WIS210S

MATHEMATICS II

Part 2: Integrals Calculus

Lecture 1
Review of standard Integration Techniques
 Integration and Its Applications
3.1
 Review of the use of table of the standard integrals to
obtain Indefinite/Definite Anti derivatives( integrals) of
functions
 Integration by Substitution
 Integration by part
 Integration by Partial Fractions
 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
 Finally part 2.2 will Cover the applications of
integration:
 Using Integration to obtain area between two curves.
 Using integration to determine volumes of solids of revolution.
The process of Integration (Anti-derivatives)

 The process of integration reverses the process of

differentiation ( in some books called anti-derivative of
a function).

 A function F is an integration (anti-derivative) of f on

an interval I if F ′(t) = f(t) for all of t in I.
 Example1
 Let F ( x)  13 x 3  2 x 2  x  1
 Show that F is an integration( anti-derivative ) of

f ( x)  x 2  4 x  1
Solution
 Differentiating the function F, we obtain
F ( x)  x 2  4 x  1  f ( x)

Therefore, the integration of f(x) =F(x) (and the desired

result follows).

Example 1, page 398

 Example 2
 Let F(x) = x, G(x) = x + 2, H(x) = x + C, where C is a
constant.
 Show that F, G, and H are all integration (anti-
derivatives ) of the function f defined by f(x) = 1.
Solution d
F ( x )  ( x )  1  f ( x )
 Since dx
d
G( x )  ( x  2)  1  f ( x )
dx
d

H ( x)  ( x  C )  1  f ( x)
dx
we see that F, G, and H are indeed integration ( anti-
derivatives) of f.
Example 2, page 398
Cont.
 The process of finding all the integrals (anti-derivatives )
of a function is called integration or anti-differentiation
We use the symbol ∫ ( elongated s letter), called an
integral sign, to indicate that the operation of integration
is to be performed on some function f.

 Thus,
1 dx  x  C   K
2
and 2 x dx x

where C and K are arbitrary constants.

Basic Integration Rules

 Rule 1: The Integral of a Constant k is:

 kdx  kx  C (k , a constant)
 Example 3:
 Find each of the following integrals:

a.  2dx b.  dx
 2

Solution
 Each of the integrals had the form f(x) = k, where k is a
constant.
 Applying Rule 1 in each case yields:

a.  2dx  2 x  C b.     x C
2 2
dx

Example 4, page 400

Basic Integration Rules
 From the rule of differentiation,
d n
x  nx n 1
dx
we obtain the following rule of integration:

 Rule 2: The Power Rule

1 n 1
 x dx  n  1 x  C (n  1)
n
 Example 4:
 Find the integrals:
1 4
a)  x dx  4 x  C
3

1
b)  x dx  x 5/2  C
3/2
5
2

2 5/2
 x C
5
1
 x 3/2  dx
3/2
c) dx  x
1 1/2
 1 x C
2
 2 x 1/2  C
2
  1/2  C
Example 5, page 401 x
Basic Integration Rules

 Rule 3: The Integral of a Constant Multiple of a

Function

 cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx
where c is a constant.
 Example 5:
 Determine the integrals:
   dt
3 3
a) 2t dt 2 t
1 4 
 2 t  K 
4 
1 4
 t  2K
2
1 4
 t C
2
b)
  dx
2 2
3x dx  3 x
 3( 1) x 1  C
3
 C
x
Example 6, page 402
Basic Integration Rules

 Rule 4: The Sum Rule

  f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

  f ( x)  g ( x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

 The integral of addition: When a sum of several

terms is integrated, the result is the sum of the
integrals of the separate terms.
 Example6:
 Find the integral:

  dx
1/2
3 x 5
 4 x 3/2
 2 x

  3x 5dx   4 x 3/2dx   2 x 1/2dx

 3 x 5dx  4  x 3/2dx  2  x 1/2dx

1 6  2  5/2
 3   x  4   x  2  2  x1/2  C
6  5
1 6 8 5/2
 x  x  4 x1/2  C
2 5

Example 7, page 402

Basic Integration Rules
 Rule 5: The Integral of the Exponential Function

  C
x x
e dx e

Example7:
Find the integral:

    
x 3
(2 x
e  x 3
) dx 2 e dx x dx

 2  e x dx   x 3dx
1 4
 2e  x  C
x

4
Basic Integration Rules

 Rule 6: The Indefinite Integral of the Function f(x) = x–1

1
 x dx   x dx  ln x  C
1
( x  0)
 Example 8:

