BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD

Windows and doors - Code of practice for survey and
Installation of windows and external doorsets

TANZANIA BUREAU OF STANDARDS

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved First Edition 2022

BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

This draft Tanzania Standard was published under the authority of the Board of Directors of Tanzania
Bureau of Standards on yyy-mm-dd.
Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) is the statutory national standards body for Tanzania established
under the Standards Act No. 3 of 1975, repealed and replaced by the Standards Act No. 2 of 2009.
The Building and Construction Divisional Standards Committee (BCDC), under whose supervision this
Tanzania Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following organizations:
* University of Dar er Salaam ,College of Engineering and Technology(CoET)
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH)
Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT)
National Housing Corporation (NHC)
Contractors Registration Board (CRB)
* Ardhi University (ARU)
National Defense Force, National Service Division (JKT)
National Estates and Designing Consultancy Company Ltd (NEDCO)
* Architects and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board (AQRB)
Institution of Engineers Tanzania (IET)
*National Construction Council (NCC)
Engineers Registration Board (ERB)
The organizations marked with an asterisk (*) in the above list, together with the following were directly
represented on the Technical Committee entrusted with the preparation of this draft Tanzania
Standard:
Ministry of Finance and Planning
Zanzibar Bureau of Standards (ZBS)
National Development Corporation (NDC)
Tanzania Building Agency (TBA)
Tanganyika Wattle Co. Ltd (TANWAT)
Dar Es Salaam Glass works Ltd

Tanzania Bureau of Standards

P O Box 9524
Dar es Salaam
Tel: +255 (22) 2450206/2450949/2450298
Fax: +255 22 2450298
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.tbs.go.tz

i ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

Contents
Contents ..................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................... ii
List of figures............................................................................................................................................... ii
0 National Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 1
1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................... 2
3 Terms and definitions ............................................................................................................................... 2
4 Safety ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Materials for installation ........................................................................................................................... 4
6 Surveying for replacement windows and doorsets ................................................................................... 5
7 Surveying and programming for new build ............................................................................................... 9
8 Removal of existing windows and doorsets ........................................................................................... 10
9 Installation .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Annex A .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Annex B .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Annex C .................................................................................................................................................... 34
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 36

List of Tables
Table 1 Recommended deductions from structural opening sizes .............................................................. 9

List of figures
Figure 1 Measurement of flat windows and doorsets .................................................................................. 8
Figure 2 Fixing positions for PVC-U windows and doorsets ..................................................................... 12
Figure 3 Fixing distances for timber windows and doorsets ...................................................................... 13
Figure 4 Fixing distances for aluminium windows and doorsets ............................................................... 14
Figure 5 Fixing distances for steel windows and doorsets ........................................................................ 14
Figure 6 Bay pole options ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7 Setting and location block position .............................................................................................. 22
Figure A.1 Cutting through transoms and mullions ................................................................................... 24
Figure A.2 Cutting through the outer frame ............................................................................................... 24
Figure B.1 Flush reveal with joint width less than 6 mm and frame forward of DPC ................................. 27
Figure B.2 Flush reveal with joint width less than 6 mm and frame bridging DPC .................................... 28
Figure B.3 Flush reveal and frame bridging DPC. - Alternative details using impregnated foam tapes .... 28
Figure B.4 Check reveal and frame bridging DPC using impregnated foam tape ..................................... 28
Figure B.5 Flush reveal with joint width from 6 mm to 15 mm and frame bridging DPC ........................... 29
Figure B.6 Flush reveal with external render, for replacement frames ...................................................... 29
Figure B.7 Flush reveal with external render, for replacement windows/doorsets with frame shuffled into
position ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved ii

BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

Figure B.8 Box sash replacement ............................................................................................................. 30

Figure B.9 Box sash replacement - Alternative details using impregnated foam tapes............................. 31
Figure B.10 Box sash (cords and weights) replacement. into cavity wall with open cavity ....................... 32
Figure B.11 Box sash replacement into check reveal head ...................................................................... 32
Figure B.12 Sill bedding and finishing arrangement.................................................................................. 32
Figure B.13 Head arrangement................................................................................................................. 33
Figure C.1 Typical surveyor's checklist ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure C.2 Typical final inspection checklist ............................................................................................. 35

iii ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

DRAFT TANZANIA STANDARD BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

0 National Foreword
The Tanzania Bureau of Standards is the statutory national standards body for Tanzania, established
under standards Act No. 3 of 1975, amended by Act No. 2 of 2009.
This draft Tanzania Standard is being prepared by BCDC 15 Doors and Windows technical committee
under the supervision of the Building and Construction Divisional Committee (BCDC).
On preparation of this document adaption was made to BS 8213-4:2016 - Windows and doors -Part 4:
Code of practice for the survey and Installation of windows and external doorsets.
Due to the wide variety of installation conditions, it is not possible to cover all applications completely.
This Standard gives guidance on those good building practices that are expected to ensure satisfactory
installation.
Windows and external doorsets are available in a range of materials, each material having a unique
performance characteristic. The surveyor and installer need to be aware of the material being used, and
any additional manufacturer's recommendations for survey and installation.
As a code of practice, this Standard takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be
quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance
are not misleading.
Any user claiming compliance with this Standard is expected to be able to justify any course of action
that deviates from its recommendations
This Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible
for its correct application.
Compliance with this standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations
Terminology and convention
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its recommendations are
expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is "should".
Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does
not constitute a normative element.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 1

Windows and doors - Code of practice for the survey and Installation
of windows and external doorsets
1 Scope
This draft Tanzania Standard gives recommendations for the surveying and installation of non-load-
bearing windows and external doorsets of any material., to be installed vertically (within 15°) into the
external face of buildings. It gives recommendations for the good practices necessary for the successful
surveying and installation of windows and external doorsets in both new build and replacement
situations. It is primarily aimed at installations in dwellings but its provisions might also be relevant to
other similar types of installation.
The recommendations contained in this Standard may also be applied to door assemblies, but do not
cover the site assembly of individual components.
This Standard does not apply to load-bearing windows (other than bay poles), load-bearing doorsets,
roof windows or rooflights, or to fire doorsets and assemblies. It does not cover curtain or ribbon walling,
but might apply to separate window and door elements within those particular types of assemblies. It
does not cover good business practice issues such as warranties and complaints.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 6262 (all parts), Glazing for buildings
BS 7619, Extruded cellular unplasticized white PVC (PVC-UE) profiles -Specification
BS 8000-0, Workmanship on construction sites - Part 0: Introduction and general principles 1
BS8000-7, Workmanship on building sites - Part 7: Code of practice for glazing
BS EN 1670:2007, Building hardware - Corrosion resistance - Requirements and test methods
BS EN ISO 11600, Building construction - Jointing products - Classification and requirements for
sealants
ISO 6707-1, Buildings and civil engineering works - Vocabulary- Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this Standard the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1 and the following apply.
3.1 bay window (definition from ISO 6707-1)
straight-sided construction (3.3.5.6) that projects from the face of a building (3.1.1.3) and contains
one or several windows (3.3.3.5)
3.2 bow window
type of bay window, usually carrying only light loads, which does not form an extension to the floor area,
of the room.
3.3 check reveal
opening formed in the building structure with an external reveal size less than that of the internal reveal
size
3.4 door assembly
complete assembly is installed, including door frame and one or more leaves together with its essential
hardware supplied from separate sources
3.5 doorset
complete unit consisting of a door frame and a door leaf or leaves, supplied with all essential parts from
a single source

