CRIM 3 - HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY  Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its

parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an

Human Behavior offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes
- anything an individual does that involves self-initiated predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or
action and/or reaction to a given situation. organism.
- the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or  Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It
the way human beings act consists of conditions and factors that surround and
influence behavioral pattern.
Human Beings  Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior
Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental changes as a result of experience or practice.
capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.
Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior
Views in Human Behavior 1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward
1. Neurological View – deals with human actions in relation the external environment of people and things rather than
to events taking place inside the body such as the brain toward inner experiences and oneself.
and the nervous system. 2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward
2. Behavioral View – emphasizes on external functions of oneself and one’s inner world of experiences. Introverts, in
the human being that can be observed and measured. contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less
3. Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way the brain sociable.
processes and transforms information into various ways. 3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert
4. Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes unconscious characteristics. An ambivert is normally comfortable with
motives that originate from aggressive impulses in groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time
childhood. alone and away from the crowd.
5. Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s experience, 4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely
freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization. and are generally moody, touchy, depressed, sensitive and
anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to
Two Basic Types of Behavior environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret
1. Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as
reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their hopelessly difficult.
inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection. 5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social
2. Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior,
adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A
with changes in the environment in ways which improve the person high on psychoticism tends to be impulsive,
chances of survival. aggressive individual without appreciable concern for other
Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or
training. Frustration in Human Behavior

Classifications of Human Behavior Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s
1. Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested motivated behavior. Sustained frustration may be characterized by
in language and emotion. anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
2. Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out
of man’s instinct which can be seen among instinct-instinct Three Basic Forms of Conflict
survival behaviors. 1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an
3. Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by individual move closer to a seemingly desirable object, only
means of unsaid words and shown through symbols or to have the potentially negative consequences of
body signs. contacting that object push back against the closing
4. Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more behavior.
of the classified ones. 2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting
from the necessity of choosing between two desirable
Causes of Human Behavior alternatives. There are usually two desirable things wanted,
 Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given but only one option can be chosen.
stimulus or because that leads to a particular reaction or 3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict
behavior. involves two undesirable or unattractive alternatives where
Human Senses: a person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable
a. Visual – sight things.
b. Olfactory – smell
c. Cutaneous – touch Coping Mechanism
d. Auditory – hearing It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People
e. Gustatory – taste differ in the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to
 Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given individual differences and the way people prepared in the
stimulus which largely help to determine the actual developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.
behavioral response in a given situation
 Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on Frustration Tolerance
interpretation of past experiences with a given stimulus or It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing
object. inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally depressed
or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.
Factors that affect Human Behavior
Broad Reactions to Frustration

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  Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or
constructive and direct way by means of breaking down the ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety
obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals. associated with them.
 Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating,
becoming indifferent and giving up. 5. Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a
trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in
1. Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way.
their problems in a very objective way. They identify first Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses
the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to under control.
solve it, and proceeded with the constructive manner of
utilizing the solution which will produce the best results. 6. Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize
and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
2. Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the
right solution of the problem, he always end up with a 7. Repression – is unconscious process whereby
negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
or change direction first and find out if the solution or completely prevented from entering consciousness.
remedy is there. 8. Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of
repression, is a conscious activity by which an individual
3. Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
frustration when an original plan intended to solve the experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most
practical way to face the problem, is to look for most 9. Identification - an individual seeks to overcome his own
possible or alternative means. feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by taking
on the characteristics of someone who is important to him.
4. Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding to running away An example is a child who identifies with his parents who
from the problem or flight which to some is the safest way. are seen as models of intelligence, strength and
competence
5. Developing feeling of inferiority - comes when a person
is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive 10. Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the
result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and
handle a frustration could result to diminishing self- anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.
confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.
11. Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions
6. Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability and unconscious drives do not materialize.
to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical
behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes 12. Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling,
towards life both in the personal and professional aspect. thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier
stage of development.
7. Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated way of
handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person 13. Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives
attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or which consciously unacceptable are diverted into
event. personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive
and constructive mechanism for defending against own
Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious psychological process that unacceptable impulses and needs.
serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional conflict and
anxiety. Normal Behavior
This refers to a lack of significant deviation from the
Common Defense Mechanisms average. Another possible definition is that "a normal" is someone
1. Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is who conforms to the predominant behavior in a society.
displaced onto another person or object as the recipient of Social norms – rules that a group uses for appropriate and
said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
person or object which originally was the cause of said
emotion. Abnormal Behavior (Deviant)
Literally means "away from the normal". It implies deviation
2. Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables from some clearly defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the
individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and norm is the structural and functional integrity of the body.
others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust
approved arguments to convince themselves and others himself to difficult situation over a long period of time, he may try to
that their behavior is logical and acceptable escape from conflicts by suffering from any of the following mental
disorders:
3. Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism
through which people attempt to overcome the anxiety 1) NEUROSIS– a condition where a person compromises with reality
associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one by developing imaginary ailments, phobia, obsession or compulsion.
is of personality or body image, by concentrating on
another area where they can excel. Some of the more common neuroses are:

4. Projection- manifest feelings and ideas which are 1. anxiety

unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are projected
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  manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
from anticipation of danger the source of which is largely Personality disorders, formerly referred to as character
unknown or unrecognized. disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors defined as
2. obsessive compulsive disorder “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates
 people who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive and markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who
repetitive thoughts or behaviors. exhibits it”. This category includes those individuals who begin to
develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a result
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders of family, social, and cultural influences.

Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thought that will not Types of Personality Disorders
go away. Thoughts and impulses which occur in the person’s mind
despite attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if 1. Paranoid Personality – This is characterized by suspiciousness,
they do not belong to the individual's mind. hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive self-importance, and
Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
perform some actions against his free will and with duress as a result mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain
pattern of behavior. 2. Schizoid Personality – Individuals with this personality disorder
neither deserve nor enjoy close relationship. They live a solitary life
EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect. This is characterized
1. Arithomania – the impulse to count anything. by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a
2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor. solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal. 3. Schizotypal Personality – Individuals with this type of personality
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power. disorder exhibit odd behaviors based on a belief in magic or
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire. superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.
4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized by attempt to be the
3. Phobia center of attention through the use of theatrical and self-dramatizing
 this is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this case, anxiety is behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships
focused so intensely on some objects or situations that the are stormy. It is characterized by excessive emotionality
individual is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and
go to great pain to avoid it. inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
 an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and
most of the time has no reasonable foundation. 5. Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with this type of personality
have a pervasive sense of self-importance. A disorder and
TYPES OF PHOBIAS its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in
1. Acrophobia - high places childhood, particularly that from parental figures.
2. Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
3. Malgophobia - pain 6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized by a lifelong history
4. Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning of inability to conform to social norms. They are irritable and
5. Gynophobia – fear of dogs aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These
6. Claustrophobia - closed places individuals also have a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse
7. Hematophobia - blood disorders.
8. Mysophobia - contamination or germs
9. Monophobia - being alone 7. Borderline Personality – This is characterized by instability,
10. Nyctophobia - darkness reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. Individuals
11. Ochlophobia - crowds with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or imagined
12. Hydrophobia - water (deep water) abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense
13. Pathophobia - disease interpersonal relationships that alternate between extreme
14. Pyrophobia - fire idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances
15. Syphilophobia - syphilis or food, or be sexually promiscuous.
16. Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals
8. Avoidant Personality – Individuals with this personality are fearful
4. DEPRESSION of becoming involved with people because of excessive fears of
 extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, criticism or rejection.
self-pity, despair, rejection, boredom and pessimism; a
person is said to be depressed if these feelings 9. Dependent Personality – This is characterized by inability to
become pervasive and can already affect all aspects make even daily decisions without excessive advice and reassurance
of a person’s life. from others and needs others to assume responsibility for most major
areas of his or her life.
2) Psychosis - a mental condition where the person may withdraw
from the real world into the world of fantasy and make-believe, where 10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized by excessive
a person’s hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled. concern with rules, order efficiency, and work coupled with insistence
that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm
DELUSION – false belief feelings.
HALLUCINATION – false sensory perception
11. Passive-Aggressive Personality – The individual with
personality disorder is usually found to have overindulged in many
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things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to
anticipate that his needs will always be met and gratified. a. Suitable Targets - Objects of crime (persons or property)
that are attractive and readily available.
Copycat Crime b. Capable Guardians - Effective deterrents to crime, such
 Copycat crime is crime inspired by another crime that as police or watchful neighbors.
has been publicized in the news media or fictionally or c. Motivated Offenders - People willing and able to commit
artistically represented in which the offender crimes.
incorporates aspects of the original offense.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY Lifestyle Theories - Views on how people become crime victims
 A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other because of lifestyles that increase their exposure to criminal
than heterosexual relationship. offenders.

HETEROSEXUALITY Deviant Place Theory - The view that victimization is primarily a

 normal sexual relationship between members of the function of where people live.
opposite sex which could lead to reproduction.
Victim Precipitation Theory
TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY The view that victims may initiate, either actively or
1. Homosexuality - sexual desire towards the same sex passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization.
2. Transvestitism - obtaining sexual gratification by wearing
the clothes of the opposite sex.
Active Precipitation - Aggressive or provocative behavior
3. Voyeurism - obtaining sexual pleasure by watching the
members of the opposite sex undressing or engaging in of victims that result in their victimization.
sexual activities.
4. Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one’s Passive Precipitation - Personal or social characteristics
genitals to others. of victims that make them attractive targets for criminals;
5. Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily and such victims may unknowingly either threaten or encourage
exclusively from specific objects. the attacker.
6. Sadism – by inflicting pain to others
7. Masochism – by inflicting pain upon themselves . CLASSIFICATIONS OF VICTIM
8. Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human
being. 1. PRIMARY VICTIM- those who suffered as a result of a
9. Froilism – a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) crime
persons are participating in sexual act. 2. SECONDARY VICTIM- those who suffered indirectly, such
10. Pluralism – a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual
as the spouse, children, parent, brothers, sisters or relative
festival).
if the victim.
11. Cunnilingus – licking of woman’s genitals
12. Fellatio – sucking the penis 3. TERTIARY VITIM- those who become victim
13. Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual contact with psychologically because they become afraid of the effects
children. of crime by watching television, newspaper, listening to
14. Incest – sexual relations between persons related by witness testimony.
blood.
15. Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living animal. KINDS OF RISK
16. Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual intercourse with
a dead body. 1. HIGH RISK VICTIM- often live in high risk situations
2. MEDIUM RISK- considered to work close to home and lock
17. Scatopilia - arousal is achieved by making obscene phone their doors at night
calls 3. LOW RISK- usually remains close to home and work, and
18. Coprophilia - A pharaphilia in which gratification is generally do not frequent in places they do not know well.
attained when sexual intercourse is accompanied with
human feces.
19. Piquerism - A paraphilia in which one finds pleasure in
stabbing or cutting bodies:
20. Urophilia – urine
21. Mysophilia – dirt or filth
22. BDSM – bondage – dominance/submission –
sadism/masochism
23. Pygmalionism- Statue

VICTIMOLOGY

Chivalry Hypothesis
- The idea that low female crime and delinquency rates are
a reflection of the leniency with which police treat female offenders.
Routine Activities Theory - The view that victimization results from
the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable
targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of
motivated offenders.
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