self Help Groups, training, credit, technology,
f) Peer pressure makes SHGs self-regulating and infrastructure and marketing.
self governing bodies  The basic objective is to bring assisted poor families
g) Members without depositing money cannot take above the poverty line by providing income
loans (for collective guarantee) generating assets through mix of bank credit and
h) Bank takes interest also subsidy.
 Bank through SHGs ensuring that these members will  Poverty elevation through SSGYs
not take loan from informal money lenders and  Here state will promote formation of SGSYs at least
through SHGs (not directly to members) ensuring also one member from every poor household (preferably
the no-chances of defaulting women) (15-20 members per SGSYs)
 They (banks +SHGs) are promoting financial inclusion  These members will be trained in an economic
(by linking peoples (women etc) who have no bank activity (Skill developing) usually in agro-processing
accounts etc  After training
 This model is best for poverty eradication a) Members can start own enterprise
b) Members can start enterprise as a group activity
 NABARD 1982 c) Loan scheme will be funded by the Centre and
 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural the States Commercial Banks, Regional Rural
Development (NABARD) is an apex regulatory Banks and Co-operative Banks.
body for overall regulation of regional rural  Renamed as Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods
banks (RRBs) and apex cooperative banks in Mission (NRLM) was launched by the Ministry of
India. It is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India in
Finance, Government of India. June 2011.
 NABARD is a Development Bank with a mandate  Now called Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National
for providing and regulating credit and other Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) is a new name
facilities for the promotion and development of given to Aajeevika – NRLM in November 2015.
agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and  Note:- men and women are not mixed in SHGs
village industries, handicrafts and other rural because it will disturb the peer pressure and group
crafts and other allied economic activities in rural dynamics
areas with a view to promoting ..
 NABARD came into existence on 12 July 1982 by
transferring the agricultural credit functions of
 THE BENEFITS OF SHGs
RBI and refinance functions of the then 1) Poverty elevation
Agricultural Refinance and Development a) Creates self employment opportunity
Corporation (ARDC). It was dedicated to the b) Take people out of debt trap
service of the nation by the late Prime Minister
c) Increase in household income (women
Smt. Indira Gandhi on 05 November 1982.
engaging herself in economic activity)

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d) Create alternate employment opportunities b) They don’t grow beyond a point (no
in rural areas diversification)
e) Women entrepreneurship  Lack of continuous handholding by NGO ,
2) Promotes financial inclusion state and banks
a) SHGs acting as MFI (Micro-finance institutions  They don’t diversify their activities (SHGs are
and Micro-finance intermediaries). They take stuck in primary economic activities)
credit to the last mile  SHGs have no access to markets
b) Promote financial literacy as women learn  They are not able to move to other areas like
banking and accounting skills toys, sanitary pads, solar panels
c) As as LMF last mile financers c) They face stiff competition from co-operatives
d) From 2006 onwards, RBI authorized SHG – like Amul and MNCs like Nestle, Britannia (these
Business correspondents
have economies of scale )
e) Many women were encouraged to open Jan
Dhan Account
d) SHGs face stiff competition within themselves,
many states have not formed SHG federation →
3) Women empowerment  Many times SHGs fail
a) Within household:-  Resulting in NPAs for the bank
 women participates in decision making as she is
e) Default rates in SHGs are very high
contributing in household income
 Sometimes important members of the SHGs
 Women get reproductive rights
 Improvement in women education , health
die
 SHGs are not supported by SHGs federations
b) Outside household
 Logistics cost is very high of their produce
 Women assuming leadership roles (like becoming
entrepreneur)  Lack of digitalization
 Women taking leadership roles in PRI (as their  Poor markets
seats are reserved in Panchayati raj institution) f) SHGs are more successful in southern states ,
 This has increased substantial representation of there is regional misbalance
women  Because in south-SHGs is state sponsored
 Women emerging as community resource movement
persons(CRP)  Literacy rates are more
 Gender sensitization of women- process of  Poverty rates are low in south and they have
imbibing behavior that men and women are more savings which is the starting point of SHGs
equal  All these are not in Northern states so SHGs
4) Positive spin-off failed in Northern states
a) A spin-off is an unexpected but useful or  DO YOU THINK THERE SHOULD BE
valuable result of an activity that was FORMALIZATION OF SHGS IN INDIA?
designed to achieve something else  At present SHGs are informal groups, as they
b) Fighting social evils- women get a platform are neither registered nor regulated by state
to discuss their problems and find common  Benefits of making it formal
solutions  More inclusionary in nature
c) Improvement in child nutrition (household  SC,ST can be included
income increases)  Financial support can be provided
d) Child education improves  Audit can be done of SHGs (loan taking
e) Decrease in drop-out rates and decline in capacity of SHGs will improve)
fertility rates (as women get reproductive  NPA can be reduced
rights)  Negatives of making it formal
f) Fertility rates in southern states are lower  Over-regulation
than northern states (with successful of  State doesn’t have the capacity to audit
SHGs) so many SHGs
PROBLEMS WITH SHGs  SHGs will lose self governing authority
and peer pressure concept will be
a) They are exclusionary in nature (members vandalized
without savings , male members, SC & ST  SHGs can become state sponsored
women all are excluded) bodies
 They exclude women without savings  Politicization of SHGs can happen
 SC/ST women are also excluded (stigma of  Conclusion
UT)  Formalization of SHGs is not required so that
 Exclude male members(group dynamics get
SHGs remain a people’s movement (जन
distured)
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)not states movement, as cooperatives through a jointly-owned and democratically
movement failed because of formalization. State controlled business (enterprise).
should do hand-holding, promote SBL  Cooperatives are voluntary organization that is
programme, and promote to create SHGs owned and run by all the people who work for it.
federation
 Each member is pooling savings creating a
 DAY-A corpus fund
a) Organizing rural poor women into SHGs and  PURPOSE OF COOPERATIVES:-
continuously nurture and support them a) To provide services to its members and not to
b) Women SHGs will have bank linkage earn profit
arrangements b) Scale of membership is very large (come together
c) SHGs would be federated at Village level and because of common issue or problem), to solve
common problem collectively they come as
higher levels to provide space, voice and
cooperatives
resources (interlinkages)  They are formal bodies registered with state,
d) 8.39 cr women into 77 lakh SHGs regulated by the state
e) 2 components
 Livelihood and provisions for Funds  HOW COOPERATIVES WORK
a) Register with state as cooperatives
 LIVELIHOOD b) Members of it will elect a body called “Board of
a) SVEP start up Village entrepreneurship directors” by voting
 To help SHG members set up enterprises c) Board of directors will appoint management
at village level in non-farm sector committee
 Technical and capital support to rural d) Board will give vision to management committee
enterprises which is responsible to board of directors , who are
b) Mahila Kisan Sashakti karan yojna responsible to members
 Empowering women in agriculture e) One member = one vote irrespective of share-holding
 As cooperatives is formed , each member is given
sector- creating agriculture based
one share each
livelihood for women  Once cooperatives is formed there is open
 FUNDS membership (any one can leave or enter)
a) Revolving funds- 10,000 to 12,000 Rs per  Anyone can sell or purchase shares
SHGs to catalyze process of internal lending  One member get only one vote
 State also interferes
b) Community Investment Fund (CIF)
 Seed capital to Cluster level federation –  HISTORY OF COOPERATIVES
used for setting up rural microenterprise
 Vulnerability reduction fund- to Village 1) 1892- FREDERIC NICHOLSON-
 Published a report on establishment of “cooperative
organization- for meeting special needs
agricultural credit societies and cooperative bank in
of vulnerable people- food security, India o He is known as father of cooperative
malnutrition, high cost of debts movement In India
 Livelihood/Layering funds- to SHG
federations- to address any deficit of a
2) 1904
 During british time, 1904 credit cooperatives act
viable business plan
was passed (when credit cooperatives formed)
 TOPIC:- THE COOPERATIVES  first cooperative credit societies act was passed
 Definition of Cooperatives:-The International  In 1903, with the support of the Government of
Labour Organisation (ILO), a cooperative is an Bengal, the first credit cooperative society was
autonomous association of persons united formed in banking. With the enactment of the
voluntarily to meet their common economic, Cooperative Credit Society in 1904, it got
social and cultural needs and aspirations definite shape.
through a jointly owned and democratically  It was registered under the Friendly Societies Act
controlled enterprise. of the British Government.
 The year 2012 was declared the International 3) 1912:-
Year of Cooperatives by the United Nations  Cooperative societies act was passed (means
General Assembly other than credit, other sectors also formed
 A cooperative is an association of persons cooperatives)
(organization) that is owned and controlled by 4) 1919- GOI ACT-
the people to meet their common economic,  cooperative became a ‘provincial subject’
social, and/or cultural needs and aspirations

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5) 1942- cooperative societies but struck down a part
 multi-state cooperative act was passed to inserted by it which relates to the
regulate cooperatives working in more than one Constitution and working of cooperative
province (members from more than one state) societies
6) 1947- 12) 2020
 Ministry of cooperation or cooperative ministry
 cooperative becomes a state subject, every state
is formed (as separate )
has its own cooperative law, focus from 1st FYP
itself …..2nd class ended,3rd started….
7) 1950:- A. COMPANY
a) cooperatives became state subject & every state  Company act 2013
has its own cooperative law  Work for profit
b) Multistate cooperatives societies is a central  Has vote of directors, but voting rule is one share one
subject, when members come from different vote. So the person has maximum shares will always
states. To regulate there is multistate cooperate be elected
societies act 2002  Company is audited by third party
 Enjoy financial and strategic autonomy . company has
8) 1966-71 GREEN REVOLUTION access to capital markets and it can raise money via
a) Surplus production because of Green revolution. shares, bonds, debentures . strategic means it can
Growth of value addition in agricultural produce take its own decisions
b) Specialized cooperatives societies – milk, oil
seeds, sugarcane, cotton, agro-processing was B. COOPERATIVES
set up  State cooperatives act
c) Many large fertilizer manufacturing and  Every state has its all state law
marketing agriculture societies were set up. In  Or Multistate cooperative act 2002 if members are
order to provide backward and forward linkages from different states
 Motive is not profit but to provide services to its
in agriculture , the cooperatives were set up
members, here profit is secondary
(cooperatives boom happened) like fertilizers,
 One member one vote irrespective of share holding,
seed , sugar cooperatives etc so cooperatives are democratic bodies
d) Large scale cooperatives in agriculture set up  State is auditor of cooperatives. {note state can over
under ministry of Agriculture regulate)
e) Expansion in new economic ventures  Cooperatives have no financial and strategic
9) 2002 autonomy. Like they cannot raise money from the
 National policy on cooperatives under ministry market by issuing bonds etc. they can only take loan
from state and bank. (this is one of major reason for
of Agriculture
failure of cooperatives). State can veto the decisions
 Centre announced National Policy on of board of directors (no strategic autonomy , if have
Cooperative, new Multi state cooperative taken loan from state)
societies act was passed replacing the existing
1942 act  WHY COOPERATIVES ARE REQUIRED?
10) 2012 a) Community led growth →Self help, Social

