SMART GRID CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

A seminar report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of the

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
KONDA RISHIKA 206B5A0216

Under the esteemed guidance of

B. MAHENDAR M. Tech
Associate professor & HOD of EEE department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN

Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTUH-Hyderabad

MANIKBHANDAR
NIZAMABAD-503003
TELANGANA
2020-2023
 KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN

Approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad

MANIKBHANDAR NIZAMABAD-503003

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the SEMINAR report on entitled SMART GRID

CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM is a record of bonafied of work carried out by

KONDA RISHIKA (206B5A0216) submitted to KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering during the academic year
2022-2023

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Mr. B. MAHENDAR MTech Mr. B. MAHENDAR MTech
Associate Professor Associate Professor
Department of EEE Department of EEE

PRINCIPAL

Dr. S. Selvakumar Raja B.E, M.E, Ph.D.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made
it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our seminar, is the result of studied blend of
both research and knowledge.

I am highly indebted to Principal Dr. S. SELVAKUMAR RAJA B.E, M.E, Ph.D. for giving me
permission to carry out this seminar.

I express my earnest gratitude to our Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Associate Professor Mr. B. MAHENDAR MTech of KITSW for his unique way of
inspiring students through clarity of thought, enthusiasm and care. His constant support,
encouragement, guidance and assistance were very helpful and made our effort a success.

I express my earnest gratitude to our internal guide of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,
Associate Professor Mr. B. MAHENDAR MTech for his constant support, encouragement, guidance
and for being moral support throughout the period of study in KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN. We are grateful for his cooperation and his
valuable suggestion

I WOULD LIKE TO PAY MY WHOLE GRATITUDE TO MY PARENTS WHO

ALLOWED TO STAY CONSISTENT FOR COMPLETION OF REPORT
 DECLARATION

I KONDA RISHIKA (206B5A216) hereby declare that this seminar has been carried
out entirely under the esteemed guidance of Associate Professor Mr. B. MAHENDAR sir
for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering at Kakatiya Institute of Technology & Science for Women,
Manikandan Nizamabad, affiliated to JNTUH and further it has not been submitted to other
university or institutions for the award of any other degree.

BY

KONDA RISHIKA 206B5A0216

 ABSTRACT

Smart grid is the modern form of power grid it considered as next generation power grid, which
provides bidirectional flow of electricity and information in a suitable manner from generation
to transmission and to distribution. It provides security to the system with improving the power
grid reliability and efficiency of electrical system.

The smart grid is modified version of power grid infrastructure. It has high power converters
sensing and metering technologies, automated control for enhancing efficiency and reliability.
Smart grid is more effective channel for communication case of his moderntechniques and
infrastructure.

The latest energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, availability of
network and depends on energy requirements. For improving the reliability of smart grid we
explore various failure protection mechanism to make protection better and to get smart
protection system. Failure protection mechanism explores the privacy issues in the smart grid.

Technological advancements in the energy industry have expedited the growth of the smart
grid, necessitating multidisciplinary study in power systems and management. India, the
world’s third-largest producer and consumer of electricity, has various power-related issues,
including significant transmission and distribution losses, electricity theft, and environmental
concern.

As a result of these issues, the energy industry is exploring new technologies to improve the
grid’s efficiency, sustainability, and security.

This seminar is to study and analyze the various components of the smart grid, present situation
of grid, evaluation of smart grid, type of technology and telecommunications are using,
advantages and disadvantages of smart grid.
CONTENTS PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES I
ABBRIVATIONS II
ABSTRACT III

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction smart grid technology at a glance 1
1.2 Aim of the project 3
1.3 Contents 3

1.4 Project goal 3

1.5 Conclusion 3
CHAPTER 2: HISTROY OF POWER GRID & INDIAN POWER
2.1 what is Grid? 4
2.2 Evolution of national grid 5
2.3 Over view on Indian power sector 6