1 This part of BS 8213-4 also gives an informative reference to all parts of the BS 8000 series.

2 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

NOTE
1. For the purposes of this Standard, the word doorset refers to external doorsets only
2. For the purposes of this Standard, the terms “doorset” and “door assembly” are considered synonymous and
the term “doorset” is used to refer to both types of products.
3.6 dormer window
vertical, or near vertical (within 15°), window built into and projecting from a
pitched roof structure
3.7 damp-proof course (DPC)
layer or coat of material covering the bedding surface of a wall to resist the passage of moisture
NOTE -This can be used horizontally or vertically
3.8 finishing
final covering and treatment of surfaces and their intersections
3.9 fixing
component that is used to secure separate parts of a window or doorset to each other, to secure an item
of hardware to a window or door part, or to secure a completed window or doorset into the structure of
a building
3.10 frame
part of a window or doorset that is fixed to the building structure
3.11 installation packer
packing piece used in gaps at fixing points to obtain rigid fixing and prevent distortion
NOTE - This is also known as a fixing packer.
3.12 installer
company and/or individual carrying out the works
3.13 lintel
beam supporting loads over an opening
3.14 manufacturing size
overall dimensions, which result from making the appropriate deductions from the structural opening
size excluding. any add-ons
NOTE - This is also known as “work size”.
3.15 oriel window
multi-sided window projecting from an upper storey, and generally supported
by brackets
3.16 structural opening
aperture in a wall into which a window or doorset is to be installed
3.17 structural opening size
size of the maximum rectangular shape that can be fitted within a structural opening
3.18 surveyor
competent person who is capable of surveying for window and doorset installation, advising on suitable
design, carrying out the risk assessment as necessary, and assessing the quality of the finished
installation
3.19 system supplier
original source of the design and/or supply of components used in the fabrication of a window or doorset
NOTE - This is also known as “system house” or “system company”.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 3

4 Safety
COMMENTARY ON CLAUSE 4
Windows and doorset removal can be a dangerous operation. The replacement of existing windows and
doorsets mainly involves working within occupied premises, including elderly residents' dwellings and
residential homes such as sheltered accommodation, or schools and colleges occupied during term time
by children and young people. Installers therefore need to be sympathetic to any possible impaired mobility
of residents and lack of awareness of children, and not present any hazards during work.
4.1 Use of equipment
NOTE
Safety precautions should be observed at all times. All new operatives should be trained in the safe use of all tools,
and installation companies should ensure that their operatives have the correct equipment including personal
protective equipment. Full training and assessment records of operatives should be kept. At least the following
safety precautions should be taken.
a) When handling glass, all operatives should wear eye protection, safety footwear and appropriate hand and wrist
protection.
b) All electrically powered tools should either:
• work on 110 V mains power; or
• be battery operated (see BS 7671:2008+A3, Section 604); or
• work on 240 V with a residual current detector of 30 MA maximum rating, especially where moisture is present.
c) A safe working platform should be provided to give safe access to the structural openings.
Guidance is given in GGF publication Code of practice - Working at heights in the domestic replacement window
industry [1].
d) Old windows and doorsets and other debris should always be stored and disposed of safely. The components
of old windows and doorsets should be recycled wherever possible.
Additional guidance on removing existing windows and doorsets is given in Annex A.
4.2 Hazardous materials
The possible presence of hazardous materials should be assessed at survey stage.
NOTE
1. This is more relevant to replacement windows and doorsets in older buildings.
If any such materials are identified (e.g. in old putty; see Annex A), appropriate action for their safe removal
and disposal should be taken according to the nature of the material identified.
2. Many hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos) are covered by legislation.
3. Guidance on asbestos is given in GGF publication The good practice guide for the installation of replacement
windows and doors [2].

5 Materials for installation

5.1 Fixings
Fixings should be at least as corrosion-resistant as BS EN 1670:2007, Grade 3.
If lug fixings are used they should be of a suitable material to resist corrosion and, if used externally,
they should be secured to the substrate using one-way or other suitable security screws.
The choice and size of through-frame fixing screw types should take account of the condition and nature
of the receiving substrate together with the likely severity of operating loads to be imposed, e.g. door
slamming.
A selection of proprietary sleeved or direct mechanical through-frame fixing products and methods is
available, and an assessment should be made as to suitability and size within the given application. This
assessment should preferably be made at survey stage or, if this is not possible, when the type and
condition of substrate can be fully assessed. Additional guidance should be sought from the fixings
manufacturer.
5.2 Perimeter sealants
COMMENTARY ON 5.2

4 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

The purpose of perimeter sealants is to resist water penetration and prevent air leakage in the face of
differential movement between the aperture and the window or doorset. Suitable sealants exhibit and retain
flexibility and adhesion over the intended service life of the product and it is vital that the correct sealant is
selected to suit the construction and frame materials involved.
The movement class for the sealant depends on the substrate material, the frame material and the
dimensions of the joint between the frame and the opening
Wet sealants, e.g. silicones, should be tested and classified in accordance with BS EN ISO 11600.
Unless an unusual and specific known requirement determines otherwise, they should be of low
modulus, with adequate adhesion. movement capability of at least 20%, and neutral curing. The
movement and modulus characteristics should be identified on their packaging as class 20LM or 25LM.
NOTE
1. A guide to the use of BS EN ISO 11600 [3] is given on The British Adhesives and Sealants Association
website at www.basaonline.co.uk 1
If a situation arises where the anticipated movement exceeds the performance criteria of a class 25 sealant,
then the sealant manufacturer should be contacted for specific advice on sealant selection.
2. If in doubt, sealant manufacturers can be consulted on sealant adhesion to specific substrates and materials
and on whether primers are required. They can also propose sealant/primer systems, which minimize the
potential for staining.
Impregnated foam tapes can also be used for sealing, and should remain permanently flexible and
accommodate joint movement of at least the same as a wet sealant as classified above.
3. The use of impregnated foam tapes or gun-applied polyurethane (PU) foam might enhance the thermal
performance of the installation due to the location within the perimeter joint. although application of gun-
applied PU foam might be impractical if the perimeter joint is below 5 mm wide. For joints below 10 mm, it is
advisable to use a special tapered nozzle on the gun to facilitate adequate application depth.
4. Impregnated foam tapes conforming to DIN 18542:2009 with an exposure category of BG1 are suitable.
5. Such products do not rely on chemical adhesion to the contact surfaces, being held under compression
within the joint, and do not therefore require primers.
5.3 Finishing trims
All trims should be compatible with the material of the frame and should be colour matched where
specified. Finishing trims, where used externally, should be good exterior quality materials used in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Cellular extruded PVC-U trims should conform to BS 7619.
6 Surveying for replacement windows and doorsets
6.1 General
The following factors should be taken into account:
• the need to provide a weather-resistant solution;
• the need to provide natural light and ventilation;
• the need for safety in use;
• the need to provide means of escape in case of fire;
• the need to provide security against unauthorized entry;
• the need for safety when cleaning;
• the need for maintenance.
The type of occupancy, and the age range of both occupants and visitors to the building, should also be
taken into account where known.
NOTE - BS 8273-7:2004 advises that a risk assessment be conducted by the designer (in the case of domestic
replacement windows this is the person or organization taking the order from the client), taking account of the
relative priority needs established in each situation.
6.2 Suitability of the aperture
The surveyor should check for any apparent defects and deficiencies around the structural opening. If

