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Lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

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NURUL YAHSIFAH SYQELLA BINTI YAHYA BK21110100
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45 views

Lecture 5 - Partial Derivatives and Chain Rule

This document discusses partial derivatives and their notation. It explains how to find the slope of a function z=f(x,y) in the x and y directions by taking partial derivatives. It also discusses higher order partial derivatives, functions of more than two variables, and implicit differentiation.

Uploaded by

NURUL YAHSIFAH SYQELLA BINTI YAHYA BK21110100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Derivatives

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


Recall – Differentiation rules
Recall

For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , the 𝑓′ 𝑥𝑜 gives us the slope of the graph of f


at 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 .
But for 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , what would the slope mean?

On a surface, there are different slopes in different


direction. We will start by looking at the slope in the x-
direction and the slope in y-direction.
Consider the paraboloid 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4 and the point (2, 1, -1).

x y
To consider the slope in x-direction, we treat y as a
constant. (here y =1 since we are at (2, 1, -1):

We take the partial derivatives


in the x-direction.

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4
x
y
𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑓𝑥 2,1 = −2 2 = −4

Slope in x-direction at (2, 1, -1)


is -4
To consider the slope in y-direction, we treat x as a
constant. (here x = 2 since we are at (2, 1, -1):

We take the partial derivatives


in the y-direction.

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4
x y 𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2𝑦
𝑓𝑦 2,1 = −2 1 = −2

Slope in y-direction at (2, 1, -1)


is -2
Notation

for z = f (x, y)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
𝑓𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = = 𝐷𝑥 𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
𝑓𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = = 𝐷𝑦 𝑓
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
We have computed

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
𝑓𝑥 2,1 = 2,1 = ቤ = ቤ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 (2,1) 𝜕𝑥 (2,1)
Using product rule, we have
Function of More than Two Variables

𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝜕𝑤
For , treat y and z as constants
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑤
For , treat x and z as constants
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤
For , treat x and y as constants
𝜕𝑧
Function of More than Two Variables
Second Order Partial Derivatives
When we differentiate f(x, y) twice, we produce its second
order derivatives.
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = = 2= 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
(𝑓𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = = =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
1st 2nd
2nd 1st

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑧
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑥 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = = =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2𝑓 𝜕 2𝑧
(𝑓𝑦 )𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = = 2= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
The chain rule

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


Recall the Chain Rule for single variable
function

For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡),


𝑦=𝑓 𝑔 𝑡

𝑑𝑦
and = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑔′ 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Or =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Function of two variable
Function of three variable
Implicit Differentiation Revisited
Recall for function of 1 variable

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =4 find
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 2
𝑑
(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑥
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦
Implicit Differentiation Revisited
Since F(x,y) = 0

𝑑𝑤
must be zero
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝐹𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝐹𝑦

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