CHAPTER 3: DISTRIBUTION COMPANY & THEIR CHALLENGES

3.1 Distribution company (DISCOM) 7
3.2 Functions and responsibilities of (DISCOM) 8
3.3 Present distribution systems problems 9
3.4 Calculations to determine the quality and
reliability of the power supply 11
CHAPTER 4: SMART GRID IN DISCOM
4.1 What is smart grid 15
4.2 List of smart grid field installed devices 18
4.21 Auto recloser 19

4.22 Sectionalizer 21

4.23 Three &five way 23

4.24 Fault passage indicator 25

4.25 Transformer monitoring unit 29

4.26 Smart energy meter 31

4.27 Data concentrator unit 33

4.28 Routers 35

Advantages of smart grid 38

CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 41
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO Name of the figure Page No

2.1 Total installed capacity of India 7

4.1 Smart Grid model 15

4.2 Pole mounted auto recloses 19

4.3 Sectionalizer 22

4.4 Schematic diagram of a typical 5-section 24

Ring main unit

4.5 A typical ring main distribution scheme

Making use of RMV’S 25

4.6 Fault passage indicator 26

4.7 Basic topology of a communicable system 28

4.8 Transformer monitoring unit 30

4.9 Smart energy meter 32

4.10 Data concentrator unit (DCU) 34

4.11 Router 36

4.12 Smart grid 39

 ABBRIVATONS

• DCU- Data concentrator unit

• PLC - programmable logic controllers
• AMI- Advanced metering infrastructure
• TMU- Transformer monitoring unit
• FPI- Fault passage unit
• RMU- Ring main unit
• AR - Auto recloser
• SAIFI- System average frequency index
• SAIDI- System average interruption duration index
• CAIDI- Customer average interruption duration index
• CAIFI- Customer average interruption frequency index
• MAIFI- Momentary average interruption frequency index
• MAIDI- Momentary average interruption duration index
• AMR- Automatic meter management
• CB- Circuit breaker
• SCADA- Supervisory control and data acquisition
• DMS - Data management system
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction: -

The modern electricity system having good sensors, quality of monitoring, completely
automatic, having good communication to improve efficiency and safety of the electricity
system is known as smart grid. It has ability to delivering power in a reliable manner with
more effective ways by using latest technology and responding all events which occurs
anywhere in grid such as power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption also.
A smart grid provides flexibility, security and reliability to the system.

Sometimes any event occurs cause of failure of medium voltage transformer in the
distribution grid, automatically smart grid changes the power flow and recover the power
delivery service. Set of seven chief domains makes complex infrastructure of a smart grid
1. Bulk generation 2. Energy distribution 3. Power transmission 4. Operation and control 5.
Market 6. Service providers 6. Customers. Each domain comprises same type elements that
include organization, buildings, individuals’ system, system resources and other entities. The
internal are crucial for connecting the different entities involved such as customers andutility
systems through an advanced metering infrastructure.

An advanced metering infrastructure interacting with smart meters and provide bidirectional
communication. Smart meter measures energy consumption more than any conventional
meter. It simplifies the monitoring the system demand. The benefits of smart grid are
following: 1. It is improving the system stability and reliability

2. Optimizing facility utilization and averting construction of back-up (peak load) power
plants

3. Enhancing capacity and efficiency of existing electric power networks

4. Enabling predictive maintenance and self-healing responses to system disturbances

5. Facilitating expanded deployment of renewable energy sources

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6. Accommodating distributed power sources;

7. Automating maintenance and operation;

8. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enabling electric vehicles and new power
sources;

9. Reducing oil consumption by reducing the need for

10. inefficient generation during peak usage periods

1.1 SMARTGRID TECHNOLOGY AT A GLANCE: -

A smart grid is a modern electric grid which is integrated with information and
communication technology. The conventional grid can only transmit or distribute theelectric
energy from generation to end-users. But smart grid can transmit energy and information in
both ways. In this way, the smart grid upgrades the existing grid to function more securely,
efficiently, and responsively.