th
97 CAA :- the word cooperative is included in cohesion, social capital, solve common problems
19(1)(c) together
 formation of cooperative becomes a FR through b) Collective bargaining strength of weaker sections
97th CA of society
 And now it is a fundamental right and part 9(B) c) Promote citizens participation(link between
is added and applicable to state cooperatives state and people)
 But it should have been passed by 2/3rd of d) Democratic institution- one person -one vote (all
majority + 1/2rd of state but only passed in members are equal and free for their rights)
Parliament without consent of states so was e) Promote leadership growth
challenged in SC f) Promote financial inclusion- PACS, urban
cooperatives, sugar cooperatives, bank
11) 2021 RAJENDRA SHAH V/S UOI:-
cooperatives
a) Part 9B shall not be applicable on state
 Eliminates middle men
cooperatives
g) Main role played by cooperatives in agriculture
b) The Supreme Court in a 2:1 majority verdict
sector:
upheld the validity of the 97th constitutional
amendment (Part IX B) that deals with issues
related to effective management of
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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 PACS- primary agriculture credit societies-
meets immediate short term needs of credit
 BENEFITS OF COOPERATIVES
a) They promote community led growth through self
o Eliminates middle men
help and social capital
 Marketing and processing cooperatives-
b) They provide last mile connectivity. Means small and
AMUL, FPOs marginal farmers can become member of
 Better forward and backward linkages, cooperative.
information and knowledge sharing c) Bargaining strength of community increases.
 B- raw material- seeds, irrigation d) Elimination of middle man as Backward (village
facilities, credit cooperation), forward linkages are in hands of
 F- marketing, storage farmers
h) Inclusive growth e) They are democratic bodies (one member one vote),
ever small and marginal farmers have equal decision
 THE AMUL COOPERATIVE making power
 Amul is an Indian dairy state government cooperative f) They promote financial inclusion {credit cooperatives
society, based in Anand, Gujarat. Formed in 1946, it is means they take credit to the last mile, to every
a cooperative brand managed by Gujarat Cooperative member = micro finance}
Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. g) Since cooperatives are strongly regulated by state,
 AMUL:- Anand Milk Union Limited there is limited scope of corruption
 It is a three tier model of cooperatives interlinkage h) Because of point a to g, cooperatives promote
from down to up inclusive growth.
1) Village level cooperatives
2) District level cooperatives  THE CREDIT COOPERATIVES
3) State level cooperative  Two parts
 There were Patel farmers, were exploited by middle
man. Middle man buys milk from farmers at low
1) RURAL COOPERATIVES
prices and selling it to companies at more prices a) Cooperatives which give short term credits
 So Patel farmers decided to form cooperatives A. PACS: AT VILLAGE LEVEL
 They formed it at every village level and collect milk  PACS is not a bank , it is just a cooperative
from every farmers of respecting villages. society
 Initially they started selling milk to middle man, than  There are PACS: primary agriculture credit
they formed district cooperatives and leader of society
village cooperative will be present in district  PACS has a very good network at village level,
cooperatives first point of contact for farmer who wants credit
 Milk collected now from village cooperatives will be is PACS
sent to district cooperatives for processing to make  PACS brings money from DCCB
dairy products  India:- around 95000 PACS in India
 From district cooperatives the processed products  PACS don’t provide secured loans
will be sent to state cooperatives and state  Registered as state cooperatives societies
cooperative will be known as name of “AMUL” B. DCCB: AT DISTRICT LEVEL
 State cooperative has members of district  DCCB: district central cooperatives central banks
cooperatives  Has good network of branches along district, so it
 AMUL has work to take these products to market and mobilizes deposits of zila panchayat etc
to decide prize, market etc
 Individuals can open account
 Usually registered under state cooperative law
C. SCB :- AT STATE LEVEL
 SCB: state cooperative bank
 It will refinance the DCCB
 Usually registered under state cooperative law
b) Cooperatives which give long term capital
credits
A. State cooperative agriculture & rural
development bank
 Operate at state level
 Usually registered under state cooperative law
B. Primary cooperative agriculture & rural
development bank
 Operate at block level
 Usually registered under state cooperative law

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2) URBAN COOPERATIVES  COOPERATIVES PROBLEMS
 UCB: Urban cooperatives banks are found in
urban areas. A. COOPERATIVES ISSUE WITH STATE
 Operate in urban areas, a) Excessive regulation by state:-
 State over regulates as state audits cooperatives and
 May be registered under state or registered as
in the name of audit they try to supersede the board
MSCs (Multi state cooperative society banks/ )
of directors. This brings cooperatives under
like PMC ((Punjab and Maharashtra cooperative bureaucratic control (instead of people’s body, not
bank) under people)
 Note:- Where there is a word bank , it comes under  Unjustified – supersession of elected managements
regulation of state (looks management related works by govt and bringing them under control of
and decisions) and RBI (through NABARD in rural bureaucracy
areas and direct RBI regulation in urban areas). RBI  Govt adminst. Continue for a long period of time and
just gives regulations members are not allowed to elect their own
management
 BANKING REGULATION ACT 1949  Resulting in political interference in -day to day
 This Act Gives power to RBI to regulate all banks In working of cooperatives
India b) State laws :-
 Cooperative bank is also a kind of banks
 Legislative and policy constraints(over regulation by
 During Covid 2020, the PMC (Punjab and
the state
Maharashtra cooperative bank) was getting defaulted  don’t give autonomy (especially financial autonomy)
or about to fail. to cooperatives and this is one of the major reason
 In this situation RBI brings bank under Moratorium
for failure of cooperatives
(usually applied for 6 months) , banks will be sealed  Laws hinder growth and development of cooper.-
and nobody can withdraw and deposit money in bank  Restricted autonomy- restrictions on borrowing,
 Problem was faced by people as they were not able
transactions with nonmembers, investing funds
to withdraw their money in Covid.
 So this law was Amended in 2020 for better B. COOPERATIVES INTERNAL ISSUES
management and sound regulation of cooperatives a) Elections of cooperatives are not held at time
banks b) Elections are under the control of dominant
 This Act is applicable only to (note it) members {as they (rich farmers) buy shares on
a) MSCs (Multi state cooperatives society banks) the names of their family members, who vote in
b) urban cooperatives banks (may be favor of them and make them dominant
registered as state cooperatives or multi members}. So others (rest) members become
state cooperatives) and dormant members {dormant means they loose
c) any other bank registered as multi state interest in voting as they already know who will
cooperative bank (like private cooperatives win}
etc) c) Castezition of cooperatives :- cooperatives are
 This amendment Act has two focus areas usually dominated by dominant caste , as most
a) Making Banking regulation sound, so that of members are of dominant caste (because of
banks will work like a professional bodies their numerical strength) and they give vote to
a. CEO will be appointed after permission from their dominant caste members
RBI d) Sometimes the members of board of directors
b. Recruitment to bank will be based on certain are from political parties and they get loan
qualification. waivers of the loans given by cooperatives
c. Audit of banks will be done as per RBI .therefore, PACS due to this are unsustainable
guidelines now as they are completely dependent on DCCB
d. Central banks can supersede the board of for credit and they loans are not returning back.
directors (like RBI can supersede) e) Resource constraints
b) To give autonomy to these banks  Resource crunch- inability to mobilize funds
a. They can now issue shares, bonds,  Mounting overdues -lack of recycling of funds
debentures and can raise money from the f) Infrastructure o Poor harvest technology,
market storage, marketing and processing
b. If bank is failing, RBI feels okay as there is g) Institutional constraints- o Federal cooperatives-
situation bad in society and people need competing with primary and grass root cooperatives
money , RBI will not bring bank under making then redundant over a period of time
moratorium (but can restrict some h) Lack of professional management practices
withdrawal amount)  Major issue with credit cooperatives.
 Cooperatives in financial sector- banking cooper
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 Diminishing share of agricultural lending by c) Enable development of multistate
cooper- cooperative societies
 Dual controls- RBI and state registrars A. BENEFITS OF FORMING SEPARATE
 Low level of professionalism
MINISTRY FOR COOPERATIVES
 Increasing level of sickness and growing
a) Budget allocation is now direct separate
NPAs
budgetary allocation for cooperatives that
 Lack of participation by members in
means cooperatives will now have funds
cooperatives (which is the core principle of
b) Funds can be used by state cooperatives and
cooperative movt.)
MSCs
 Dominant members -dominant interest
c) There are multiple schemes for cooperatives like
 Dormant members-
tax benefit schemes, special incentive like
 Elections and general body meeting not held
production link schemes
regularly
d) Ministry can amend Multi State Cooperative
 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE society Act to give MSCs more autonomy.
 National policy on cooperatives e) Cooperative movement can now be extended to
a) State should regulate cooperatives to ensure sectors other than agriculture sector like
that elections are held In a free, fair and manufacturing etc
transparent manner. So that cooperatives will f) Ministry can create a model cooperative law (a
remain democratic bodies. framework law ) to be adopted by states
b) Elections should be done by state election g) NITI AAYOG can create a cooperative Index,
commission. ranking states on the basis of cooperative
c) State should provide minimum qualification for performance .Means to see what is the
board of directors So that cooperatives will performance of cooperative in states to promote
remain professional bodies competitive federalism {note those states
d) State should also provide reservation to SC, ST perform better who make their law according to
and women in BOD (board of directors). that model cooperative law}
cooperatives will remain inclusive h) MoC can create global supply chains for
e) BOD will be given proper and complete cooperatives. Like FTA can have special
autonomy provisions for cooperatives products
f) State should audit support to board of directors B. NEGATIVES OF FORMING SEPARATE
(BOD)of cooperatives instead of Superseding MINISTRY FOR COOPERATIVES
BOD a) State cooperatives may not be able to compete
with MSCs
 WHAT GOVT HAS DONE TO b) Cooperative is a state subject, center takes
PROMOTE COOPERATIVES indirect control over state cooperatives by
making model laws, giving more funds to those
1. 97th CA cooperatives who have gone for adopting
a) Effective management of cooperatives center’s model cooperative law
b) A-19(1)© , A-43(B), PART 9B is inserted into the c) Administration expenses will increase , there is
constitution no point in forming a separate ministry because
c) Part 9B- dictated the following things 99% of the cooperatives are in agricultural
a. Number of directors, length of tenure of sector
directors  Overall, GOI done a good job by creating
b. Expertise required to become the director separate ministry
etc
3. BANKING REGULATION ACT, 2020
2. MINISTRY OF COOPERATION 2021 a) Applicable to primary cooperative banks and
(MoC) urban cooperative banks, state cooperative
 Earlier it was under ministry of agriculture banks and central cooperative banks-
 Formation of Ministry of cooperation:(sehkar se b) NOT applicable to PACS, other cooperative
samridhi) societies
a) To strengthen cooperative movement in c) The Bill allows the central bank to initiate a
India- by providing separate administrative, scheme for reconstruction or amalgamation of a
legal and policy framework bank without placing it under moratorium.
b) To promote ease of doing business for d) The co-operative banks will be allowed to issue
cooperatives equity, preference, or special shares on face
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value or at a premium to its members, or to any
other person residing within their area of
 COOPERATIVES TYPES INDIA
operations. 1) CONSUMERS’ CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY:
e) The banks may also issue unsecured debentures  These societies are formed to protect the
or bonds or similar securities with maturity of interest of general consumers by making
ten or more years to such persons with prior consumer goods available at a reasonable price.
approval from RBI – which is not allowed They buy goods directly from the producers or
currently manufacturers and thereby eliminate the
f) RBI may supersede the board of directors of a middlemen in the process of distribution.
multi-state co-operative bank for up to five years KendriyaBhandar, Apna Bazar and
under certain conditions. These conditions SahkariBhandar are examples of consumers’ co-
include cases where it is in the public interest for operative society.
RBI to supersede the Board, and to protect 2) PRODUCERS’ CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY:
depositors.  These societies are formed to protect the
g) Cooperative banks can open a new place of interest of small producers by making available
business or change the location of the banks items of their need for production like raw
outside of the village, town, or city in which it is materials, tools and equipments, machinery, etc.
currently located without permission from RBI. Handloom societies like APPCO, Bayanika,
4. NATIONAL POLICY ON COOPERATIVES - Haryana Handloom, etc., are examples of
producers’ co-operative society.
2002 (WAY FORWARD)
a) Cooperatives- shall remain autonomous in their 3) CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING SOCIETY:
working  These societies are formed by small producers
b) Role of govt only limited to conduct of timely and manufacturers who find it difficult to sell
elections, audit of the cooperatives, measures to their products individually. The society collects
safeguard the interest of members- transparency and the products from the individual members and
accountability takes the responsibility of selling those products
a. Elections should be conducted by independent in the market. Gujarat Co-operative Milk
body- state election commission
Marketing Federation that sells AMUL milk
b. Activate idle membership, enhance member
products is an example of marketing co-
participation
c. Provide effective audit support operative society.
d. Rehabilitation of sick societies 4) CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT SOCIETY:
e. Expedite insolvency proceeding, voluntary  These societies are formed to provide financial
winding up of cooperatives support to the members. The society accepts
c) Govt shall not interfere in the working of deposits from members and grants them loans
cooperatives at reasonable rates of interest in times of need.
d) State is committed to the cause of development of Village Service Co-operative Society and Urban
SC/ST, women and other weaker sections of society
Cooperative Banks are examples of co-operative
through cooperatives
e) State should phase out its shareholding in the
credit society.
cooperative in order to retain its autonomous 5) CO-OPERATIVE FARMING SOCIETY:
character  These societies are formed by small farmers to
f) It shall Endeavour to provide financial viability and work jointly and thereby enjoy the benefits of
resource mobilization by harnessing local savings and large-scale farming. Lift-irrigation cooperative
adequate refinance facility societies and pani-Panchayats are some of the
g) Cooperatives must be allowed to set up holding examples of co-operative farming society.
companies, enter into strategic partnerships and
6) HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY:
venture into new sunrise sectors
h) They shall be independent to take financial decisions  These societies are formed to provide residential
of their own houses to members. They purchase land,
i) Effective regulation of cooperatives in financial sector develop it and construct houses or flats and allot
and accepting public deposits the same to members. Some societies also
j) Preferential treatment to cooperatives- credit, provide loans at low rate of interest to members
consumer, services, housing, development of SC/ST, to construct their own houses. The Employees’
development of backward area Housing Societies and Metropolitan Housing Co-
k) Develop HR, cooperative education framework, operative Society are examples of housing co-
training, technologies, infrastructural facilities- to
operative society.
promote professionalism in cooperatives
l) reduction of regional imbalances

