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Chapter 2

The document summarizes basic electrical circuit laws and concepts from Chapter 2, including: 1) Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance of circuit elements. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing node voltages and loop currents. 2) Definitions of nodes, branches, and loops and the relationships between them. 3) Calculation of equivalent resistances for series and parallel resistor combinations and application of voltage and current division principles.

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atefm7959
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© © All Rights Reserved
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26 views

Chapter 2

The document summarizes basic electrical circuit laws and concepts from Chapter 2, including: 1) Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance of circuit elements. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing node voltages and loop currents. 2) Definitions of nodes, branches, and loops and the relationships between them. 3) Calculation of equivalent resistances for series and parallel resistor combinations and application of voltage and current division principles.

Uploaded by

atefm7959
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Circuits

Chapter 2
Basic Laws

1
Basic Laws - Chapter 2
2.1 Ohm’s Law.
2.2 Nodes, Branches, and Loops.
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws.
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current Division.

2
2.1 Ohms Law (1)
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage across
a resistor is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through the resistor.

• Mathematical expression for Ohm’s Law


is as follows:
v = iR
• Two extreme possible values of R:
0 (zero) and  (infinite) are related
with two basic circuit concepts: short
circuit and open circuit.
3
2.1 Ohms Law (2)
• Conductance is the ability of an element to
conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal
of resistance R and is measured in mhos or
siemens.
1 i
G= =
R v
• The power dissipated by a resistor:
2
v
p = vi = i R = 2

R
4
2.2 Nodes, Branches and
Loops (1)
• A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l


independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:

b = l + n −1
5
2.2 Nodes, Branches and
Loops (2)
Example 1

Original circuit

Equivalent circuit

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?


n=3, l=2, b=4 6
2.2 Nodes, Branches and
Loops (3)
Example 2 Should we consider it as one
branch or two branches?

How many branches, nodes and loops are there?


n=3, l= 4, b=6
7
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (1)
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero.

N
Mathematically, i
n =1
n =0
8
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (2)
Example 4

• Determine the current I for the circuit shown in


the figure below.

I + 4-(-3)-2 = 0
I = -5A

This indicates that


the actual current
for I is flowing
in the opposite
We can consider the whole direction.
enclosed area as one “node”. 9
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (3)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the
algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.

M
Mathematically, v
m =1
n =0
10
2.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws (4)
Example 5

• Applying the KVL equation for the circuit of the


figure below.

va-v1-vb-v2-v3 = 0

V1 = IR1 v2 = IR2 v3 = IR3

 va-vb = I(R1 + R2 + R3)

va − vb
I=
R1 + R2 + R3
11
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they
are cascaded or connected sequentially
and consequently carry the same current.

• The equivalent resistance of any number of


resistors connected in a series is the sum of the
individual resistances.
N
Req = R1 + R2 +    + R N =  Rn
n =1
• The voltage divider can be expressed as
Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 +    + R N 12
2.4 Series Resistors and Voltage
Division (1)
Example 3

10V and 5W
are in series

13
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with
N resistors in parallel is:
1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Req R1 R2 RN
• The total current i is shared by the resistors in
inverse proportion to their resistances. The current
divider can be expressed as:
v iReq
in = =
Rn Rn 14
2.5 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division (1)
Example 4

2W, 3W and 2A
are in parallel

15

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