The Strategic Deployment Document for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future has
defined a smart grid in the following words: “A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can
intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and
those that do both to efficiently deliver sustainable, economical and secure electricity
supplies. Smart grid technologies at the distribution level.

The distribution grid comprises medium voltage and low voltage networks that have
historically lacked automation. The distribution grids of big utilities span hundreds of
thousands of kilometers, making it prohibitively costly to construct a reliable communication
system between all end points and the control center.

As a result, there is no insight into the low voltage network’s power flows. Additionally,
faults are not recognized automatically. Only when consumers report an outage is a staff
assigned to identify and fix the issue. As a result, the primary objective of smart grid efforts
is to modernize the distribution grid with the addition of sophisticated automation and
control capabilities.

Communication infrastructure: Communication is critical in the smart grid since one of the
primary distinctions between regular grids and smart grids is the presence of two-way
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communication. Smart grids allow two-way communication between utilities andcustomers,

while conventional electric grids do one-way communication only.

1.2 PROJECT GOAL: -

The smart grid is a complex system which is having updates day by day. Additionally, the
smart grid is a consumer-driven technology, human needs and behaviors determine technical
growth. As a result, it is essential to consider the public’s understanding of smart grid
technologies and the accompanying issues. The following are the primary aims of the present
project:

1. To analyze the various components of smart grid technology and its development
prospects.

2. What type of Metering technology and communication technologies are required

1.3 CONCLUSION: -

The objective of this project is to understand the various components of smart grid
technology and their development prospects in India. Concerns about the deployment of
smart grids, including as high investment costs, the necessity for infrastructuredevelopment,
the high cost of smart appliances, and consumer lack of knowledge, were cited as significant
impediments to smart grid development. Through the use of several SSM tools, including
the rich picture, conceptual model and advanced metering infrastructure to improve it.smart
grid improves the communication system, it monitors theevent occurs in power generation,
transmission and distribution. A smart grid is automatic and it enhanced efficiency of electric
network. It provides better security and privacy to thepower grid. Smart grid is a better way
for communication and easier to control energy flowand recover the power delivery service.

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CHAPTER-2

HISTORY OF POWER GRID & INDIAN POWER SECTOR

2.1 WHAT IS GRID?

An electrical grid is an interconnected network for electricity delivering from producers to

consumers. Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. It
consists of:

Power stations: often located near energy and away from heavily populated areas

Electrical substations to step voltage up or down

Electrical power transmission to carry power long distances

Electrical power distribution to individual customers, where voltage is stepped down again
to the required service voltage(s).

Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate with three phase
alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that voltage swings occur at almost
the same time). This allows transmission of AC power throughout the area, connecting a
large number of electricity generators and consumers and potentially enablingmore efficient
electricity markets and redundant generation.

The combined transmission and distribution network is part of electricity delivery, known
as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid." In the United Kingdom, India,
Tanzania, Myanmar, Malaysia and New Zeeland, the network is known as the National Grid.

Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a need for electric
grid security. Also, as electric grids modernize and introduce computer technology,

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cyber threats start to become a security risk. Particular concerns relate to the more complex
computer systems needed to manage grids.

2.2 EVOLUTION OF NATION GRID

Evolution of National Grid:

The national grid management on a regional basis started in the sixties.

The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional
grids.

The integration of regional grids, and thereby establishment of National Grid, was
conceptualized in the early nineties.

Initially, State grids were interconnected to form a regional grid and India was demarcated
into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.

In 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected. Further, in 2003, Western region
grid was connected with it.

In august 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids are
synchronously connected forming a central grid operating at one frequency.

On 31st December 2013, the southern Region was connected to the Central Grid. Thereby
achieving 'One Nation, One Grid, One Frequency’.

All possible measures are taken to ensure that the grid frequency always remains within the
49.90-50.05 Hz (hertz) band.