1 Last accessed 17 November 2015

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 5

any defects are found, then the purchaser should be notified, and agreement reached as to who is
responsible for rectifying these defects prior to the new windows or doorsets being installed.
NOTE - For large replacement contracts, it can be advisable to remove one window or doorset to check the condition
of the structural opening.
6.3 Fire barriers
COMMENTARY ON 6.3
In all methods of construction, it is important to ensure that the cavities between internal and external skins
are protected at openings for windows and doors from the spread of fire. If these openings are not protected,
in the event of a fire, smoke and fire can spread through the cavity; causing danger to occupants in other
parts of the building not immediately affected by the fire. This issue is of particular concern in timber and
metal framed buildings
The method of construction should be identified, and where the building is of timber or metal frame
construction, the type of cavity barrier should be established. Where the barrier is a cavity sock or similar,
and is likely to become dislodged or damaged by the removal of the existing frames, this should be
noted on the survey sheet. and instruction given to the installation team to ensure that the cavity barrier
is either repaired or replaced to maintain the original level of fire protection for the building.
NOTE - Timber and metal frame constructions usually have a moisture barrier included in the area around openings,
to resist moisture ingress into the cavity that could affect the timber sheathing or metal studwork.
6.4 Services in the aperture
The presence of any electrical or specialist items such as television aerials and telephone wires in the
aperture should be noted. Wherever possible such services should be routed around, and not through,
the outer frame of the window or doorset. When this is not possible, a solution should be agreed with
the purchaser which does not compromise the performance of the product.
The presence of any curtain tracks in the aperture should be noted.
NOTE - This is particularly important for inward opening or pivoting windows and net curtains. These could either
cause problems during installation, or interfere with the function of the window or doorset after installation.
Action to prevent any problems should be agreed with the purchaser prior to the installation.
6.5 Weathertightness
The surveyor should determine the design wind load for the application, determine whether the windows
and doorsets specified are suitable for the exposure conditions, and amend the specification if
necessary.
NOTE - BS 6375-1 gives guidance on selection and specification of windows and doorsets.
Where any doubts exist, the manufacturer should be consulted.
6.6 Structural support
The surveyor should take reasonable steps to check that there is a lintel or other means of supporting
the structure above the window or doorset. Where no such support exists and the load is carried on the
existing window or doorset, then alternative means of structural support should be specified.
6.7 Bow, oriel and dormer windows
Where bow, oriel or dormer windows have low applied loads, no special structural calculations are
necessary. Where any doubts exist, the structure should be assumed to be load-bearing and the system
supplier's instructions should be followed.
6.8 Coupled/combination frames
Where windows and/or doorsets are to be coupled, the surveyor should determine the method to be
used, taking into account wind and dead loads, thermal performance, visual appearance and position of
the coupling, in accordance with the system supplier's instructions.
6.9 Opening type and direction
The surveyor should confirm with the purchaser the type of opening (e.g. inward, outward, pivot) and
the handing.

6 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

On outward opening doors, a restriction device should be fitted to help avoid damage caused by sudden
wind gusts.
The protrusion of outward opening windows into the path of pedestrians should be taken into account.
NOTE - Guidance on design for safety is given in BS 8213-1:2004.
6.10 Doorsets
The following factors should be taken into account when surveying for replacement doorsets.
a) It is good practice to take into account the requirements of the occupants and improve access into
the dwelling, if necessary, e.g. by reducing the threshold height. Weathering should be taken into
account when lowering the threshold.
b) The requirement for additional hardware, such as trickle vents, cat flaps and spy holes, should be
clearly specified.
c) On doorsets with side panels, the mullion should have sufficient stiffness to ensure rigidity when the
door is closed against it.
6.11 Structural change
Where the structural opening is modified to install a window and/or doorset, the structural integrity of the
formed opening should be ensured.
The method of any cavity closing should be specified, taking into account water penetration, fire
protection, etc.
NOTE - This work is not covered by the scope of a Competent Person’s Scheme and it is therefore necessary to
consult an appropriate building control body.
The method of making good should be agreed with the purchaser.
6.12 Drainage
The surveyor should specify and/or confirm any method of drainage of frame and/or glazing to be used.
6.13 Glazing
6.13.1 Safety glazing
The surveyor should specify and/or confirm the position and orientation of safety glazing.
NOTE
1. Recommendations for safety glazing are given in BS 6262-4.
2. In certain circumstances and in consultation with the customer, it might be advantageous to supply and
install safety glazing material in other situations which the surveyor considers hazardous following the risk
assessment. Care is needed when determining the type of safety glazing material used. In certain
environments the containment of broken safety glass is crucial.
3. Guidance on design of barriers and infill panels is given in BS 6180 and GGF Datasheet 7.2 [4].
6.13.2 Decorative glass
The surveyor should specify and/or confirm the position, style and orientation of any glass pattern or
decoration, including leading or Georgian Bar inserts, and the need for any alignment.
6.14 Measurement
Three measurements of width and height should be taken and the squareness of the aperture
determined by taking diagonal measurements (see Figure 1). The largest size frame that will fit into the
opening and remain square, with an adequate gap to form an effective perimeter seal, should be used
for determining the manufacturing sizes (see 6.16, Table 1).
The need for any sill should be determined. The size of the sill should be such that there is a minimum
overhang of at least 25 mm from the face of the building.
The surveyor should determine how the sill is to be fitted, taking into account features such as horns,
and how any making good is to be carried out.
The difference between internal and external reveal sizes should be determined and checks made to
ensure that the operation of any opening light will not be impeded by plaster, render or tiles, etc.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 7

Figure 1 Measurement of flat windows and doorsets
6.15 Surveying a window or doorset in a check reveal
COMMENTARY ON 6.15
Check reveal may be used for reasons of weathering, aesthetics or a combination of both. The use of
check reveal for weathering is common in areas of severe or very severe exposure. Where weathering
is the reason for building in check reveal, the rebate created is usually approximately 25 mm and
incorporates a vertical DPC to the rear face of the external leaf and between the external leaf and the
cavity closing material (return blockwork or insulated cavity closer). If the check is formed for aesthetic
reasons, it is usually used to reduce the external visual effect of the width of the jambs of vertical sliding
sash windows that incorporate a weight box. Where the check is used for this purpose, the rebate
created is larger than the weathering check and is usually 75 mm or greater. Check reveals used to
reduce the visual impact of sliding sash boxes are commonly found in older buildings of solid wall
construction and a vertical DPC is not usually present.
The difference between widths is divided equally to both sides and, if present in the opening height, is
located at the head only. Frames are installed with the front face of the frame positioned tight to the rear
of the external leaf in the rebate created by the difference between external and internal sizes.
When surveying for replacement windows where a check reveal is present for weathering purposes, the
window manufacturing sizes should be based on achieving a minimum frame overlap of 12 mm on the
external leaf. A hole may be drilled thorough the existing frame jamb rebate to establish the check reveal
size. A frame may also be built into the check reveal at the head by use of a rebated lintel, and again a
minimum frame overlap of 12 mm should be provided where practicable. If an overlap of 12 mm cannot
be achieved, this should be discussed with the purchaser and an agreement reached regarding the size
of the overlap.
NOTE
1. The size of the head check reveal can be checked by drilling a hole through the head of the frame rebate.