 Determine the integral:

 3 4 3 4
  2x  x  x 2  dx   2 xdx   x dx   x 2 dx
1
 2  xdx  3 dx  4  x 2dx
x

1 2
 2   x  3ln x  4( 1) x 1  C
2
4
 x  3ln x   C
2

Example 9, page 403

Standard Integrals Form
 As we seen so far the integration is reverse process of differentiation, the
standard integrals are listed in the below table:

This table is taken from Higher Engineering Mathematics by J.Bird, 5th ed.2006
Standard integrals Forms
 the integrals containing the arbitrary constant C in their results as
we observed during our discussion are called Indefinite integrals
since their value can not be determined without further
information.(unknown ).
 More examples on the standard indefinite integrals will be
provided and explained to the class on the black board (see the
examples).
Integration by the Substitution
 Consider the indefinite integral

  5
2(2 x 4) dx

 One way to solve this integral is to expand the

expression and integrate the resulting integrand term by
term.
 An alternative approach simplifies the integral by making
a change of variable.
 Write u = 2x + 4
with differential du = 2dx
Cont.
 Substitute u = 2x + 4 and du = 2dx in the original
expression:

       du
5 5 5
2(2 x 4) dx (2 x 4) (2dx ) u

 Now it’s easy to integrate:

1 6
 u du  6 u  C
5

 Replacing u by u = 2x + 4, we obtain:
1 6
 2(2 x  4) dx  6 u  C
5

1
 (2 x  4)6  C
6
Cont.
 We can verify the result by finding its derivative:

d 1  1
 (2 x  4) 6
 C    6  (2 x  4) 5
 (2)
dx  6  6
 2(2 x  4)5

 The derivative is indeed the original integrand

expression.
The Method of Integration by Substitution
Step 1 Let u = g(x), where g(x) is part of the
integrand, usually the “inside function” of
the composite function f(g(x)).
Step 2 Find du = g′(x)dx.
Step 3 Use the substitution u = g(x) and du = g′(x)dx
to convert the entire integral into one
involving only u.
Step 4 Evaluate the resulting integrand.
Step 5 Replace u by g(x) to obtain the final solution
as a function of x.
 Example:9
Find  
2 4
 2 x ( x 3) dx

Solution
Step 1 The integrand involves the composite function
with “inside function”
( x 2  3)4
So, we choose g ( x)  x 2  3

u  x2  3

Example 1, page 413

 Cont.
Find  
2 4
 2 x ( x 3) dx

Solution
Step 2 Find du/dx and solve for du:
u  x2  3
du
 2x
dx
du  2 xdx

Example 1, page 413

 Cont.
Find  
2 4
 2 x ( x 3) dx

Solution
Step 3 Substitute u = x2 + 3 and du = 2xdx, to obtain an integral
involving only u:

    
2 4 2 4
2 x ( x 3) dx ( x 3) (2 xdx )

  u 4du

Example 1, page 413

 Cont.
Find  
2 4
 2 x ( x 3) dx

Solution
Step 4 Evaluate the integral:
1 5
 u du  u C
4

Step 5 Replace u by x2 + 3 to find the solution:

1 2
    C
2 4 5
2 x ( x 3) dx ( x 3)
5

Example 1, page 413

 Example 10
 dx
3x
 Find e

Solution
 Let u = –3x, so that du = –3dx, or dx = – ⅓ du.
 Substitute to express the integrand in terms of u:

 1  1 u
 e dx   e   3 du    3  e du
3 x u

 Evaluate the integral:

1 u 1 u
  e du   e  C
3 3
 Replace u by –3x to find the solution:
1 3 x
 e dx   3 e  C
3 x

Example 4, page 414

 Example 11:
x
 Find  3x 2
1
dx

Solution
 Let u = 3x2 + 1, so that du = 6xdx, or 1/6 x dx = du.
 Substitute to express the integrand in terms of u:
x 1 1 1 1 1
 3x 2  1 dx   3x 2  1 ( xdx)   u  6 du  6  u du
 Evaluate the integral:
1 1 1