Capacity of National Grid:

Presently, the country has a total inter-regional transmission capacity of about 1,12,250
MW which is expected to be enhanced to about 1,18,740 MW by 2022.

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One Nation-One Grid-One Frequency

Matching Demand-Supply: Synchronization of all regional grids will help in optimal

utilization of scarce natural resources by transfer of Power from Resource centric regions
to Load centric regions.

Development of Electricity Market: Further, this shall pave the way for establishment of
a vibrant Electricity market facilitating trading of power across regions.

2.3 OVERVIEW ON INDIAN POWER SECTOR:

India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the world. India is the third-largest
producer and consumer of electricity worldwide, with an installed power capacity of
407.79 MW as of July 31, 2022. Sources of power generation range from conventional
sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and nuclear power, to viable non-
conventional sources such as wind, solar, agricultural and domestic waste. Electricity
demand in the country has increased rapidly and is expected to rise further in the years to
come.

India was ranked fourth in wind power, fifth in solar power and fourth in renewable power
installed capacity, as of 2020. India is the only country among the G20 nations that is on
track to achieve the targets under the Paris Agreement.

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Fig 2.1 total installed capacity of India

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CHAPTER-3

DISTRIBUTION COMPANY & THEIR CHALLENGES

3.1 DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (DISCOM): -

Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations
connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage
ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers.

Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers
located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to
the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances.
Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution
lines.

Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines
through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be
connected directly to the primary distribution level or the sub transmission level.

The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation, which has
the following functions:

• Circuit breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from the
transmission grid or for distribution lines to be disconnected.
• Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35 kV or more, down to primary
distribution voltages. These are medium voltage circuits, usually 600–35000 V.
• From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution power
off in multiple directions.
• The bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to customers.

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Urban distribution is mainly underground, sometimes in common utility ducts. Rural

distribution is mostly above ground with utility poles, and suburban distribution is a mix.
Closer to the customer, a distribution transformer steps the primary distribution power down
to a low-voltage secondary circuit, usually 120/240 V for residential customers. The power
comes to the customer via a service drop and an electricity meter. The final circuit in an
urban system may be less than 15 meters (50 ft), but may be over 91 meters (300 ft) for a
rural customer.

3.2 FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DISCOM: -

The distribution sector consists of Power Distribution Companies (DISCOM) responsible

for the supply and distribution of energy to the consumers (industry, commercial,
agriculture, domestic etc.). This sector is the weakest link in terms of financial and
operational sustainability.

Power distribution companies collect payments from consumers against their energy
supplies (purchased from generators) to provide necessary cash flows to the generation and
transmission sectors to operate. Due to the perennial cash collection shortfall, often due to
payment delays from consumers, DISCOM are unable to make timely payments for their
energy purchases from the generators.

Some of the functions of the DISCOM are:

1) Distribute and regulate the flow of power between entities such as generating stations,
substations, distribution lines, and users, keeping track of the status of circuits and
connections.

2) Inspect equipment to ensure that specifications are met, and to detect any defects.

3) Manipulate controls to adjust and activate power distribution equipment and machines.

4) Monitor and record switchboard and control board readings to ensure that electrical or
steam distribution equipment is operating properly.

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5) Record and compile operational data, such as chart and meter readings, power demands,
and usage and operating times, using transmission system maps.

6) Respond to emergencies, such as transformer or transmission line failures, and route

current around affected areas.

7) Tend auxiliary equipment used in the power distribution process.

8) Track conditions that could affect power needs, such as changes in the weather, and
adjust equipment to meet any anticipated changes.

9) Direct personnel engaged in controlling and operating distribution equipment and

machinery, for example, instructing control room operators to start boilers and generators.

10) Prepare switching orders that will isolate work areas without causing power outages,
referring to drawings of power systems.

11) Repair, maintain, and clean equipment and machinery, using hand tools.

12) Accept and implement energy schedules, including real-time transmission reservations
and schedules.