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 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE and can purchase or sell properties in its own
name.
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY 8) Distribution of Surplus: Every co-operative
 Co-operative society is a special type of business society in addition to providing services to its
organisation, its characteristics are as under members also generates some profit while
1) Open membership: The membership of a Co- conducting business. Profits are not earned at
operative Society is open to all those who have a the cost of its members. Profit generated is
common interest. A minimum of ten members distributed to its members not on the basis of
are required to form a cooperative society. The the shares held by the members (like the
Co operative societies Act do not specify the company form of business), but on the basis of
maximum number of members for any co- members’ participation in the business of the
operative society. However, after the formation society.
of the society, the member may specify the  For example, in a consumer co-operative store
maximum number of members. only a small part of the profit is distributed to
2) Voluntary Association: Members join the co- members as dividend on their shares; a major
operative society voluntarily, that is, by choice. A part of the profit is paid as purchase bonus to
member can join the society as and when he members on the basis of goods purchased by
likes, continue for as long as he likes, and leave each member from the society.
the society at will. 9) Self-help through mutual cooperation:. They
3) State control: To protect the interest of are the organisations of financially weaker
members, co-operative societies are placed sections of society. Co-operative Societies
under state control through registration. While convert the weakness of members into strength
getting registered, a society has to submit details by adopting the principle of self-help through
about the members and the business it is to mutual co-operation. It is only by working jointly
undertake. It has to maintain books of accounts, on the principle of “Each for all and all for each”,
which are to be audited by government auditors. the members can fight exploitation and secure a
4) Sources of Finance: In a co-operative society place in society.
capital is contributed by all the members.  THE SCHEME TO PROMOTE YOUNG
However, it can easily raise loans and secure ENTREPRENEURS IN COOPERATIVES
grants from government after its registration.
 Union Agriculture Ministry launched National
5) Democratic Management: Co-operative Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC’s)
societies are managed on democratic lines. The youth-friendly scheme ‘YuvaSahakar-
society is managed by a group known as “Board Cooperative Enterprise Support and Innovation
of Directors”. The members of the board of Scheme’ for attracting youth to cooperative
directors are the elected representatives of the business ventures.
society. Each member has a single vote, a) The YuvaSahakar-Cooperative Enterprise
irrespective of the number of shares held. For Support and Innovation Scheme will
example, in a village credit society the small encourage cooperatives to venture into new
farmer having one share has equal voting right and innovative areas.
as that of a landlord having 20 shares. b) NCDC has created a dedicated Rs 1000 crore
6) Service motive: Co-operatives are not formed ‘Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund
to maximize profit like other forms of business (CSIF)’. It would have more incentives
organisation. The main purpose of a Co- (funding of up to 80% as against 70% for
operative Society is to provide service to its others) for cooperatives of North Eastern
members. For example, in a Consumer Co- region, Aspirational Districts and
operative Store, goods are sold to its members cooperatives with women or SC or ST or
at a reasonable price by retaining a small margin Persons with Disabilities (PwD) members.
of profit. It also provides better quality goods to c) The scheme envisages 2% less than the
its members and the general public. applicable rate of interest on term loan for
7) Separate Legal Entity: A Co-operative Society the project cost up to Rs 3 crore including 2
is registered under the Co-operative Societies years moratorium on payment of principal.
Act. After registration a society becomes a d) All types of cooperatives in operation for at
separate legal entity, with limited liability of its least one year are eligible.
members. Death, insolvency or lunacy of a
member does not affect the existence of a
society. It can enter into agreements with others
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 NCDC:- NATIONAL COOPERATIVE  EDUCATION SECTOR: INDIA
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION  Other important points (SCHOOL EDUCATION) of
a) NCDC is a statutory corporation set up under NEP, 2020
National Cooperative Development Corporation  For restructuring the education system in India,
Act , 1962. the government is preparing to roll out New
b) The objectives of NCDC are planning and Education Policy which will cater to Indian needs
promoting programmes for production, in 4th Industrial Revolution by making use of its
processing, marketing, storage, export and demographic dividend It has three parts
import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, a) ECCE : 3 to 6 years of age
industrial goods, livestock and certain other b) School /formal 6-18years
notified commodities and services on c) Higher education +18 years
cooperative principles.  SCHOOL EDUCATION
c) NCDC functions through its Head Office at New  Problems
Delhi and multiple Regional Offices. a) Low accessibility.
d) The NCDC has the unique distinction of being the b) The curriculum doesn’t meet the developmental
sole statutory organisation functioning as an needs of children.
apex financial and developmental institution c) Lack of qualified and trained teachers.
exclusively devoted to cooperative sector. d) Substandard pedagogy.
e) NCDC is a major financial institution for e) Currently, most early childhood education is
delivered through anganwadis and private-
cooperatives, and has recently started Mission
preschools. However, there has been less focus
Sahakar 22, which aims to double farmers’
on the educational aspects of early childhood.
income by 2022 