8 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

When surveying for replacement windows where the check reveal is present for aesthetic purposes, the
size of the check may be established by either removing internal architraves around the window, cutting
into the internal reveal plaster or drilling through the jambs and head.
Where the replacement windows are to be fitted with opening sashes, the window outer frame should be
sufficient in size to allow the edge of the sash to clear the external reveal. Where there is insufficient width
to the outer frame, a wider outer frame should be specified or purpose-designed frame extensions should
be used.
2. This is of particular importance when using narrow outer frames or when the external reveal is rendered.
6.16 Manufacturing sizes
Expansion and contraction of frames is to be expected due to temperature fluctuations, and this should
be taken into account.
The deductions for windows and doorsets should be in accordance with Table 1.
When calculating height deductions, due allowance should also be made for the thickness of any silicone
or mortar bed at the sill.
Table 1 Recommended deductions from structural opening sizes
Dimension in millimeters
Material Recommended deduction for width or height of structural opening
Up to 1.5 m From 1.5 m From 3.0 m Over 4.5 m1
to 3.0 m to 4.5 m 1
PVC-U - white 10 10 15 20
PVC-U -non- white 15 15 22 28
Timber 10 10 10 15
Steel 8 10 12 15
Aluminium 10 10 15 20
Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) 5 10 15 15
NOTE
1. These deductions are from the total width or height, and are not “per side”.
2. The gap required for effective PU foam fixing at the head is 10 mm to 15 mm.
3. When fitting aluminium or steel frames into existing timber sub-frames, deduct 4 mm
6.17 Installation techniques
Wherever possible the survey should identify any necessary variations to standard installation
techniques.
NOTE - see Clause 9 for standard installation techniques

7 Surveying and programming for new build

COMMENTARY ON CLAUSE 7
The manufacturing sizes and details of installation in new build are normally decided by the house designer
in conjunction with the window and doorset supplier.
The use of proprietary cavity closers/sub-frame systems can enable accurate construction of the opening
and simple installation of the window and doorsets. Given the dynamic forces that doors are often subjected
to, caution is needed in adopting this method for the installation of doorsets. If in doubt, advice can be
sought from the system supplier/manufacturer.
For new build, the appropriate recommendations given in Clause 6 should be met, together with the
following.
The surveyor should ensure that the manufacturing sizes and details of installation are suitable for the

1 Intermediate expansion joints might be needed when the width or height exceeds 3 m

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 9

products to be used and are clearly defined.
When measuring openings with cavity closers, the measurements taken should be between the faces
of the cavity closers, not the brickwork reveals.
It should be brought to the house builder's attention that factory-finished windows and doorsets need to
be programmed for installation as late as possible in the building process to minimize the risk of damage.
8 Removal of existing windows and doorsets
The installation team should ensure that all relevant documentation, e.g. drawings, survey sheets and
special instructions, is available and understood, and that the relevant products and equipment are
available. Prior to the commencement of work the sizes, type, and condition of all windows and doorsets
should be checked both against the survey sizes and types and against the actual aperture sizes.
At the request of the installer, prior to the commencement of work, the purchaser should be given
adequate notice to remove any furniture, fixings or fittings that might otherwise be damaged during the
installation.
The installer is responsible for both internal and external protection of the property during the installation
work. Care should be taken to avoid debris becoming embedded in soft garden areas (lawns, etc.).
Care should be taken to avoid soiling of or damage to floor coverings and to decorations. Damage is
inevitably caused to the reveals adjacent to the installation, and care should be taken to keep this to a
minimum.
The installer should plan to install and seal the new windows and doorsets on the same day that the
existing windows or doorsets are removed, to maintain security and the weathertightness of the
structure. When this is not practicable, e.g., on large contracts, an alternative arrangement for security
and weathertightness should be agreed in advance between installer and purchaser.
The existing windows and doorsets should be removed with care to avoid unnecessary damage to the
building structure and its finishings, and without permitting any subsidence of the superstructure during
or after the installation procedure.
Any damaged or deteriorating DPC should be replaced.
Wherever practicable, any electrical or specialist items, such as television aerials or telephone wires,
should be routed around, and not through, the frame of the window or doorset. Where this is not feasible,
then the routing should be carried out in accordance with the alternative solution agreed between the
purchaser and the surveyor (see 6.4).
NOTE - This might require the services of the appropriate service provider.

9 Installation
9.1 General
For correct fixing, each frame member should be fixed to the substrate or to an adjacent window or
doorset to resist all likely imposed loads that could cause the frame to deflect.
NOTE
1. These loads might be due to:
a) wind loads;
b) operating loads;
c) gravity;
d) accidental impact;
e) attempted burglary.
2. Fixing methods are affected by:
a) the presence or absence of a wall cavity;
b) the nature and condition of any cavity;
c) the relative position of the frame and cavity;
d) the type and position of the substrate receiving the fixings;
e) the position of the plaster line and the need to minimize disturbance and damage to interior

10 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

decorations:
f) the design of the reveal;
g) maintenance loads;
h) any requirements for fire resistance.
Windows and doors should be installed plumb and square within the aperture in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions. The completed installation should be without twist, racking or distortion of
any member so that they operate correctly and in accordance with the surveyor's instructions.
9.2 Methods of fixing
There are two principal methods of fixing available, which may be used separately or in combination:
namely, through-frame fixings and lug fixings. The manufacturer's instructions should always be
followed.
The type and selection of fixings should be in accordance with 5.1.
Fixings should be sized to securely penetrate at least 40 mm for windows and 50 mm for doors into
brick, block, concrete or masonry, or 25 mm into timber framing unless equivalent demonstrable
provision can be made by other means.
Connections to steelwork up to 2 mm thick, such as folded sheet lintels, should be made with power-
driven hardened self-drilling screws or self-tapping screws. If self-tapping screws are used, a pilot hole
with an appropriate diameter for both the gauge of steel and screw size should be drilled prior to fixing.
Connections to steelwork greater than 2 mm thick should be made either into pre-tapped holes with
machine screws of minimum 5 mm diameter, or with power-driven hardened self-drilling screws. All such
fixings should have the appropriate corrosion resistance and strength for their purpose.
Where appropriate, fixings into lintels should not be put into the weathered side, to avoid water ingress.
The fixings manufacturer should be consulted to determine the most appropriate products.
Installation packers should always be used, as recommended in 9.8.5.
9.3 Fixing distances
9.3.1 General
Wherever practicable, the sides of the frame should be secured in accordance with the
recommendations in 9.3.2 to 9.3.5. If it is impossible to follow these recommendations, then, on large
contracts, alternative positions should be agreed with the purchaser, and on domestic installations, the
closest possible fixing positions should be used.
The presence of precast concrete or steel lintels can make it impracticable to achieve the recommended
fixing distances using through-frame fixings or fixing lugs, or can pose severe difficulties in doing so. In
these instances, the use of PU foam may be used as a supplement to mechanical fixings but should
not, under any circumstances, be used as the sole method of securing the entire frame into the reveal.
NOTE - Application of PU foam using a proprietary gun gives greater control (but see Note 3 to 5.2).
9.3.2 PVC-U windows and doorsets
Wherever practicable all four sides of the frame should be secured as follows.
a) Corner fixings should be between 150 mm and 250 mm from the external corner.
b) Fixings should be a minimum of 150 mm from the centre line of a mullion or transom.
c) There should be a minimum of two fixings on each jamb and sill, with intermediate fixings at centres
no greater than 600 mm.
d) If the head is fixed with PU foam, then the fixings at the head may be as follows:
• frame width up to 1200 mm - no fixings;
• frame width 1201 mm to 2400 mm - one central fixing;
• frame width 2401 mm to 3600 mm - two equally spaced fixings.
NOTE
1. The fixings in d) do not apply to French doors, patio doors or bi-fold doors.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 11