13) Calculate and determine load estimates or equipment requirements, in order to

determine required control settings.

14) Control, monitor, or operate equipment that regulates or distributes electricity or steam,
using data obtained from instruments or computers.

15) Coordinate with engineers, planners, field personnel, and other utility workers to
provide information such as clearances, switching orders, and distribution process changes.

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3.3 PRESENT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS PROBLEMS

High AT&C losses: The precarious financial position of DISCOMs is due to the high level
of aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses, the levy of inadequate or lesser
tariffs when compared to the cost of power supply, and insufficient subsidy support from
state governments.

Their annual losses are estimated to be around 45,000 to 50,000 crore and the overall debt
is around 6 lakh crores.

The figure for AT&C loss in India, as per Min. of Power, was 18-19% in 2019. In
countries such as UK and US, it is about 6-7%.

Note: AT&C loss reflects the loss due to energy loss during transmission and distribution
(technical reasons), theft, and inefficiency in billing and commercial loss such as
inefficiency in collection, and default in payment.

Determination of tariffs: One major factor impacting the health of DISCOMs is the
determination of the tariffs. There are frequent delays in the tariff determination process.

Poor financial health: Power distribution companies collect payments from consumers
against their energy supplies (purchased from generators) to provide necessary cash flows
to the generation and transmission sectors to operate. Due to the perennial cash collection
shortfall, often due to payment delays from consumers, DISCOM are unable to make
timely payments for their energy purchases from the generators.

According to the most recent government data, DISCOM payment arrears are now
nearly $14 billion. A fifth of this are claims of renewable energy producers.

This overhang limits their ability to pay on time, forcing them to run up operational debt to
electricity suppliers and transmission firms.

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Further, this gap/shortfall is met by borrowings (debt), government subsidies, and possibly,
through reduced expenditure. This increases the DISCOM’ cost of borrowing (interest),
which is inevitably borne by the consumer.

Lack of metering: Minimizing the AT&C losses is critical to improve the operational
efficiency of DISCOM. However, even six years after UDAY was launched, various levels
in the distribution chain (the feeder, the distribution transformer (DT) and the consumer)
have not been fully metered. As a result, it difficult to isolate and identify loss-making
areas and take corrective action.

Decrease in revenue generation owing to the Pandemic: Revenue from industrial and
commercial users is used to cross-subsidize other consumers. However, owing to the
Pandemic the demands from industrial and commercial users is falling. This has led to
stress on DISCOM finances.

Absence of political consensus at the state level to raise tariffs: Many states report losses
as they could not eliminate the gap between power costs and revenue. For instance,
recently, Opposition parties in Karnataka recently protested against a tariff hike of 30
paise.

The Centre’s “Electricity for all” programmer have contributed to greater

inefficiency. Because, to support higher levels of electrification, cost structures need to be
reworked. Similarly, the distribution network (transformers, wires, etc) need to be
augmented. In the absence of such measures, losses are bound to rise.

Emergence of alternative sources of energy and resultant decline in cross-subsidy tariff:

DISCOMs were able to charge higher tariffs from commercial and industrial consumers to
cross-subsidize agricultural and low-income households. However, high-tariff paying
consumers are migrating to alternative sources of energy like solar. This is happening due
to two reasons: an increase in funding at national and global level towards cleaner options
and secondly, the average cost per unit for commercial and industrial consumers has
dropped considerably.

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This reduced reliance of high tariff paying consumers on DISCOMs will only worsen their
already weak financial position.

3.4 CALCULATIONS TO DETERMINE THE QUALITY AND RELIABILITY OF

THE POWER SUPPLY

What is SAIDI?

SAIDI refers to “System Average Interruption Duration Index.” It is calculated by

multiplying the average duration of customer interruptions by their total number and then
dividing by the total number of customers in the system.