 THE FPO: FARMERS PRODUCE  3-6 YEARS ECCE

a) Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) =
ORGANISATIONS:- b) Foundational years of the child (very
 Concept Brought by SFAC, Working under important )
ministry of agriculture c) 80% of brain development happens in this
 To facilitate this process, the Small Farmers' years , nutrition is also very important
Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) was mandated d) In rural areas it is given in Anganwadis
by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, sector, and in urban areas given in
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. Kindergarten schools
 The concept behind Farmer Producer e) Problem :- informal and not standardized as
Organizations is that farmers, who are the there is no standard curriculum and no
producers of agricultural products (like oranges standard pedagogy (style of teaching)
etc), can form groups
 FPO are registered as companies (not as  SCHOOL/FORMAL 6-18 YEAR
cooperatives) under companies Act 2013 , so 1) Primary education class 1st to -8th
that they enjoy autonomy a) Free and compulsory under Article 21A (86th CAA RTE
 SFAC functions :- Act was passed in 2009) = incentive based model for
a) will provide funds to FPO like venture capital larger goal of society
funds, equity grants and b) PRATHAM NGO said GER is around 99%, but learning
b) Acts as credit guarantors . outcomes are very poor means children are not
c) Farmers are trained in agro-processing and learning anything in schools , just going ,
marketing. Like orange producer will be  Reasons for poor learning outcomes
trained to produce orange, sorting, making a) Poor implementation of CCE
juice and selling into markets . b) No focus on ECCE (early childhood care and
d) all is done to increase farmers income. Basic education)
idea is small and marginal farmers should c) Outdated pedagogy and curriculum {No Activity
become a businessman based learning (ABL)}
 FPO stands for Farmers Producers Organisation. 2) Secondary education class 9th -12th
It is an organisation of farmer-producers a) learning outcomes are very poor means
that provide support to small farmers with end- children are not learning anything in schools
to-end services covering almost all aspects of , just going , resulting in high dropouts
cultivation from inputs, technical services to because of losing interest and poverty
processing and marketing
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b) poor implementation of vocational three years of preparatory stage (classes
education three to five), (iii) three years of middle
c) examination pattern produces stress as it stage (classes six to eight), and (iv) four years
produces rote learning of secondary stage (classes nine to 12).
d) there is no conceptual clarity c. Current education system solely focuses on
 RTE :- RIGHT TO EDUCATION 2009
rote learning. The curriculum load should be
 RTE Act is blamed. RTE act has three pillars reduced to its essential core content.
a. AAA :- age appropriate admission in schools f) School exam reforms:
b. NDP: section 16, no detention policy:- most a. Current board examinations
controversial aspect as child will not be failed. It is  Force students to concentrate only on a
criticized as it a incentive for the child to continue few subjects.
th
the study till 8 .children remain no longer serious  Do not test learning in a formative
about exams.
manner.
c. CCE:- (continuous and comprehensive evaluation)
 Cause stress among students.
:- continuous assessment of the child on periodic
bases (regular unit test), and comprehensive
b. To track students’ progress throughout their
means 360O evaluation of the child like in school experience, State Census
behavior, extracurricular, sports etc Examinations in classes three, five and eight
 The weakest link in RTE is CCE, which leads to should be established.
failure of NDP. c. Restructure the board examinations to test
 The Right to Education Act, 2009 (RTE Act): only the core concept. These board
a) Expanding the ambit of the Act to all children examinations will be on a range of subjects.
between the ages of three to 18 years, thus The students can choose their subjects, and
including early childhood education and the semester when they want to take these
secondary school education. board exams. The in-school final
b) Review recent amendments to the RTE Act on examinations may be replaced by these
continuous and comprehensive evaluation board examinations.
and the no-detention policy. g) School infrastructure:
c) There should be no detention of children till a. Although establishing primary schools in
class eight. Instead, schools must ensure that every habitation has increased the access to
children are achieving age-appropriate education, it has led to the development of
learning levels very small schools making it operationally
complex. Hence the multiple public schools
 NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020
should be brought together to form a school
a) 10+ 2 model must be replaced by {5+3+3+4}
complex.
b) 12 years of learning now becomes 15 years schools
{extra three years come from ECCE b. A complex will consist of one secondary
c) Other important points (SCHOOL EDUCATION) of school (classes nine to twelve) and all the
NEP, 2020:- For restructuring the education system in public schools in its neighborhood that offer
India, the government is preparing to roll out New education from pre-primary till classes eight.
Education Policy which will cater to Indian needs in c. These will also include anganwadis,
4th Industrial Revolution by making use of its vocational education facilities, and an adult
demographic dividend. education centre.
d) The policy recommends developing a two-part d. Each school complex will be a semi-
curriculum for early childhood care and education. autonomous unit providing integrated
a. Guidelines for up to three-year-old children. education across all stages from early
b. Educational framework for three to eight-year-
childhood to secondary education.
old children.
e. This will ensure that resources such as
c. This would be implemented by improving and
expanding the Anganwadis system and co- infrastructure and trained teachers can be
locating anganwadis with primary schools efficiently shared across a school complex.
e) Curriculum framework: h) Regulation of schools:
a. The current structure of school education to a. Separating the regulation of schools from
be restructured based on the development aspects such as policymaking, school
needs of students. operations, and academic development.
b. 10+2+3 structure to be replaced by 5-3-3-4 b. Independent State School Regulatory
design comprising: (i) five years of Authority for each state that will prescribe
foundational stage (three years of pre- basic uniform standards for public and
primary school and classes one and two), (ii) private schools.
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c. The Department of Education of the State b) to make education inclusive like focus on
will formulate policy and conduct monitoring minorities, girl child(kasturba Gandhi balika
and supervision. vidhyala 6th to 8th to 6th to 12th girl…),
O
1. FOUNDATIONAL STAGE c) tribal and naxal effected area and 360
development of child (focus on yoga,
 FIRST 5 YEARS OF STUDY:- 3 years to 6years of
sanitation(WASH:- water sanitation and
age and + 6years to 8years of age
hygiene), sports, Kaushal Vikas)
 3 to 6years = ECCE syllabus now standardized
and written by NCERT = 1) HOLISTIC APPROACH TO EDUCATION
st
a) LKG, UKG, Prep, 1 , 2 =
nd  Treat school education holistically as a
b) Letters, colors, shapes learning continuum from Pre-school to Class 12
st nd
 1 and 2 class  Inclusion of senior secondary levels and pre-
a) Activity based learning includes toys, school levels in support for School education for
games, story listening, poems, puzzles the first time
solving. It makes and develops child interest 2) ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM
in learning.  Single and unified administrative structure
b) experiential learning:- learning through real leading to harmonized implementation
life learning  Flexibility to States to prioritise their
2. PREPARATORY STAGE interventions under the Scheme
RD TH TH
 3 YEARS OF:- 3 ,4 ,5 CLASS  An integrated administration looking at ‘school’
 ABL and classroom learning as a continuum
 More time will go under activity based learning 3) FOCUS ON QUALITY OF EDUCATION
 70% ABL, 30% classroom  Enhanced focus on improving quality of
 Language proficiency learning, words learning, education by focus on the two T’s – Teachers
sentence learning and Technology
 Basic mathematics skills will be taught  Enhanced Capacity Building of Teachers and
3. MIDDLE STAGE School Heads
 3 YEARS = 6 , 7 , 8 CLASS
TH TH TH  Focus on strengthening Teacher Education
 Science and mathematics exposure Institutions like SCERTs and DIETs to improve the
 Arts exposure quality of prospective teachers in the system
 Only classroom learning  SCERT to be the nodal institution for in-service
and pre-service teacher training – will make
4. SECONDARY STAGE training dynamic and need-based.
 9TH TO 12TH CLASS  Support for RashtriyaAvishkar Abhiyan to
 Multi disciplinary approach and specialized
promote Science and Maths learning in schools.
subjects  Support Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat Programme
 Children will be given a choice to identify core
to develop foundational skills at primary level.
and non-core subjects
 Provision of library grants for every school
 MCQ based examination to minimize rote
ranging from Rs. 5000 to Rs. 20000.
learning in core subjects only no exam in non-
core subjects (to reduce stress) 4) FOCUS ON DIGITAL EDUCATION
th
 Note:- under this policy From 6 class , early,  Support ‘Operation Digital Board’ in all
coding must be taught to students (only secondary schools over a period of 5 years,
vocational). Have to make school education which will revolutionize education- easy to
more holistic understand, technology based learning
classrooms will become flipped classrooms.
 SAMAGRA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN  Enhanced use of digital technology in education
 GOI has released Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan for
through smart classrooms, digital boards and
making school education more holistic, and DTH channels
merged Sarv Shiksha Abhiyaan and Madhyamik  Digital initiatives like UDISE+, Shagun, to be
Shiksha Abhiyaan with Samagra Shiksha strengthened
Abhiyaan and  Strengthening of ICT infrastructure in schools
 Focus is now on ECCE and Secondary education
from upper primary to higher secondary level.
(by making part of school curriculum) and focus
is also on
a) Teachers and technology (2T) and

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
5) STRENGTHENING OF SCHOOLS  NIPUN BHARAT SCHEME
 Enhanced Transport facility to children across all  To improve learning outcomes
classes from I to VIII for universal access to  Target age group is 3 to 9 years (foundational
school years of life)
 Composite school grant increased from Rs.  Updating curriculum in activity based learning
14,500-50,000 to Rs. 25,000- 1 Lakh and to be like making part of thing like toys, games, story
allocated on the basis of school enrolment. listening, poems, puzzles solving
 Specific provision for Swachhta activities –  ABL training must be given to teachers
support ‘Swachh Vidyalaya’  Online portal called as “NISHTHA 3.0” is made
 Improve the Quality of Infrastructure in exclusively for teachers to train in ABL
Government Schools  There are defined targets (targets are FLN:
6) FOCUS ON GIRL EDUCATION foundational literacy and numeracy) to be
 Upgradation of Kasturba Gandhi Balika achieved for every class like census, mid-day
Vidyalayas (KGBVs) from Class 6-8 to Class 612. meal, election duties
 Self-defence training for girls from upper  NIPUN (National Initiative for Proficiency in
primary to senior secondary stage Reading with Understanding and Numeracy)
 Enhanced Commitment to Bharat Scheme.
‘BetiBachaoBetiPadhao’ 1) IT AIMS
7) FOCUS ON INCLUSION a) To cover the learning needs of children in the
 Allocation for uniforms under RTE Act enhanced age group of 3 to 9 years.
from Rs. 400 to Rs. 600 per child per annum. b) To create an enabling environment to ensure
 Allocation for textbooks under the RTE Act, universal acquisition of foundational literacy and
enhanced from Rs. 150/250 to Rs. 250/400 per numeracy, so that every child achieves the
child per annum. Energized textbooks to be desired learning competencies in reading,
introduced. writing and numeracy by the end of grade 3, by
 Allocation for Children with Special Needs 2026-27.
(CwSN) increased from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 3500 per 2) FOCUS AREAS:
child per annum. Stipend of Rs. 200 per month a) It will focus on providing access and retaining children
for Girls with Special Needs from Classes 1 to 12. in foundational years of schooling; teacher capacity
building; development of high quality and diversified
8) FOCUS ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT Student and Teacher Resources/Learning Materials;
 Exposure to Vocational Skills at Upper Primary and tracking the progress of each child in achieving
Level would be extended. learning outcomes.
 Vocational education for Class 9-12 as integrated 3) IMPLEMENTATION:
with the curriculum and to be made more a) NIPUN Bharat will be implemented by the Department of
practical and industry oriented. School Education and Literacy.
 Reinforce emphasis on ‘Kaushal Vikas’ b) The aim of the scheme is to treat school education
holistically, from pre-school to Class XII.
9) FOCUS ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL
c) Stage-wise targets are being set in a continuum from the
EDUCATION pre-primary or balvatika classes.
 Sports Education to be an integral part of 4) EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
curriculum a) Foundational skills enable to keep children in class
 Every school will receive sports equipments at thereby reducing the dropouts o improve transition
the cost of Rs. 5000 for Primary Schools, Rs. rate from primary to upper primary and secondary
10,000 for upper primary schools and up to Rs. stages.
25,000 for secondary and senior secondary b) Activity based learning and a conducive learning
environment
schools to inculcate and emphasize relevance of
c) Innovative pedagogies such as toy-based and
sports. experiential learning will be used in classroom
10) FOCUS ON REGIONAL BALANCE transactions thereby making learning a joyful and
 Promote Balanced Educational Development engaging activity.
 Preference to Educationally Backward Blocks d) Intensive capacity building of teachers will make
(EBBs), LWE affected districts, Special Focus them empowered and provide greater autonomy for
Districts (SFDs), Border areas and the 117 choosing the pedagogy.
Aspirational districts identified by Niti Aayog e) Holistic development of the child by focusing on
different domains of development like physical and
motor development, socio-emotional development,