 2. Figure 2 shows the recommended fixing positions for PVC-U windows and doorsets
Dimensions in millimeters

Figure 2 Fixing positions for PVC-U windows and doorsets

9.3.3 Timber windows and doorsets
Wherever practicable all four sides of the frame should be secured as follows.
a) Corner jamb fixings should be between 150 mm and 250 mm from the external corner.
b) Intermediate fixings should be at centres no greater than 600 mm.
c) There should be a minimum of two fixings on each jamb.
d) On windows and doorsets over 1 800 mm wide, central head and sill fixings should be provided.
NOTE - Figure 3 shows the recommended fixing positions for timber windows and doorsets.
9.3.4 Aluminium windows and doorsets
Wherever practicable all four sides of the frame should be secured as follows.
a) Corner jamb fixings should be between 100 mm and 150 mm from the external corner.
b) Fixings should be a minimum of 100 mm from the centre line of a mullion or transom.
c) Intermediate fixings should be at centres no greater than 600 mm.
d) There should be a minimum of two fixings on each jamb.
e) On windows and doorsets over 1800 mm wide, central head and sill fixings should be provided 100
mm or more distant from any mullion that might coincide.
NOTE - Figure 4 shows the recommended fixing positions for aluminium windows and doorsets.
Dimensions in millimeters

12 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

Key
1 Additional fixing for windows over 1800 mm wide
Figure 3 Fixing distances for timber windows and doorsets
Dimensions in millimeters

Key

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 13

1 Additional fixing for windows over 1800 mm wide
Figure 4 Fixing distances for aluminium windows and doorsets
9.3.5 Steel windows and doorsets
Wherever practicable all four sides of the frame should be secured as follows.
a) For steel frames of hot rolled solid section:
1) fixings should be a maximum of 175 mm from corners;
2) intermediate fixings should be at centres no greater than 750 mm.
b) For steel frames of cold formed hollow section:
1) fixings should be a maximum of 200 mm from corners;
2) intermediate fixings should be at centres no greater than 900 mm.
NOTE
1. Not all holes pierced around the frame perimeter for fabrication and assembly purposes necessarily
require a fixing screw.
2. Figure 5 shows the recommended fixing positions for steel windows and doorsets.
Dimensions in millimeters

Key
1 Max. intermediate fixing distances (750 mm for hot rolled; 900 mm for cold rolled)
* Dimension for hot rolled sections
** Dimension for cold rolled sections
Figure 5 Fixing distances for steel windows and doorsets
9.4 Fixing lugs
Where lugs are used externally, they should be secured to the wall using one-way or other suitable
security screws.
9.5 Finishings
Finishings, such as trims, are generally used to neaten the interface between frames and substrate.

14 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

They should not be used to provide or enhance the weathertightness of the window or doorset or the
perimeter joints.
The materials to be used in finishing trims should be as recommended in 5.3.
9.6 Coupled assemblies
NOTE - Coupled assemblies are usually delivered to site as separate units, to ease handling and minimize damage.
When building up components into the required assembly, care should be taken to keep coupling joints
equal, and frames both aligned and plumb. When coupling joints are also to be used as expansion joints,
they should have seals, such as wet sealants, impregnated foam tapes or flexible polymer gaskets,
placed within the joint during the assembly operation. It is not sufficient to rely solely on external pointing
sealant.
Coupled assemblies should be fastened together in accordance with the system supplier's instructions.
Particular attention should be paid to weather-proofing.
9.7 Bay poles
Where loads are being transferred (e.g., several storeys or just a roof) the bay poles should be carried
through the sill to the bearing plate. Competent structural advice should be obtained as necessary.
Bay poles may be positioned directly on to proprietary sill reinforcements. in this case:
a) the reinforcing system should be designed to perform this task; and
b) the system manufacturer's guidelines should be followed.
NOTE
1. It is desirable for bay poles to have similar thermal performance as the frames they are being fixed to.
2. Figure 6 shows a bay pole jacking system. A load-bearing pole using shims is also acceptable.
9.8 Replacement windows and doorsets
9.8.1 Frame position in aperture
9.8.1.1 Flush reveal
Replacement windows and doorsets should be positioned to minimize the amount of making good,
taking into account the following points.
a) The new frame should bridge the DPC. Any damaged DPC should be repaired.
b) Wherever possible to reduce the effects of thermal bridging, the replacement frame should be set in
such a position that the rear face of the replacement frame is behind the rear face of the external
skin by 25 mm or more.
c) The frame should be set as far back in the reveal as is feasible for better weather performance. If a
sill is included, the projection should be not less than 25 mm from the face of the building to allow
the shedding of water.
d) The correct movement gap should be provided

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 15

a) Bay pole passes through sill b) Bay pole positioned on reinforced sill

Key 5 Bay pole jacking device

1 Head plate (timber) 6 Sill
2 Top end cap 7 Bearing (spreader) plate
3 Window profile 8 Reinforcement (solid)
4 Bay pole (load-bearing) 9 Brickwork
Figure 6 Bay pole options

9.8.1.2 Check reveal

When installing in a check reveal aperture and the check is being used to improve weathering
performance, the frame should be positioned taking into account the following points.
a) The frame should be positioned behind the external skin and positioned centrally with a minimum
overlap of the frame behind the external skin of 12 mm on both sides. Where applicable, the frame
should be positioned vertically with the head positioned behind the external skin at the head.
b) If a vertical DPC is installed in the check reveal, the frame should be positioned as far forward as
possible with the vertical DPC between the rear of the external skin and the external face of the frame
When installing in a check reveal aperture and the check is being used to hide the width of the frame
jambs (box sash windows) to provide more visually acceptable aesthetics, the frame should be
positioned taking into account the following points.

16 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

1) The frame should be positioned behind the external skin and positioned such that the external visible
dimensions of the frame jambs are equal.
2) The frame should be positioned, where applicable, behind the head check with the frame weight
suitably supported.
3) Box sash windows are often installed in solid wall construction where a vertical DPC is not present.
In these circumstances it can be beneficial to incorporate a suitable bead of sealant or impregnated
foam tape between the external face of the frame and the external skin to provide additional
protection against weather ingress.
NOTE
1. In some instances, the reason for check reveal may be for both weathering and aesthetics.
2. Recommendations for fixing distances are given in 9.3.
3. Annex B shows examples of the most commonly found reveal details.
For all situations, as with flush reveal, the sill projection beyond the effective external face of the wall
below the aperture should be not less than 25 mm.
4. The external skin sill detail may incorporate shaped stone sills or plinth bricks to bring this effective
external face closer to the frame and therefore reduce the depth of sill needed.
9.8.2 Bedding of frames and/or their sills
Bedding materials should comprise one or a combination of the following:
a) mortar (usually used for levelling);
b) levelling packers and foam, with a silicone bead at the outer edge;
c) levelling packers and silicone;
d) levelling packers and impregnated foam tapes.
9.8.3 Open cavities and cavity protection
If open cavities are present between the external and internal skins of the wall, they should be closed
using a suitable insulated cavity closing material which incorporates a vertical DPC. If the open cavity
already has a vertical DPC present, the inclusion of a cavity closer should not compromise the integrity
of the existing vertical DPC.
Where the frame design is such that it is not possible to provide a secure screw-fixing position into solid
structure, fixing lugs should be used to enable the frame to be securely fixed to the building structure.
Many types of building construction also incorporate cavity barriers around the perimeter of window and
doorset apertures. If the cavity barrier is damaged during removal of the existing frame or is found to be
damaged following removal of the existing frame, the cavity barrier should be repaired or replaced before
installation of the replacement frame.
NOTE
1. Ensuring that cavity barriers are intact and effective is of particular importance in buildings that are
vulnerable to smoke and fire spread through the cavity, such as timber frame construction.
2. In certain types of building, it might be necessary to include weather-proofing around apertures. This is
particularly relevant in system build dwellings such as timber or steel-framed buildings to prevent
premature failure of the building structure.
9.8.4 Replacement of box sash windows
COMMENTARY ON 9.8.4
Traditional box sash with cords and weights may be replaced with windows with vertical sliding sashes
using cords and weights, or windows with vertical sliding sashes hung on spiral balances or similar
mechanisms. If the replacement windows are manufactured with cords and weights, the design and sizing
of the frame components are similar to the existing frames and the weight box is positioned within the check
reveal to reduce the visual impact of the frames. If the replacement windows use spiral balances, the new
window jambs are considerably narrower as there is no weight box.
9.8.4.1 General
When box sash windows are replaced, the structural integrity of the aperture should be not less than