SAIDI describes the total duration of the average customer interruption. Logically, improved
response to is the most direct way to improve SAIDI. Strategies to reduce the frequency of
interruptions (see the next acronym below) will also help improve SAIDI: if an outage is
prevented, its duration isn’t added to the index.

SAIDI = total duration of interruptions for a group of customers

Number of all customers

What is SAIFI?

SAIFI refers to “System Average Interruption Frequency Index.” It is calculated by dividing

the total number of customers interrupted by an outage by the total number of customers in
the system.

In short, SAIFI describes how often the average customer experiences an interruption.

SAIFI can be improved by reducing the frequency of outages through better preventative
maintenance. Improved equipment maintenance and tree-trimming, for example, can limit
the number of service interruptions.

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The SAIFI can also be improved by “reducing the number of customers interrupted when
outages do occur (for example, by adding reclosers and fuses).”

SAIFI = total number of interruptions for group a of customers

Number of all customers

What is CAIDI?

CAIDI refers to “Customer Average Interruption Duration Index.” It is calculated as total

minutes of customer interruption divided by the total number of customers interrupted.

CAIDI describes the average time required to restore service. Unlike SAIDI/SAIFI, CAIDI
includes only customers who actually experienced an interruption. This fact makes it useful
for measuring response to interruptions, but not the prevention of interruptions.

CAIDI improvement strategies include automated call-out of troubleshooters and crews for
faster outage resolution and increased troubleshooter staffing.

CAIDI = sum of all customer interruption duration = SAIDI

Total no of customer interruptions SAIFI

What is CAIFI?

CAIFI refers to “Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index.” It is calculated by

dividing the number of interruptions by the number of customers experiencing
interruptions.

It describes how many interruptions each impacted customer experiences. Therefore, it

helps detect whether problems are being resolved effectively or left vulnerable to
recurrence. Like CAIDI, this metric only includes customers who actually experienced
interruptions (not customers across the whole system)

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What is MAIDI?

MAIDI refers to “Momentary Average Interruption Duration Index.” Unlike the statistics
above, this category includes only momentary interruptions. IEEE defines momentary
disruptions as those lasting less than five minutes. Besides the inclusion of momentary
events, it is conceptually similar to SAIDI. While not as common as the other terms on the
list, capturing the duration of even momentary interruptions is important to some utilities.

What is MAIFI?

MAIFI refers to “Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index.” Like MAIDI, this
category includes only momentary disruptions (<5 minutes).

Otherwise, it is conceptually similar to SAIFI. It is calculated by dividing the total number

of momentary interruptions by the number of customers in the network.

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CHAPTER-4

SMART GRID IN DISCOM

4.1 WHAT IS SMART GRID?

A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to supply
electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication. This system allows for
monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help improve
efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and
reliability of the energy supply chain. The smart grid was introduced with the aim of
overcoming the weaknesses of conventional electrical grids by using smart net meters.

Many government institutions around the world have been encouraging the use of smart
grids for their potential to control and deal with global warming, emergency resilience and
energy independence scenarios.

4.1 smart grid

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What makes a Grid ‘Smart’

In short, the digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility
and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart.
Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new
technologies and equipment working together, but in this case, these technologies will work
with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.

Smart Grid Features

Smart grid technology is an extended form of analog technology that has also been
introduced for controlling the use of appliances by employing two-way communication.
However, the prevalence of Internet access in most homes has made the smart grid more
practically reliable to implement. Smart grid devices transmit information in such a way that
enables ordinary users, operators and automated devices to quickly respond to changes in
smart grid condition systems.

Smart grid is equally advantageous for enterprises, retail stores, hospitals, universities and
multinational corporations. The entire smart grid system is automated for tracking the
electricity consumption at all the locations. Grid architecture is also combined with energy
management software for estimating the energy consumption and its associated cost for a
specific enterprise. Generally, electricity prices increase along with demand. By providing
consumers with information about current consumption and energy prices, smart gridenergy
management services help to minimize the consumption during high-cost, peak- demand
times.