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
literacy and numeracy development, cognitive
development, life skills etc. which are interrelated  SOLUTIONS FOR TEACHERS
and interdependent, which will be reflected in a 1) CCP:- continuous career progression.
Holistic Progress Card.  There should be a defined career path.
 There should be merit based promotion not
 TEACHERS AND CHALLENGES tenure based promotions, as this promotion will
 MUST BE TRAINED TWO TIME promote innovation
a) Pre-service training:- B.Ed course curriculum is  This will make teaching as a fashion
not updated with latest pedagogy (experiential  Robust merit based security of service
learning, ABL, sports learning, competency 2) CPD:-Continuous professional development of
based learning) teachers
b) Post service training:- training is not a) PRESET:- B.Ed course has to be revised with
institutionalized latest pedagogies like
 Activity based learning like solving puzzles
 CHALLENGES FACED BY TEACHERS for cognitive skills, story, games etc
a) Lack of quality teachers , as it is not an attractive  sports learning :-
career option as there is no fixed career  experiential learning:-
progression  it is upgraded by NCTE {decides teachers
b) Teacher’s training is poor because curriculum is curriculum) National Council for Teacher
not updated and poor institutional of in-service Education is a statutory body of Indian
training government set-up under the National
c) Engaging teachers in non-academic works Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993 in
d) Teachers are not given autonomy in teaching 1995 is to formally oversee standards,
pedagogy procedures and processes in the Indian
e) “Missing link” in Indian education system education system
f) Poor investment in teachers training b) INSET:- in service training
g) Teachers shortage, lack of professionally  NEP 2020:- says there should be minimum
qualified teachers 50 hours of INSET/year.
h) Deployment of teachers for non-educational  At state level, Training is done in SCERT
purposes (State council for education & research
i) Little focus on capacity building for teachers training) for secondary education &
j) Little link between teachers training and  there are another institutions called DIETS
education in institutions (at district level:- district institute for
k) Little knowledge and skill transfer education & training, one at each district for
 SOLUTIONS OF THESE CHALLENGES:- primary education teachers) but it is not
a) Value the professional autonomy of teachers. institutionalized
b) Build teachers’ career pathways. 3) UP GRADATION OF TEACHERS:-
c) Provide teachers with meaningful Information  there should be continuous up gradation of
and Communication Technology (ICT) training. teachers one by INSET & second by Online
d) Develop teaching governance through Modular training
consultative processes, based on mutual a) there are two portals govt has created
accountability. NEP 2020 :  NISHTHA :- there are modules
 NISHTHA 3.0 (important) :- designed for
e) A new and comprehensive National Curriculum
Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE) 2021, activity based learning
will be formulated by the National Council for b) DIKSHA {all type of modular courses will be
Teacher Education (NCTE) in consultation with available here}
National Council of Educational Research and 4) CLEAR SEPARATION OF ADMINISTRATION &
Training (NCERT). NON-ADMN. WORK
 NEP20220 says Not engaging teachers for more than
f) By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for
20% of the time in non-academic work and 20% only
teaching will be a 4-year integrated B.Ed. for administration of mid-day meal scheme
degree- high quality content, pedagogy and 5) To improve quality of teachers in Govt schools, the
practical training syllabus of CTP for central schools & TET for state
g) NISHTHA, DIKSHA schools must be updated and revised
…..3rd class ended,4th+5th Both started…. 6) NEP 2020 suggests, B.Ed is just a two year course and
problem is first have to do graduation , NEP 2020
suggests that B.ED should be made a full fledge 4 year

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
degree program by2030 to attract meritorious d) TEACHERS LEARNING
students in teaching , however, B.ED 2 years course  Two portals :- DIKSHA ,NISHTHA
must be continue as a specialized course and 4 years a. DIKSHA
degree course
 is a portal based on concept of “one nation-
7) NEP 2020 also suggests specializations of teachers ,
one digital platform”. Under this all
there should be specialized primary, secondary and
ECCE school teachers i.e better to specialize teachers
education portals in India should adhere to a
in one field common architecture named as “NDER:-
 Specialized teachers or PWDs (physically disabled National digital education architecture”.
teachers) NDER is a set of guidelines , if adhered will
 Primary may also divided into create all inclusive applications for users
a. Elementary :- 1st -5th class  PAYTM, HDFC, ICICI, SBI, GOOGLE PAY all use
b. Middle school:- 6th -8th UPI (one nation one digital platform). UPI is
8) USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION LIKE a technology.
a) DIGITAL BOARDS :-  Al inclusive app is called “Super app” like all
 operation digital board programme services are available on UPI app.
 use of animations, figures, graphs  DIKSHA is also a super app, as all tools of
 Promote audio visual learning makes leaning teaching are available on this app
impactful  DIKSHA was designed by NCERT in 2017 &
b) META WORLD :- built using open source technology “sun
 Use of virtual world which runs parallel to bird”
real world b. NISHTHA
 Like clones of everything can be used  Visit portal online
 Practical live classes , experiments, virtual e) FOR DATA COLLECTIONS
labs etc can be used in education  Like UDISE+ :- all schools in India (all means any
c) USE OF ICT IN LEARNING number of schools) have to register on UDISE+ ,
 Information communication technology and they have to upload data regarding students,
gross enrollment ration, girl child studding,
 Online distance learning both live & offline th th
students from class 6 to 8 etc, what is
mode , where physical presence is not performance of child etc
possible. Internet required.  Huge amount of data is collected and called
 Online modular courses (not entire degree “Huge data”
programs):- like crash courses , Govt has  Done for identifying gaps and also to predict the
created a portal named as “SWAYAM” future requirements and policy making in
based on concept of MOOC (massive open education
online course :- means huge variety of f) DIGITALIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL
courses and are free of cost but are online INSTITUTIONS
only)  By portal or apps (both are apps)
 It is for higher education learning  LMS:- learning management systems is a
 And for vocational courses term used for these portals
 Teleeducation  LMS provide options for online learning
 Use of satellites for communication in case
TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION-post covid-19
of internet cables or connectivity is poor or
Technology plays an important role in:
are not available
a) Improving the classroom process of teaching,
 DTH services are used with G-SAT
learning and evaluation
 Here Dish and TV is required
b) Aiding teacher training.
 GOI is running two important DTH channels
c) Improving access to education.
“SWAYAM PRABHA” & PM e-VIDYA”
d) Improving the overall planning, administration
 SWAYAM PRABHA :- Bunch of 22 DTH
and management of the entire education
channels providing courses from IITs, IIMs,
system.
NITS
Electrification of all educational institutions for
 PM e-VIDYA:- bunch of 12 channels from
paving the way for technology induction. National
class 1st to 12th
Mission on Education through ICT:
 Note:- these are not on demand, these
a) An autonomous body, National Education
curses are fixed time based. However, they
Technology Forum, set up under the Mission,
are recorded online on SWAYAM and other
will facilitate decision making on the use of
website
technology.

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
National Repository on Educational Data: maintain d) Poor wages, irregular payments , &
all records related to institutions, teachers, and employment being informal for VE students
students in digital form. makes VE unattractive.
a) Single online digital repository to make available
copyright-free educational resources in multiple
 SOLUTIONS:-
 Remove stigma of social inferiority by making VE
languages
mandatory for all students in academics
Portal is a software i.e. written through coding ,
 NEP 2020 suggests
another name of software is application . portal
a) Coding should be part of VE from 6th
connects users with service providers
onwards {Industrial revolution 4.0}
VOCATIONAL EDUCATION b) Lok Vidya:- training students in local art &
 Skill based education’ handicrafts. {culture protection & self
a) Less than 5% of the workforce in the age-group employment opportunities can be done}
of 19-24 receives vocational education in India,  Schools should tie-up with ITI and Polytechnic
in contrast to 52% in the USA, 75% in Germany colleges and higher education institutions
and 96% in South Korea. should tie-up with industries (to enhance vertical
b) National Policy on Skills Development and mobility)
Entrepreneurship (2015) aimed at offering  Earn while you learn by providing students skills

vocational education in 25% of educational (problem of drop out due to poverty can be
institutions. The policy expands this to include all solved) {dual benefit workforce can be skilled)
educational institutions in a phased manner over  B.Tech higher education courses should have