6 u
du  ln u  C
6
 Replace u by 3x2 + 1 to find the solution:
x 1
 3x 2  1 6  1  C
2
dx ln 3 x
Example 5, page 415
 Example 12:
(ln x )2
 Find  2 x dx
Solution
 Let u = ln x, so that du = 1/x dx, or dx/x = du.
 Substitute to express the integrand in terms of u:
(ln x )2 1 2 dx 1 2
 2 x dx  2  (ln x) ( x )  2  u du
 Evaluate the integral:
1 2 1 1 3 1 3
2  u du   u  C  u  C
2 3 6
 Replace u by ln x to find the solution:
(ln x )2 1
 2x  C
3
dx (ln x )
6
Example 6, page 415
 Definite Integrals

Integrability of a Function

 Let f be a continuous on [a, b]. Then, f is

integrable on [a, b]; that is, the definite integral
exists.
b
a
f ( x )dx

y
b
A   f ( x )dx  R11  R22  R33
b

y  f ( x)
a
a

R1 R3
x
a b
R2
Geometric Interpretation of the Definite
Integral
 The definite integral is equal to the area of the region
under the graph of f on [a, b]:

y  f ( x)

b
A   f ( x )dx
a

x
a b
Theorem 2
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

 Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then,

b
a
f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

where F is any integration (anti-derivative ) of f; that

is, F ′(x) = f(x).
 Solution
 By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we have
3 1 2
A   xdx  x  C 1
3
1 2
9  1 
  C C
2  2 
4
 Thus, the area A of region is 4 square units.
 Note that the constant of integration C dropped out.
This is true in general.

Example 1, page 431

 Example 14
 Find the area of the region under the graph of y = x2 + 1
from x = –1 to x = 2.
Solution
 Using the fundamental theorem of calculus, we find that
the required area is 2
2 1 3 
1   
2
( x 1) dx  x x 
 3  1
1 3  1 
  (2)  (2)    ( 1)  ( 1) 
3

3  3 
8 1
  2  1
3 3
6
or 6 square units.
Example 3, page 432
Properties of the Definite Integral
Let f and g be integrable functions, then
a
1. 
a
f ( x )dx  0

b a
2.  a
f ( x )dx    f ( x )dx
b

3. b b

a
cf ( x )dx  c  f ( x )dx
a
(c, a constant )

4.
  f ( x)  g ( x) dx  
b b b
f ( x )dx   g ( x )dx
a a a

b c b
5.  a
f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx   f ( x )dx
a c
( a  c  b)
 Example 15: Using the Method of
Substitution
Evaluate 4 x 9  x 2 dx

0
Solution
 First, find the indefinite integral: I   x 9  x 2 dx
 Let u = 9 + x2 so that
d
du  (9  x 2 )dx
dx
 2 xdx
1
xdx  du
2

Example 1, page 442

 Example 16: Using the Method of
Substitution
4
 Evaluate  x 0
9  x 2 dx
Solution
   2
 First, find the indefinite integral: I x 9 x dx

 Then, integrate by substitution using xdx = 1/2 du:

I   x 9  x 2 dx
1 1 1/2
 udu   u du
2 2
1 3/2
 u C
3
1
 (9  x 2 )3/2  C
3
Example 1, page 442
 Example 17: Using the Method of
Substitution
4
 Evaluate  x 9  x 2 dx
0

Solution
 Using the results, we evaluate the definite
integral: 4 1
4

 x 9  x dx  (9  x )
2 2 3/2
0 3 0

1
 [(9  (4) 2 ) 3/2  (9  (0) 2 ) 3/2 ]
3
1
 (125  27)
3
98

3
 32 23
Example 1, page 442
 Example18: Using the Method of
Substitution 2
x 1
 Evaluate  dx
x 1 0 3

Solution
 Let u = x3 + 1 so that
d 3
du  ( x  1)dx
dx
 3x 2dx
1
du  x 2dx
3

Example 3, page 444

 Example 19: Using the Method of
Substitution 2
x 1
 Evaluate  dx
x 1 0 3

Solution
 Find the lower and upper limits of integration with
respect to u:
 When x = 0, the lower limit is u = (0)3 + 1 = 1.
 When x = 1, the upper limit is u = (1)3 + 1 = 2.
 Substitute x2dx = du, along with the limits of
integration:
1 x2 1 1 21 1 1 21
 dx   3  x dx    du   du
2
0 x 1
3 0 x 1 1 u 3 3 1u
2
1 1 1
 ln u  (ln 2  ln1)  ln 2
3 1 3 3
Example 3, page 444
More examples on definite integrals

More examples on the standard Definite

integrals will be provided and explained to
the class on the black board (see the
examples).
Thank
You