Example 5.1: Layout of a storm sewer system is shown in Figure.
The sewer BE will be designed for a storm having a return period of Tr = 10 years. Inlet time for
all areas are accepted to be 10 minutes. The maximum and minimum allowable velocities in
sewers are 4 m/s and 0.5 m/s, respectively. The flow time between two successive manholes can
be taken as 2 minutes. Manning's roughness coefficient for full flow case is N=0.016, Street slope
of BE is 4%, Commercial pipes are available at every 25 mm increments of diameters. Rainfall
intensity for the project area can be determined from the following relation:
where Tr is the return period in years, tc is the total time of concentration in minutes
and i is the rainfall intensity in mm/hr.
Solution ;
Different paths contributing to the manhole B should be considered.
a) The direct path from areas 3 and 8:
The inlet times are 10 minutes. Therefore, the rainfall intensity becomes:
b) Other Paths Areas (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
Time of concentration 10+2=12
So the Rainfall intensity becomes i=82.16 mm/hr
Let us determine the required pipe size to carry this discharge
using Manning's equation:
u =3.46 m/s < 4 m/s and > 0.5 m/s
des
O.K. Therefore, the design is
acceptable.
Example 5.2: A sanitary sewer (intercepting sewer) is to be constructed for a
city having the following population data: P1985 = 15000 and P i 995 = 18500. The
design life time of the system is 30 years after 1995. It is estimated that 70% of
average daily water consumption will return to the sewer system. The
following information is estimated for the design. Groundwater infiltration and
rainfall leakage are 3 lt/s and 1 lt/s, respectively. Minimum full flow velocity is 0.5
m/s. Minimum allowable depth of flow is 2 cm. Maximum full flow velocity is 3
m/s. Estimated friction slope is 0.01. Take N = 0.016. Commercial pipes are
available for every 50 mm increment of pipe diameter.
Solution :
Since the life time is 30 years, then Pn corresponds to year 2025. By
geometric extrapolation,
Therefore, the design discharge is Qdes= 30*4.0 + 3 + 1
= 124 lt/s
Therefore, the selected pipe diameter, Ø 400 is acceptable for this sewer.
Example 5.3: A sanitary sewer system shown in Figure will be designed in a certain district of a city for the
year 2020. The projected population densities are given in the figure in terms of people per hectare (p/ha).
There will be some additional industrial establishments in the city. Therefore, it is assumed that 80% of the
projected average water demand will return to the sewer system. The population data of the city are:
P1980=51000 and P1990=63500. A constant groundwater infiltration of 0.4 It/s/ha can be taken for the
project area. A heavy storm would yield a contribution of 1.0 It/s/ha of rainfall. The maximum allowable
velocity for the pipe material is 3 m/s. A minimum full flow velocity of 0,6 m/s is enough for self cleansing.
Carry out the design for sewer CD for the given information. Take N= 0.016. Street slope of CD is 5%. Pipe
sizes are available in 25 mm increments of diameter.
Solution:
Let us determine the projected population using geometric
extrapolation
Area No: A (ha) Population (Qave)waste Rain Infiltration
(lt/s) (lt/s) (It/s)
2 5 2250 3.83 5 2.0
3 6 3000 5.10 6 2.4
4 7 3150 5.36 7 2.8
5 4 1600 2.72 4 1.6
6 5 1750 2.98 5 2.0
8 9 4050 6.89 9 3.6
9 8 4000 6.80 8 3.2
10 10 3500 5.95 10 4.0
Σ 39.63 54 21.6
The peak factors are obtained from Figure 8.7 for Σ (Qave)waste = 39.63 It/s
as (P.F)hour = 3.8 and (P.F)day = 2.1. Therefore, the design discharge and
dry weather discharge are determined as
Qdes = 3.8*39.63 + 54 + 21.6 = 226.1 9 It/s
Q,ow = 2.1*39.63 + 21.6 = 104.82 It/s
From Figure 8.8, S0 6 = 0.9 per thousand < 0.05.
Therefore, SCD = 0.05 is taken.
With this value,
From Figure 8.3.
The design velocity is
udes = 1.02*2.74 = 2.79 m/s < 3 m/s O.K.
Check low flow conditions.
From Figure 8.3,
Example 5.4: A sanitary system will
be designed for a certain district of a
city. The projected population of the
district is 32273. The projected
layout of the system, which
corresponds to the end of the lifetime
of the system, is shown in Figure
8.13. Design sanitary sewers
between manholes M6-M9 and M8-
M9 with reference to the
computational sequence given in
Table 8.4. Present your solution in a
tabular form. Consider N/n is
variable with N=0.015, groundwater
infiltration is 0.5 l/s/ha, rainfall
contribution is 0.8 l/s/ha, and depth
of cover is 2 m. Commercial pipes
are available for every 50 mm
increment of pipe diameter. The
minimum full flow velocity for self
cleansing is 0.6 m/s. The maximum
allowable velocity is 4 m/s.
In Figure, P is the percent population in the area concerned, R is
a coefficient which reflects the return of municipal water use to the
sewer system. Topographic elevations of the manholes are given in
Table. The lengths of all sewers are 150m.
Table showing Topographic elevations of manholes for Example 5.4
Manhole Elevation (m)
1 186
2 184
3 182
4 184
5 182
6 180
7 182
8 180
9 178
10 178
11 176
Solution:
For P=32273, Dad=39 It/s (Table 7.1). It is assumed that Dad=39 lt/s is
the same throughout the district. The solution is presented in Table.
Alignm. L GW Rain (Qav)waste PFday PFhour Qdes
(m) (It/s) (lt/s) (lt/s) (lt/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
M6-M9 150 32.5 52 22.0 2.20 4.1 174.7
M8-M9 150 11.5 18.4 3.0 3.30 6.2 48.5
Qave So.6 Sdes Ø Qfull Ufull udes ulow
lt/s (mm) lt/s (m/s) (m/s) (m/s)
(9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
80.9 0.0012 0.0133 400 209 1.66 1.66 1.34
21.4 0.0028 0.0133 250 60 1.22 1.21 0.95
Us ds Upper Lower Invert Invert Bot. Bot.
(m/s) (cm) Ground Ground Top el. Top el. [Link] [Link]
El.(m) El.(m) (m)(up.) (m)(lo.) (m) (m)
(17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24)
0.49 20 180 178 178 177.6 176 175.6
0.48 11.8 180 178 178 177.75 176 175.75