a period of 10 years. provisions for VE {should be part of their

c) Vocational courses: All school students must curriculum}
receive vocational education in at least one  WHY IS VE REQUIRED
vocation in grades 9 to 12. 1) To reap demographic dividend
d) Higher Education Institutions must offer 2) Industrial growth requires skilled workforce to
vocational courses that are integrated into give Boost manufacturing sector
undergraduate education programs. 3) To come out of middle income trap {should
th
 Part of school curriculum from class 9 to class
come out of low end manufacturing, should
12th move towards semiconductors etc industries}
 PROBLEM:- {this will increase also income level}
1) it is not imparted into schools
2) When a student come into 9th standard, two  HIGHER EDUCATION INDIA
types of students are there  STRUCTURE:
a) Good in academics :- never go for vocational a) Universities, colleges, stand alone
education institutions
b) Not good for academics or drop outs:- go for b) State vs Central
vocational education  There are three layers of HEIs
3) There is a stigma attached to vocational
education that it is done by only those who are
1. UNIVERSITY
not good in academics even if you are good in  Grand in nature (big) as they offers variety of
academics . so there is a social inferiority which courses
student suffers from  They have large number of students
4) VE in India:- only 5% of eligible workforce is  They have right to offer degrees
going for vocational education in India , as USA it  Regulated by UGC
is 52%, Germany, South Korea = 96%  Can be state and central universities but both
have to affiliated to UGC
 REASONS FOR ONLY 5%  Central comes under Ministry of human
a) Social inferiority attached with Vocational resource developemnet is converted to ministry
education (VE) of education
b) Poor connect b/w Industries and vocational  Private universities:- There can be private
educational institutions universities and are self-funded
c) Poor vertical mobility of students after  Deemed universities :- are not fully fledged
school to HEIS (means higher education universities as they can’t open affiliated college,
institutions offer limited courses in VE after but they can offer degree (recognised degrees all
school & affordability is also an issue) over India)
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 REGULATORY STRUCTURE 3. POOR EMPLOYABILITY IN HEIS
1. REGULATION :-  Skill gap is too high, poor quality of education
 UGC, AICTE, MCI  Only 45% employability
 ICAR,ICMR, ICSSR,CSIR  Upgraded curriculum not present- to enhance
 State regulators employability
 By UGC (regulate & funds)  Poor quality of education (only 14% of HEI had
 By AICTE (all India council for technical education):- NAAC accreditation and from 2017 it was made
There are certain universities and colleges compulsory)
offering technical courses  There is skill gap in what is taught & what is
 By MCI for medical required
2. ACCREDITATION:- 4. SUBOPTIMAL RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM
 Means rating of academic courses {means what  Poor focus on research, poor enrolment in Phd
is taught in campus, what type of course ) etc , it courses- 0.5%
is done by NAAC and NBA  Poor spending on R&D in India- 0.65% of GDP
 NAAC : regulate all types of academic courses  low citation impact in Phd courses No research
 NBA :- for technical course
orientation is there
 Due to lack of funds as only 0.65% of GDP is spent on
 NBA- national board of accreditation-
research {in USA/ISRAEL 5-6% of GDP is spent on
 NAAC – national assessment and accreditation
research}
Council  Research infrastructure is also not available
3. POLICY FORMULATION:-  Research is not promoted in universities
 Dept of HE  Research is not need based and not funded
 Association of Indian universities  All this lead to brain drain
 State council for HE 5. POOR QUALITY OF TEACHERS
 For state universities :- state  They don’t have global exposure
 For central university:- Ministry of Education  They are not research oriented
(USC and AICTE) 6. QUALITY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
2. COLLAGE  o Only 14% of HEI have a NAAC accreditation
 Affiliated to universities  o Not industry oriented- connect is missing
 Can offer degrees only when Affiliated to  o Not designed as per IR-4.0
universities 7. FACULTY SHORTAGES
 Offers limited programs  o Lack of world-renowned faculties teaching in
Indian universities
3. STAND ALONE INSTITUTIONS  o Poor accountability of teachers
 Not affiliated to any university or college
 ITI & polytechnic college
8. SHORTAGE OF RESOURCES
 Central vs state universities
 Offer only short duration courses
 o 65% of UGC grant is utilized by central
 PROBLEMS WITH HEI universities
9. SOCIAL INEQUITY
1. LOW GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO  o HE variations-rural, urban
 GER is very low 27% (AISHE) (as per 2019-2020) ,
 o SC, ST, Minorites
in USA 88%, China 54%
 REASONS OF LOW G-ENROLLMENT RATIO SOLUTIONS FOR HEIs
a) Lack of accessibility  NEP 2020 suggests
b) Courses are not offered in regional
1. OVERHAUL OF EDUCATION STRUCTURE ,
languages
 there should only be grand multi-disciplinary
c) SC/ST & minorities GER is poor
institutions means one district must have at
2. POOR AUTONOMY least one university and will offer all type of
 As UGC over-regulates & it looks like universities courses. It will improve accessibility
are at the mercy of UGC  UGC come up with USC cluster plan {read by
 Multiple regulators, Reduces autonomy of HE own }
institutions & Creates environment of 2. REGULATORY STRICTURE ALSO HAS TO BE
dependency OVERHAULED BY ESTABLISHING
 Poor autonomy leads to poor global ranking  NHERA for regulation and
 NAC for Accreditation,

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 UGC will do funding as per transparent 2030
criteria, 6. New UGC regulation- open and distant learning
 GEC will design course curriculum 7. Swayam portal- YB-29.12
 Regulation must be light but tight, purpose is  It is imperative to improve math and cognitive
to give more autonomy HEIs to compete skills at the school level
globally  Increase funding for research from the private
3. CREATING RESEARCH ECOSYSTEM sector as well as from state governments.
 By creating a body named “National research  The private sector should be incentivized to both
foundation {NRF), it will act as a link b/w undertake more R&D and to support STEM
universities research labs and industries {labs & research through CSR funds.
industries tell requirement to NRF and NRF will  50:50 partnerships with SERB for industry-
tell to universities} , it makes research more relevant research under the
need oriented UcchatarAvishkar Yojana (UAY)
 Ministries transfer funds to NRF and NRF than  Link national labs to universities and create new
provides funds to Universities for research knowledge eco-systems. Together they can link
 NRF will identifying the areas of research like up with the commercial sectors and help
genome sequencing , Artificial intelligence, develop industrial clusters. Take a mission-
internet of things, semiconductors driven approach to R&D – focus in a few key
 By 2030 funding should be 2.5 % of GDP areas like:
 NEP says we also have to create research  National Mission on Dark Matter, Genomics,
mindset , so schools have to focus and inculcate Energy Storage Systems
the inspiration of innovation, for this ,under NITI  National Mission on Mathematics, Cyber-
AYOG , the ATAL Tinkering labs are set up and Physical Systems, Agriculture
regular tour of research labs is also done like of  Leverage the rich scientific diaspora that India
DRDO labs posses.
SOLUTIONS:  Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired
 NEP 2020 Research (INSPIRE) Faculty Scheme.
 RISE -YB govt schemes-29.1
1. Improving student enrollment ratio
 Imprint- YB-29.24
a. 50% target by 2035
b. 3.5 crores seats to be added  Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty
2. NEW umbrella regulator for higher education Scheme (VAJRA).
 Improve the culture of research thus ‘ease of
except medical and legal courses
doing research’- less hierarchical governance
a) Aim- to grant more AUTONOMY
systems that encourages risk-taking and
b) NHERA – national higher education
curiosity
regulatory authority- regulation
c) NAC- National Accreditation Council- for  GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ON
accreditation- issues license HIGHER EDUCATION
d) UGC- Funding  Rastriya UchtarShiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)- refer
e) GEC- will set standards of education yellow book govt schemes- 29.10
3. National Research foundation (NRF)  IoE: Institutions of Eminence 2017
a) Autonomous APEX body to fund, mentor-  Under IoE, UGC was tasked to select 10
R&D government universities and 10 private ones as
b) NRF will ensure overall research ecosystem IoE. These would be given autonomy in
in the country is strengthened with focus on operations.
areas relevant to national priorities without  Selected government institutions would be
duplication of effort and expenditure. provided with ₹1,000 crore over five years.
c) The funds available with all Ministries will be  National Institutional Ranking
integrated into NRF.
4. Moving towards liberal approach
Framework (NIRF) 2015
 NIRF is a methodology adopted by the MHRD to
a) UG -multidisciplinary courses- a common
rank higher education institutions in India.
curriculum, with 1-2 specialization
 NIRF is common for public and private
b) year degree in liberal arts
institutions as well as state and central
5. Faculty development
institutions.
a) Continuous Professional Development
 Comparison of state-level colleges with
program
central and private colleges may lead to a
b) Employment track system for faculty by
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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
vicious cycle of low funding, poor measuring the progress online.
performance, low ranks among state-level 3. DIKSHA
institutions because of the resource gap.  YB- govt schemes 29.30

 So performance index values should be 4. VAJRA

5. RISE
normalized with respect to investments and
6. NIPUN
resources that have gone into that
7. SMAGRA
institution.
 Also should consider making another ranking  UNITED INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR
system for state-level institutions. EDUCATION PLUS (UDISE+) 2019-20
 HEFA: Higher Education Financing  It is one of the largest Management Information
Systems on school education. It was launched in
Agency 2018 2018-2019 to speed up data entry, reduce errors,
 Introduced in Budget 2018-19, HEFA is a joint venture improve data quality and ease its verification.
of MHRD and Canara Bank a) It is an application to collect the school details about
 capital base of Rs 1,000 crores, factors related to a school and its resources.
 it will act as a not-for-profit organization that will  It is an updated and improved version of UDISE,
leverage funds from the market and supplements which was initiated in 2012-13 by the Ministry of
them with donations and CSR funds. Education.
 These funds will be used to finance improvement b) It covers more than 1.5 million schools, 8.5 million
in infrastructure in top institutions. teachers and 250 million children.
 It has been tasked with raising ₹1 lakh crore to c) It helps measure the education parameters from
finance infrastructure improvements in higher classes 1 to 12 in government and private schools
education by 2022. across India.
 APPENDIX  Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) at all levels of school