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 17

that of the original installation, and the thermal performance of the junction between the window and the
wall should be improved as much as possible.
9.8.4.2 Replacement of box sash windows with vertical sliding sash windows
When replacing a box sash window with a vertical sliding sash window, the recommendations for a
normal casement window (see 9.1 to 9.5) should be met, together with the following.
a) When replacing a window into the original check reveal, the window should be fitted from the inside,
with the weight box hidden behind the brickwork when viewed externally.
NOTE
1. It is usually necessary to remove one or more of the internal reveals to achieve this.
2. Replacement box sash windows are usually installed into an existing check reveal aperture. It is unusual
to fit box sash windows in a flush reveal.
b) The windows should be installed in accordance with 9.8.1.2.
c) Packing should be placed beneath the window jambs and any mullions to transfer the weight of the
replacement sash window onto the structure, to avoid distortion of the sill member.
3. A distorted sill can result in the hardware not engaging.
d) The window should be fitted level, without twist and with jambs packed behind fixing positions to
ensure that they are straight and parallel.
4. Jambs bowing outward make the sash window draughty, and jambs bowing inwards mean that the sashes
will be excessively tight to slide and will probably not tilt inwards for cleaning if the option is present on
the window design.
e) Expanding foam can be used as an aid to the mechanical fixings, but great care should be taken not
to bow the outer frame jambs. If expanding foam is used then packing pieces should be placed
between the frame and the sashes, or a brace put across the frame in order to prevent this bowing.
9.8.4.3 Replacement of box sash windows with spiral balance vertical sliding sash windows
When replacing a box sash window with a vertical sliding sash window using spiral balances rather than
windows with cord and weights, the recommendations for a normal casement window given in 9.1 to 9.5
should be met, together with the following.
a) The check reveals should be packed to allow for the narrower window jambs. This can be achieved
in a number of ways, but if timber packing pieces are used, the timber should be sized correctly and
treated with preservative. The sides of the packing timber located against the reveal brickwork should
have a vertical DPC attached to prevent water migration into the timber from the check reveal
brickwork, blockwork or stonework.
b) Expanding foam can be used as an aid to the mechanical fixings, but great care should be taken not
to bow the outer frame jambs. If expanding foam is used then packing pieces should be placed
between the frame and the sashes, or a brace put across the frame in order to prevent this bowing.
NOTE - The position of the new window within the reveal is normally the same as the existing window, with the
external face of the new window being positioned level with the original check reveal internal face.
9.8.5 Frame installation packers
Frame installation packers should be used adjacent to fixing positions to:
a) prevent outer frame distortion during installation and use;
b) ensure that the frame remains centralized, level and square;
c) allow for thermal movement of the frame;
d) assist in withstanding wind loadings.
Packers should normally be left in situ and concealed as part of the completed installation. However, in
some instances they may be removed to facilitate perimeter detailing or for reasons of compatibility with
the type of frame fixing used. In these cases, the objectives listed in a) to d) above should be satisfied
and the fixings manufacturer's guidance followed.
NOTE
1. Due to the dynamic forces experienced when doors are opened and closed, it is good practice on doorsets
to use additional packers adjacent to hinge and locking points to provide additional support and security.

18 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

2. Some lugs need to be packed off the substrate to prevent distortion.

Frame installation packers should be resistant to compression, rot and corrosion. If the packers are left
in place, the fixings should be tightened so that the frame is held securely against them.
Over-tightening of fixings can lead to distortion and should be avoided.
9.8.6 Finishing off and making good
Debris or contaminants should be removed and any drainage paths should be cleared.
Internal reveals should be made good as agreed, ready for the purchaser to redecorate if necessary.
Any materials such as trims or sealant should not be applied on top of loose material or materials likely
to be adversely affected by the sealant.
Protective tapes should be removed as soon as practicable, as ageing of tapes can cause difficulties in
removal. The manufacturer's guidance should be followed.
Sand and cement should not be used to fill the vertical gap between the window jambs and the reveal,
except for backfill for steel windows, usually limited to windows in stone surrounds or interior fair-faced
brick and concrete.
Where a sand and cement mix has been used to bed and level the window sill, this should be finished
by pointing the sand and cement bed, or the joint may be raked out and pointed using a suitable flexible
external sealant.
Where the replacement product has a smaller front to back dimension than the original, then there might
be a mastic and/or paint line visible on the substrate which should be removed as much as practicable
or covered with a trim.
The method of, and responsibility for, repair to any finishing should be as previously agreed with the
customer.
9.9 New build
When installing windows into new building works (new buildings or extensions), the original specification
of the windows and installation should be reviewed, and the installation should conform to those
specifications to ensure that the installed performance of the windows is as designed.
Many new build window and doorset installations are based on systems that control the position and
fixing method of the window or doorset into the building. If this is the case, the manufacturer's installation
instructions should be followed.
Where a building-in system is not being used, the installation method should, as far as practicable, meet
the recommendations for replacement windows and doorsets given in 9.8, taking the following points
into account.
a) All cavities around the aperture should be closed with a suitable cavity closer.
b) The installer should, where specified, fit any cavity barriers and moisture barriers around the
aperture.
c) In cavity wall construction, it is expected that the position of the internal face of the frames will have
been agreed at the design stage, but as a general principle the frames should be set across the
cavity by a minimum of 25 mm to reduce cold bridging at the junction between the window and the
wall.
d) In other forms of construction such as timber frame, the position of the frame in the aperture should
be as determined by the designer.
e) Account should be taken of potential differential settlement between the inner and outer skins of the
wall, particularly in timber frame buildings. The frame should be fixed to the inner timber frame and
an allowance left between the bottom of the sill and the external skin.
1. This is to allow the inner skins to settle and the frame to move with the inner skin relative to the outer skin,
and to prevent this movement resulting in the sill being distorted by the external skin below the frame.
f) Sealing of frames to the building structure should be completed taking into account possible
differential movement between the frame and external structure as detailed in item e).
9.10 Glazing