 NISHTA education has improved in 2019-20 compared to

 MoE has launched ‘National Initiative for School 2018-19.
 Upper Primary Level increased to 89.7% from
Heads and Teachers Holistic Advancement
(NISHTHA)’, a national mission to improve learning 87.7%.
 Elementary Level increased to 97.8% from 96.1%.
outcomes at the elementary level.
 Secondary Level increased to 77.9% from 76.9%.
1. Teachers will develop their skills on various aspects
 Higher Secondary Level increased to 51.4% from
related to:
 Learning Outcomes, 50.1%.
 GER is the number of students enrolled in a given
 Competency-Based learning and Testing,
 Learner-centered Pedagogy, level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a
 School Safety and Security, percentage of the official school-age population
 Personal-social qualities, corresponding to the same level of education.
 Inclusive Education,  PUPIL TEACHER RATIO:
 ICT in teaching-learning including Artificial  In 2019-20, 96.87 lakh teachers were engaged in
Intelligence, school education. This is higher by about 2.57 lakh
 Health and well-being including yoga, compared to 2018-19.
 Initiatives in School Education including library,  The Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR) has improved at all
eco-club, youth club, kitchen garden, levels of school education.
 School Leadership qualities,  ENROLMENT OF DIVYANG STUDENTS:
 Environmental Concerns,  Enrolment of Divyang students has increased by
 Pre-school, Pre-vocational Education and School- 6.52% over 2018-19.
Based assessment.
 States and UTs have an option to contextualize  ENROLMENT OF GIRLS:
the training modules and use their own material  o In 2019-20, enrolment of girls from primary to
and resource persons also, higher secondary is more than 12.08 crore. This
 The prominent features of the programme are is an increase by 14.08 lakh compared to 2018-
activity based modules including in-built 19.
continuous feedback mechanism, online
monitoring and support system, training need
 GENDER PARITY INDEX:
and impact analysis (Pre and Post training).  Between 2012-13 and 2019-20, the Gender
2. A Mobile App and Learning Management System Parity Index (GPI) at both Secondary and Higher
(LMS) based on MOODLE (Modular Object-Oriented Secondary levels have improved.
Dynamic Learning Environment) have been  GPI in primary, secondary and tertiary education
developed by NCERT. is the ratio of the number of female students
 LMS will be used for registration of Resource Persons enrolled at primary, secondary and tertiary
and Teachers, dissemination of resources, training levels of education to the number of male
gap and impact analysis, monitoring, mentoring and
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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
students in each level. mid-wife), she is a trained nurse to perform
 Improvement of GPI has been most pronounced institutional delivery
at the higher secondary level, which has gone up c) For every 30000 population there shall be
to 1.04 in 2019-20 from 0.97 in 2012-13. PSC {Public health care sector} , there must
 IOC 2017 be an MBBS doctor, assisted by two male
staffs and female staff
 yellow book
 DON’T COMPARE STATE UNIVERSITIES 2. SECONDARY HEALTH CARE CENTERS
 They are referral care centers and are SHCs are
WITH CENTRAL UNIVERSITIES {HINDU
urban oriented
ARTICLE}
 Accessibility from remote areas is an issue for
 NIRF ranking for state and central universities
rural areas
 NIRF ranking started in 2015
 It is missing middle. (means Primary and tertiary
 Central universities only have 20% of student
healthcare are funded properly by Govt and
load but they receive 60% of funds from UGC
private entities respectively but secondary
 central universities perform high ranks and gets
sector remains inadequate funded and lacks
more good ranks relatively
investment in infrastructure)
 this creates a vicious cycle for state universities
 Lack of specialist willing to work in rural areas
HEALTH SECTOR INDIA  deals with Non-communicable disease
 STRUCTURE
 There are three parts of health sector
a) Every block will have CHC :- community health
1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTER care center, here you find limited (in 10 areas)
 PHCs are First point of contact specialist care
 Any problem related body b) At district level, all type of specialist care will be
 More or less related to mother and child health available
care  Weakest health care sector
 Mainly deals with communicable disease 3. TERTIARY HEALTH CARE
 Inadequate quantity and quality (presence of
 It is also a Referral sector
quacks) of doctors as doctors don’t want to work
 deals with Non-communicable disease
in rural areas rd
 Super-specialty care , 2/3 of tertiary health
 Main focus of primary health care centers care is privatized
a) RMNCHA+:-  Expensive medical care, becomes non-affordable
b) Communicable diseases for many
c) They are rural oriented as PHCs are missing  Insurance penetration is very low, and insurance
in urban areas is the master key to use these services
 No focus on  Health Insurance coverage
 Non-communicable disease a) 14% in rural areas
 Preventive health care (sanitation, nutrition, b) 18% in urban areas
vaccination)(early screening and diagnosis)  So need more insurance coverage to get rid of
Note:- Visit website of National health mission these expensive treatments.
and read Rogi Kalyan Smiti and ASHA and village  They are urban oriented (reflection of regional
health san committee disparity) mainly in capital cities and in
metropolitan areas , increase the problem of
 Given by a state under NHM {national
accessibility and it increases non-medical
health mission) , Under NHM there are two
expenditures like of travelling, lodging etc
A. NUHM:- 2013:-  OOPE (out of pocket expenditure) also increases
 in every urban areas you have to set up primary as in 2013-14 it was 62% and now it has reduced
health care centers to 48.8%
B. NRHM:- 2005
 Three tier structure
 Main focus
a) Non-communicable diseases
a) One ASHA + one Anganbadi worker in every
b) Trans-plants etc
village
 ASHA:- aware about reproductive , maternal  OVERALL HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS
child care  There is no universal health care (UHCs=
b) For every 5000 population there is a sub healthcare for all) in India
center and there is one ANM (Auxiliary nurse  High OOPE in India
 Insurance penetration is low
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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 Poor digitalization of health care especially PHCs 4) Govt will provide subsidize treatment to EWS in
and SHCs these district hospitals
 State expenditure on healthcare is only 1.2% of 5) In CHCs (community health care centers), there
GDP in total of center and state, it is so low in is a Dravidian model of health care (Tamil nadu
Huge country like India model of health care) means
 India is facing dual burden of communicable and  50% of seats are reserved in PG courses for
non-communicable disease (NCDs). As per 2017- those who have served in rural areas for
NHP, 62% of the reported cases are NCDs three years (addressing the shortages of dr.
 SOLUTIONS :-THESE PROBLEMS in PHCs)
 Doctors who take benefit of reservation are
A. IN PHCs made to sign bond that they will serve as
1) They should provide comprehensive health care, specialist of the state throughout their life
means include  This solves the problem of shortage of the
 Preventive health care specialists in SHCs
 Treatment for NCD (at least early screening
and diagnose)
C. In THCs
1) We have to increase insurance penetration
 Palliative care (providing support to those
2) Creating national health regulatory authority
who are critically ill like in Comma etc)
and standardization authority (to check and
 Geriatric care (care for old age people)
balance the rates and treatment), to standardize
 To provide the comprehensive health care, Govt
and regulate the super-specialty care
has launched scheme called Ayushmanbharat in
3) PSSY (PM Swasthya Suraksha yojana (2003),
2018 and it has two components
correcting regional imbalances in availability of
a) JAY:- Jan Arogya yojana
affordable THCs by two ways
 It is insurance scheme
 Opening 22 AIIMS across country (6 are fully
b) Setting up of health and wellness centers
functional , 16 have cabinet approval almost
 PHCs and sub centers will be replaced by
infrastructure is ready)
health and wellness centers at urban as well
 Upgradation of Govt medical hospitals and
as rural areas
colleges
 At present there are 1.5 lakh PSEs in India and
they provide free of cost all these facilities:-  OVERALL HEALTH CARE SOLUTIONS
 NCD health care 1) State should increase its expenditure upto 5-6% of
 Rehabilitation health care from drugs GDP
 Preventive health care 2) State should go for strategic purchasing of health
 Mental health care care{state has limited resources so they must be used
in right order}. Since state has limited resources , it
 Palliative care (providing support to those
must utilize resources in following order
who are critically ill like in Comma etc) a) Increase insurance coverage
 Geriatric care (care for old age people) b) Strategic partnership with private sector (to
 Ovral eye and ENT (ear,nose,throat) services provide healthcare at reasonable cost) and
 Free essential drugs c) PPP must be provided in SHCs
 Basic diagnostics facilities d) Govt should set up its own medical hospitals
 Diabetes and hypertension screening where healthcare services should be provided at
 Note:- no specialist care is provided affordable rate or free of cost
2) Integrate AYUSH (alternate medicine system) by  These all must be done in order from a to d if
co-locating AYUSH in HWC( health & wellness money is being left within Govt budget
centers)  UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE (UHCs)
B. IN SHCs  Health for all in an equitable and affordable
1) In 2017, NITI AYOG released draft paper on PPP manner
(public private partnership) in SHCs , name of  It also includes “HEALTH IN ALL” means
the paper is “Draft Model concessioner comprehensive health care
agreement”  Jean Drèze said there are two methods to
2) Private sector will construct and build district provide UHC
hospitals and charge for services for a short a) UHCs as public service and
duration of time and transfer it back to the Govt.  health care services should be provided free
3) These district hospitals will also have medical of cost to its citizens , only possible for PHCs,
colleges to address shortages of doctors in the with focus on preventive health care like
country. yoga, sanitation, vaccination

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 Govt providing this via health and wellness social insure
centers (2018)
b) Social insurance:- 
HEALTH CARE DIGITALIZATION
 For secondary and tertiary healthcare .  PM AYUSHMAN BHARAT NATIONAL
covering large population with insurance
 Given through PM JAY (2018):-
DIGITAL HEALTH MISSION
 There are 4 points in this
 health insurance around 40% of the
population by covering 10 crore 1) MAKING DIGITAL ID FOR ALL
 Also called ABHA number (14 digit number)
household.
(Ayushman Bharat Health Account) Address is a
 5 lakh rupees for treatment in SHC and
unique identifier (self declared username) that
THC and this is cashless card. enables you to share and access your health records
 This card is portable (anyone can take digitally.
benefit within 5 lakh for the entire  It will have all history of health checkups
family and not for individual, it is  Cash less health insurance card will be attached with
charged every year) ABHA.
 Card can be used in private as well as in 2) HEALTH PROFESSIONAL REGISTRY
public hospitals.  Comprehensive repository of health care
 It can be used for any kind of treatment professionals
except cosmetic surgery 3) HEALTH FACILITY REGISTRY
 Beneficiaries are identified through  For example all hospitals (all means all), diagnostics
socio-economic caste census 2011 labs , pharmacies and imaging centers (X-ray, MRI
 40% cost= by state
etc) all’s registry will be made
 60% cost= worn by center 4) UNIVERSAL HEALTH INTERFACE (UHI)
 It is akin to (same to) UPI
 Implemented by National health
 It is a technology as well as guidelines
authority
 It can be totally online
 Pre-hospitalization and cost of
medicines will also be covered here.  USE OF ICT IN HEALTH CARE
Upto 15 days post-discharge medicine 1) ICT, or information and communications
will be covered under insurance technology (or technologies), helps in online
 Rich must buy health insurance policy. consultation with doctors (DIGI Doctor)
 WHY STATE SHOULD PROVIDE UHCs 2) Robotic surgeries to be done through IoT ( internet of
things) (Nano bots can also perform target delivery of
a) Majority of population is poor in India
medicine as well as surgery)
b) Poverty is the biggest hindrance in providing 3) Use of wearable devices (like footsteps count etc) as
health care they collect huge amount of data to predict future
c) Increase life expectancy from 64 to 70 years health. Startups attract fitness and instant medicine
d) OOPE is very huge in India (only48.8%) deliveries and diet plans are done by Startups (like
e) Increased productivity of workforce healhifyme)
 CHALLENGES IN PROVIDING UHCs 4) E-pharmacy = online delivery of medicines.
a) State has limited resources and population  ONE HEALTH CONCEPT:-
base is very high
 Health of people is closely connected with
b) Limited expenditure on health care (THCs
health of animals and environment
are almost privatized)
 Therefore designing and implementing program,
c) Lack of healthcare professionals and low
policies not only effecting humans but health of
insurance penetration (missing middle class
animals and environment also
)(health insurance must be made attractive
 There is rising number of zoonotic infections in
by FDI, giving tax breaks on health
the country because of close contact with
insurance)
animals
 SHOULD HEALTH CARE BE A FUNDAMENTAL  Global movement of disease across borders has
RIGHT OR NOT ? increased the spread of disease globally
 Intro:- Neither it is an inferred right under Art-21  Intensive farming practices because of climate
 Body:- problems in making fundamental right change have increased interaction b/w humans
{like litigation , state expenditure, population and animals
base high write all problems of UHCs etc}  Information on viral agents in zoonotic is
 Conclusion:- however state must go first important to develop vaccines
towards UHC by providing Public service and

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 It is important to understand drug resistance  Poor spending of the govt in this sector
microbes 4) OTHER OVERALL PROBLEMS
 PM AYUSHMAN BHARAT HEALTH  No Universal health care
 High OOPE
INFRASTRUCTURE MISSION PM ABHIM
 Poor Insurance coverage(14%-rural areas,
1) Making infrastructure with excess capacity
18% in urban areas)
(lesson from corona)
 Digitalization of health care
 Focus on PHCs by setting up 29000 health and
 State expenditure on healthcare- 1.2%-1.6%
wellness centers
of GDP
 Critical care hospitals blocks in all districts
 CHCs will have total capacity of 37,000 ICU  SOLUTIONS
beds (all India level) with ventilator and 1) PHC- AREA OF PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE
oxygen support  Focus on health and wellness centres- under
 Full range of diagnostic services in all Ayushmanbharat
districts  Comprehensive PHC package includes geriatric
2) Holistic healthcare to detect and diagnose health care, palliative care and rehabilitative
future pandemics . care
 4 new virology labs will be set up  The facilities which start providing the larger
 15 bio safety labs will keep check on entry package of comprehensive primary health care
and exist point will be called Health and Wellness Centers
 To create IT enabled disease surveillance  Setting up health centres in Urban, peri urban
system by creating a series of IT areas- NUHM- focus on NCD like hypertensions
infrastructure labs and diabetes- early detection
 Specialist, logistic support, referral backup
 HANDOUT MATERIAL HEALTHCARE
 Focus on preventive care
 HEALTH CARE STRUCTURE IN INDIA  Governance of Primary health care centre- social
 Primary audit
 Secondary  Aayush integration -3D-
 Tertiary  Health card- Digital mission on health
 AYUSH-alternative medicine system
2) SHC
 National health policy -2017
 “Strategic purchasing” of Secondary and Tertiary
 PROBLEMS health care
1) PHC  Strategic purchasing means govt acting as a
 Inadequate- quantity and quality-rural focus only  Accessibility o Technology- health card,
 Mainly deals with communicable diseases, integration with PHC
however there is increase in burden for non-  Insurance-to reduce OOPE
communicable diseases  Drugs, diagnostics, emergency and ICU
 No focus on diagnosis and prevention  AAYUSH integration
 Only ‘sick-care’, or mother and child care 3) THC
oriented  Quality, insurance, focus on Non Communicable
 Non- integration of Ayush diseases
 Presence of Quarks  Regional, zonal and apex referral centres
2) SHC  New medical colleges, nursing institutions, AIIMS
 Urban oriented  PPP model
 Accessibility- 80% doctors, 75%dispensaries,  PM swasthya suraksha yojna
60%hospitals=urban areas  Correcting regional imbalances in the
 Poor PPP availability of affordable tertiary health care
 Weak PHC and non reach ability  Augment medical education in India
 Poor governance and accountability  Setting up of 22 AIIMS across India,
3) THC upgradation of govt medical colleges
 Oriented mainly in urban areas, regional 4) INCREASE IN HEALTH EXPENDITURE TO 5%-
disparities 6% OF GDP
 High OOPE
5) UNIVERSALIZATION OF HEALTH CARE
 No standardization or evidence based
6) OOPE-
guidelines
 Private sector oriented(2/3)

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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
7) NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017  retain a certain excess capacity in terms of
health infrastructure, human resources, and
a) Why new health policy?
technology which can be mobilized in times of
▪Growing incidences of catastrophic health
crisis.
expenditure- contributor to poverty
i) ‘Health in All’ along with ‘Health for All’-
▪Focus now from communicable to non-
communicable diseases comprehensive health care in a equitable
▪ Emergence of robust health care industry and efficient manner
b) Collaboration and regulation with private  UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
sector  All people have access to health services when
▪ 2/3 services provided by private sector and where needed, without any financial
▪ Increase accountability of private sectors – hardships
• Tribunals for redressal of grievances  Sectoral and segmented approach to
•National Healthcare standard organization- comprehensive health delivery
accreditation  Why UHC?
c) Sick care and wellness centres -- Preventive  Poverty reduction- high OOPE
health care  Increase in life expectancy, lower IMR,MMR,
▪7 priority areas for prevention- SBA, balanced diets, health inequalities
yatrisuraksha, nibhayanari, reduced stress, no indoor  Majority of the population doesn’t have
outdoor pollution access to health care
▪ Early screening and preventive diagnosis  Economic boost- growth of medical industry
▪ Greater focus on occupational hazards  Better health better contribution to labour
▪ Commitment to pre-emptive care force
 Child and adolescent health through schools
and hygine curriculum-yoga in schools,
 Challenges
integration of ayush  Poor health infrastructure- lack of
 Health and wellness centres preventive care
▪ ASHA to be supported with health care workers-  Underfunding -only 1.5% of GDP
(for NCD)  Pre-dominance of private sector in THC, SHC
 HC workers- palliative care and mental  Low insurance penetration
health care  WAY FORWARD:
 Formation of Village health sanitation and  Recommendations of NHP-2017
nutrition committee(VHSNC)  PPP-
d) Urban health care  Universal access to medicines, diagnostic
▪ Universalization of NUHM facilities- generic medicine, Jan Aushadhi
▪Addressing primary health care for urban Kendras
population  Community participation and citizens
 Air pollution, vector control, reduction of engagement- awareness
violence, urban stress  Merging of other non-health initiatives- SBA,
e) Public expenditure on health care- 2.5% of women and child development, nutrition
GDP by 2025 by centre  Ayushman Bharat
 Resource allocation to states to be linked with  Digital health
state development indicators, absorptive
capacity, financial indicators  OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE
 Data: as per national health accounts: 30 nov 2021
f) Affordable health care
 As a share of total health expenditure, OOPE has
 Universal access to drugs, diagnostics, come down to 48.8% in 2017-18 from 64.2% in
emergency, essential services 2013-14.
 Every family to have a health card  Increase in the share of Government health
g) Mainstreaming Aayush- medical pluralism expenditure in the total GDP of the country. It
 3d integration – cross referral, co-location, has increased from 1.15% in 2013-14 to 1.35% in
integrative practices 2017-18.
 Enabling environment for practice, regulatory  Additionally, the share of Government Health
framework, encouraging cross referrals Expenditure in total health expenditure has also
increased to40.8% in 2017-18, from 28.6% in
 Rural as well as urban areas
2013-14
h) For handling medical disasters and health  The share of primary healthcare in current
security, Government health expenditure has increased
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 NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
from 51.1% in 2013-14 to 54.7% in 2017-18.  Digi doctor
 The primary and secondary care accounts for  Health facility registry
more than 80% of the current Government  Electronic medical records
health expenditure.  Telemedicines, tele oncology, tele
 There has been an increase in share of primary
ophthalmology
and secondary care in case of Government health
expenditure.
 Hospital management systems- Practo
 In case of private sector, share of tertiary care  Start ups promotion
has increased but primary and secondary care 2) Digitalization of healthcare
show a declining trend.  Use of ICT for better medical care
 Between 2016-17 and 2017-18 in Government  Include- Telemedicine, health care
sector the share of primary and secondary care monitoring devices, e-pharmacies, e health
has increased from 75% to 86%. card, e-insurance, robot assisted surgeries,
 Also the share of social security expenditure on digi locker for health records.
health, which includes the social health insurance
 Computerization of hospitals, especially PHC
programme, Government financed health
insurance schemes, and medical reimbursements ……………..4th + 5th class ended………….
made to Government employees, has increased.
 Why?
 High cost of medicines-(60-70% of the cost
of treatment), not covered by insurance
companies
 High cost of non medical expenditure-
travelling expenses, lodging charges of
escort, attendant charges etc (because of
Regional disparities in THCs)
 Private sector dominance
 India spends only 0.1%on funded drugs
 Low penetration of insurance sector
 SOLUTIONS
 Jan Aushadhi Kendras- provide 800-900
generic drugs at affordable prices
 Increase insurance penetration-
 Targeted insurance products
 Coverage of medicines in insurance
 Increasing FDI in health insurance
 Ayushman Bharat
 Health and wellness Centres
 PM- JAY Jan Arogya Yojna
 Providing a health cover of Rs 5Lakh per family
per year (identified from socio economic caste
census 2011) for secondary and tertiary care
hospitalization to vulnerable section(40% of
Indian population)
 Cashless and paperless access to services- both
public and private hospitals
 Funded by both states(40) and centre(60)
 Implemented by national health authority
 Issues in implementation
 Coverage of medicines only upto 15days
post discharge
 Absence of many private hospitals in the
network of empanelled hospitals
 THE DIGITALIZATION OF HEALTH
INFRASTRUCTURE
1) National Digital health mission
 Unified digital health infrastructure
 Health id

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