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 19

9.10.1 General
All glazing should conform to the recommendations given in the relevant part of BS 6262, in BS 8000-0
and in BS 8000-7. In addition, any glass or insulating glass unit manufacturer's instructions should be
followed.
NOTE
1. Figure 7 shows the setting and location block positions.
All insulating glass units should be examined for damage prior to installation. Defective units should not
be used.
A gap of at least 5 mm should be included around the insulating glass unit. Drainage and ventilation to
external air should be provided by slots or holes.
2. Suitable configurations are described in 85 8000 and BS 6262.
Insulating glass units incorporating safety glass should be oriented with the safety glass on the
appropriate side.
3. It is a legal requirement that the marking on the safety glass remains visible after installation.
The orientation of coated glass and laminated glass affects the thermal performance of the window or
doorset, and these products should be installed in accordance with the window or doorset
manufacturer's instructions.
9.10.2 Site glazing methods
COMMENTARY ON 9.10.2
Some windows and doorsets are delivered ready glazed; others are supplied with glass units and pre-
formed glazing gaskets to be applied on site in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
A range of tapes, compounds and gaskets for glazing purposes might have been specified, and tile
installer should correctly use the appropriate products. In all cases the manufacturer's instructions
should be followed.
Insulating glass units should wherever possible be installed by the drained and ventilated method.
NOTE
1. This method allows any moisture entering the glazing rebate to drain or evaporate. The purpose is to
avoid wetting the insulating glass unit edge seal, which can ultimately lead to interstitial condensation
(internal fogging/misting) failure.
2. Fully-bedded glazing methods may only be used if carried out in factory conditions, incorporating a drained
bottom bead unless the window design prevents this configuration.
When used externally, windows installed with butyl-based, polyethylene, PVC or acrylic glazing tapes
should be capped with sealant where appropriate.
Insulating glass units, setting and location blocks (see Figure 7), distance pieces, frame to glass and
bead to glass gaskets, bead to frame airseals, corner sealing blocks, beads and bead end caps, bedding
and capping sealants should be installed in accordance with BS 8000-7.
The glazing materials should be compatible with the insulating glass unit edge seal, to prevent
premature failure or contamination of the insulating glass unit.

20 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 BCDC 15 (107) DTZS

Dimensions in millimeters

▄
Setting block
□ Location block
Note. In the case of vertical
pivots, some systems
require setting blocks to be
placed on top of the pivots
and not to either side as
shown in this figure

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 21

Figure 7 Setting and location block position
9.11 Sealing
A thermally insulating filling material should be applied into the perimeter gap around the frame, e.g., PU
foam or impregnated foam tapes.
The presence of old oil-based mastics and bituminous DPCs can adversely affect the behaviour or
appearance of otherwise correctly specified and applied wet sealants, through the migration of
hydrocarbons to the surface of the new sealants. Consequent photo-oxidation of the migrant products can
affect sealant performance and produce discoloration. This risk should be avoided by removal of unwanted
mastic and by keeping sealant away from DPCs.
Perimeter joints should be continuously sealed on both the outside and the inside with a sealant appropriate
to:
a) the frame surface;
b) the substrate material;
c) joint size and configuration;
d) anticipated joint movement;
e) anticipated exposure to weather.
When using impregnated foam tapes, over-capping with a wet sealant is generally not required. The
manufacturer's instructions should be followed.
NOTE
1. Annex B gives examples of joint construction.
In situations where sealants rely upon atmospheric moisture to initiate curing, deep filling should be
avoided.
The sealant should be applied against a firm backing so that it is forced against the sides of the joint during
application. To avoid failure in service, the sealant should not adhere to the backing because this would
restrict the lateral movement of the joint.
2. For gaps greater than 6 mm these recommendations can be achieved through the use of a closed-cell
over-sized polyethylene (PE) foam backer rod.
When applying sealant into a parallel joint, a width to depth ratio of between 1:1 and 2:1 should be observed.
When applying a fillet joint, a minimum 6 mm contact to non-porous and 10 mm to porous substrates should
be achieved.
For steel and aluminium framed windows and doorsets, an insulating fill should be inserted or injected
wherever practicable around their full perimeter behind the external seal between frame and structural
opening (see Annex B).
An adequate seal should be provided between any sill and frame, and a barrier should be created at the
ends of the sill.
3. This is to stop water bypassing the perimeter seal and entering the building or cavity. This seal/barrier
can be made using appropriate sealants or proprietary end caps/sill sections designed for the purpose.
9.12 Final inspection
After installation a final inspection should be carried out, preferably accompanied by the purchaser, to
ensure that the installation is fully in accordance with the surveyor's and manufacturer's instructions.
NOTE
1. An example of a final checklist is given in Annex C.
The purchaser should be made aware of the method(s) of operation, locking and unlocking and fire egress,
including a practical demonstration where possible. This should be accompanied by written operating and
maintenance instructions such as those published by trade federations.
2. Ideally, all occupants of a household will be shown how to operate the windows and doorsets, particularly

22 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 the operation of safety restrictors and their release for egress, in order to identify any difficulties any
occupant might have and to agree remedies. Where it is not possible to pass the instructions directly to
the occupant, e.g., in the case of housing association refurbishment then it is the responsibility of the
purchaser to ensure that the instructions are communicated.
Information on the ordering of spare keys should be provided.
3. It is good practice to have the purchaser or purchaser's designated representative sign off the installation
after the inspection has been passed.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 23

 Annex A
(informative)
Window and doorset removal techniques
A. 1 Removal of putty-glazed fixed light glazing
Safe removal of putty-glazed fixed light glazing is preferably carried out by removing the putty, sprigs, beads
or fixing nails and removing the glazing intact in its entirety. Alternatively, the glass can be carefully broken,
so that the fragments are on the outside of the structure.
NOTE - Old putty might contain asbestos, attention is therefore drawn to the relevant regulations for Control of Asbestos

A. 2 Removal of frame
A. 2.1 General
It is good practice to run a sharp knife between the inside face of the frame and the plaster adjoining the
frame, to minimize the damage to the plaster when the frame is removed.
A. 2.2 Timber windows and doorsets
It is easiest for opening lights to be removed first, complete with their glass, by levering the screws from the
frames, or unscrewing the hinges, or by cutting through the hinges (see Figure A.1). This provides working
space, and reduces the weight.

Figure A.1 Cutting through transoms and mullions

After removal of the opening lights and fixed light glazing, any mullions and transoms can be cut through to
remove them from the outer frame of the window or doorset. as shown in Figure A.2.

Figure A.2 Cutting through the outer frame

24 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

If the original fixing nails or screws cannot be found and removed, the outer frame can be cut through twice
to remove a small central piece of the outer frame, then the frame carefully levered from the surrounding
aperture - in the plane of the window or doorset - so as to cause the minimum of damage to the aperture.
There are often problems with windows and doorsets under the roof eaves. There might be a brick course
resting on the frame between the top of the existing frame and the soffit board. This course is often purely
decorative, not load-bearing, and can be wedged into position until the frame has been removed. Also, the
soffit board - plywood, timber or asbestos/cement - is frequently nailed to the existing frame. This joint can
be severed by carefully locating and removing or cutting the nails.
A. 2.3 Box sash windows
Most box sash windows pre-date cavity walls, and are built into the internal reveals of solid brickwork. The
sashes can be removed fully glazed, in the following order.
a) Remove the mitred beading from around the frame.
b) Carefully curt the sash cords to release and lower the weights.
c) Remove the bottom sash, then take off the parting bead and take out the top sash.
d) Cut the outer frame from the aperture, leaving the horns in the structure.
e) Remove the counterweight from the sash box.
f) Remove the sill, if this is not part of the outer frame.
A. 2.4 Metal windows and doorsets
Metal windows and doorsets can be removed in one of the two following orders, according to the type of
window or doorset.
a) For metal windows and doorsets fixed through the frame into timber sub-frames or direct into the
aperture:
1) remove all glazing from fixed lights, and separate and remove all opening lights from the frames;
2) locate the screws holding the metal frame in place and remove them;
3) remove any timber sub-frame as described for timber windows and doorsets (A.2.2).
b) For metal windows and doorsets set directly into the brickwork or concrete held in place by lugs
attached to the outer frame:
1) remove any opening lights with an angle grinder or hacksaw;
2) cut through any transoms and mullions and remove them;
3) remove the screws from the frame by drilling out the heads or by driving them through the frame
using a suitable punch;
4) cut through each side of the frame with an angle grinder and lever away from the wall, taking care
not to damage the fabric of the aperture.
A. 2.5 PVC-U windows and doorsets
All of the glazing is normally removed first by removing the glazing beads. A sharp knife might be required
to free the glass where glazing tapes have been used.
Opening lights can be separated from the frame and removed.
It is advisable to remove any trim profiles around the windows and doorsets to allow easier access and to
determine the presence of fixing brackets.
PVC-U windows and doorsets are usually fixed by through-frame fixings, brackets or proprietary means.
a) Through-frame fixings can usually be unscrewed to allow the frame to be removed from the
aperture. Care needs to be taken to avoid excessive damage to the fabric of the building.

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 25

b) Where fixing brackets have been used to secure the window or doorset, it is preferable to unscrew
the fixings in the fixing brackets. Where this is not possible. the brackets can be cut with an angle grinder.
Extra care is needed to reduce the inevitable damage to the window or doorset surround.
c) Proprietary fixings might require special instruction from the manufacturer.
A. 2.6 Sills
Sills, and sometimes heads, windowboards and mullions, are often horned into the fabric of the aperture.
This can conceal DPCs and lead to difficulties in removal. Great care has to be taken when cutting and
levering these items to reduce damage to plaster, renders and brickwork to a minimum. If the DPC is
damaged, then it needs to be replaced. Repair might be possible in certain materials.

26 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 Annex B
(informative)
Examples of replacement frame position and joint construction
Figure B.1 to Figure B.13 show indicative examples of replacement frame positions and joint constructions.
The examples apply to both internally and externally beaded/opening windows.
NOTE - The contents of all of these figures are only indicative and are not to scale.

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 DPC
4 Finishing trims/plaster
Figure B.1 Flush reveal with joint width less than 6 mm and frame forward of DPC

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 DPC
4 Finishing trims/plaster

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 27

Figure B.2 Flush reveal with joint width less than 6 mm and frame bridging DPC

Key
1 Insulation
2 Impregnated foam tape
3 DPC
4 Finishing trims/plaster
5 Sealant
NOTE - Alternatively, the impregnated foam tape can be installed to the full depth of the joint to provide insulation.
Figure B.3 Flush reveal and frame bridging DPC. - Alternative details using impregnated foam tapes

Key
1 Impregnated foam tape
2 Insulation
3 Sealant
4 DPC
5 Finishing trims/plaster
Figure B.4 Check reveal and frame bridging DPC using impregnated foam tape

28 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 PE backer rod
4 DPC
5 Finishing trims/plaster
Figure B.5 Flush reveal with joint width from 6 mm to 15 mm and frame bridging DPC

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 Packing piece
4 DPC
5 Finishing trims/plaster
6 External render
Figure B.6 Flush reveal with external render, for replacement frames

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 29

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 DPC
4 Finishing trims/plaster
5 External render
Figure B.7 Flush reveal with external render, for replacement windows/doorsets with frame shuffled into
position

Key
1 Insulation
2 Sealant
3 Finishing trims
4 DPC
5 Packing piece
Figure B.8 Box sash replacement

30 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

Key
1 Impregnated foam tape
2 Insulation
3 Sealant
4 DPC
5 Packing piece
6 Finishing trims/plaster
Figure B.9 Box sash replacement - Alternative details using impregnated foam tapes

Key
1 External sealant
2 Insulation
3 Packing piece
4 DPC
5 Insulated cavity closer or fire barrier
6 Finishing trims/plaster

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 31

Figure B.10 Box sash (cords and weights) replacement. into cavity wall with open cavity

Key
1 External sealant
2 Insulation
3 Finishing trims/plaster
4 Check reveal lintel
NOTE - This arrangement also applies to standard windows.
Figure B.11 Box sash replacement into check reveal head

Key
1 Bedding/insulation
2 DPC (for timber windows)
3 Sealant or pointed bedding
Figure B.12 Sill bedding and finishing arrangement

32 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

Key
1 Insulation
2 Drainage path - do not block
3 Sealant
4 Steel lintel
5 Finishing trims/plaster
Figure B.13 Head arrangement

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 33

 Annex C
(informative)
Typical checklists
C. 1 Surveyor's checklist
A typical surveyor's checklist is shown in Figure C.1.
Y/N
Have risk assessment(s) been completed (see BS 8213-4:2015, 5.1)?
Is the condition of the aperture satisfactory and without evidence of dam or cracks?
Is the aperture square and even to within 5 mm height and width and 10 mm diagonals?
Will any loads be carried by the building and not the window or doorset?
Has the size and method of fixing any sill been determined?
Will the proposed style function without being fouled by plaster, etc.?
Will any trickle vents fitted function without being fouled by plaster, etc.?
Will hinges function without being fouled by plaster, etc.?
Are curtain tracks and nets clear of the proposed design?
Is the size and configuration within the manufacturer's limits?
Will the products exposure category be suitable for the location?
Will the installation conform to relevant Building Regulations?
Is the method of drainage appropriate for the installation and product?
Has the purchaser confirmed the position and handing of opening lights?
Has any additional hardware been specified?
Is the access for installation safe?
Has the fixing method been determined?
Has the extent of making good been agreed with the purchaser

NOTE - It can be of benefit to make a photographic record of the existing installation in case of dispute over relevant
Regulations compliance at a later date.
Figure C.1 Typical surveyor's checklist
C. 2 Final inspection checklist
A typical final inspection checklist is shown in Figure C.2.
Y/N
Visual appearance Is the frame installed plumb and square?
Are the beads fitted correctly and evenly?
Are exposed faces - including beads - free from damage?
Is the frame clean with all protective tape removed?
Has any damage to aperture been correctly made good?
Have all trims been fitted correctly?
Has all site debris been removed?
Glazing Is all glazing as specified on contract
Are all sealed units free from scratches and signs of failure?
Are obscure and coated glasses oriented properly?
Are sealed unit spacer bars covered by frame and beads

34 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved

 Is the glazing held properly by beads/gaskets, etc.?
Is safety glass used where necessary?
Operation Do all openers open close and lock as intended?
Are seals on frames without gaps?
Are cams free from binding against strikers?
Is all operating gear lubricated as necessary?
Is all hardware attached with correct numbers of fixings?
Sight lines Are all sight lines visually correct?
Are adjacent opening lights aligned as appropriate?
Are all decorative features, e.g., leading, correctly aligned?
Sealing Are all joints smooth and correctly formed?
Is the sealant continuous around the frame?
Is the frame face free from excess sealant?
Drainage Are all drainage channels free from obstruction?
Miscellaneous Are sill end caps fitted if required?
Figure C.2 Typical final inspection checklist

©TBS 2022-All rights reserved 35

 Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 8213-4, Windows, doors and rooflights - Part 4: Code of practice for the survey and installation of
windows and external doorsets
BS 8300, Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled people - Code of practice
BS EN 14351-1, Windows and pedestrian doorsets - Product standard, performance characteristics - Part
1: Windows and external pedestrian doorsets without resistance to fire and/or smoke leakage
characteristics
Other publications
[1] GLASS AND GLAZING FEDERATION, Code of practice - Working at heights in the domestic
replacement window industry. London: Glass and Glazing Federation, 2006.
[2] GLASS AND GLAZING FEDERATION, The good practice guide for the installation of replacement
windows and doors. London: Glass and Glazing Federation, 2011.
[3] BRITISH ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS ASSOCIATION, The BASA guide to the ISO 11600
classification of sealants for building construction. Ely: BASA, 1999.
[4] GLASS AND GLAZING FEDERATION, Guideline for the use of glass in protective barriers. London:
Glass and Glazing Federation, 2014.

36 ©TBS 2022-All rights reserved