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A modern smart grid system has the following capabilities:

• It can repair itself.

• It encourages consumer participation in grid operations.
• It ensures a consistent and premium-quality power supply that resists power
leakages.
• It allows the electricity markets to grow and make business.
• It can be operated more efficiently.

A smart grid’s key features include:

• Load Handling: The sum/total of the power grid load is not stable and it varies over
time. In case of heavy load, a smart grid system can advise consumers to temporarily
minimize energy consumption.
• Demand Response Support: Provides users with an automated way to reduce their
electricity bills by guiding them to use low-priority electronic devices when rates are
lower.
• Decentralization of Power Generation: A distributed or decentralized grid system
allows the individual user to generate onsite power by employing any appropriate
method at his or her discretion.
• More efficient transmission of electricity

• Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances

• Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power
costs for consumers

• Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates
• Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems
• Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including
renewable energy systems
• Improved security

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Giving Consumers Control:

The Smart Grid is not just about utilities and technologies; it is about giving you the
information and tools you need to make choices about your energy use. If you already
manage activities such as personal banking from your home computer, imagine managing
your electricity in a similar way. A smarter grid will enable an unprecedented level of
consumer participation.

For example, you will no longer have to wait for your monthly statement to know how much
electricity you use. With a smarter grid, you can have a clear and timely picture of it."Smart
meters," and other mechanisms, will allow you to see how much electricity youuse, when
you use it, and its cost. Combined with real-time pricing, this will allow you to save money
by using less power when electricity is most expensive.

While the potential benefits of the Smart Grid are usually discussed in terms of economics,
national security, and renewable energy goals, the Smart Grid has the potential to help you
save money by helping you to manage your electricity use and choose the best times to
purchase electricity. And you can save even more by generating your own power.

Building and Testing the Smart Grid:

The Smart Grid will consist of millions of pieces and parts—controls, computers, power
lines, and new technologies and equipment. It will take some time for all the technologies to
be perfected, equipment installed, and systems tested before it comes fully on line. Andit
won’t happen all at once—the Smart Grid is evolving, piece by piece, over the next decade
or so. Once mature, the Smart Grid will likely bring the same kind of transformation that
the Internet has already brought to the way we live, work, play, and learn.

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4.1 List of smart grid field installed devices:

1. Auto reclosures (ar)

2. Sectionalizer

3. Three- & five-way ring main unit (3 & 5 wayrmu)

4. Fault passage indicator (fpi)

5. Transformer monitoring unit (tmu)

6. Smart energy meter

7. Data concentrator unit (Duc)

8. Routers

4.21 AUTO RECLOSURE:

An auto recloser is a high-voltage electric switch that closes automatically. It shuts off
electric power when there is a problem, such as a short circuit, just like circuit breakers on
domestic electric lines. A recloser automatically examines the electrical cable to determine
whether it has removed the problem or not, unlike an automatic circuit breaker, which
remains turned off until manually reset. If the issue were just momentary, the recloser would
automatically reset and restore electric power.

From the substation to the residential utility poles, users use reclosers throughout the
power distribution system. They range in size from modest reclosers for single-phase power
lines to massive three-phase reclosers.

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4.2 Pole Mounted Auto recloser

Why would you want to utilize Auto Reclosing?

Electric utilities worldwide acknowledge automatic circuit reclosers as a criticaltechnology

for achieving their primary goal: delivering maximum continuity of electric supply to its
consumers simply and cost-effectively. Reclosers detect and interrupt fault currents,
restoring service automatically after a brief outage. The automatic circuit recloser essentially
a self-contained device with the intelligence to see over currents, time and interrupt fault
currents, and re-energize the line by automatically shutting the circuit. If a failure is
permanent, the recloser locks open after a predetermined number of operations (typically
three or four), isolating the defective segment from the rest of the system.

Reclosers save the electric companies a lot of time and money since they allow power to be
restored automatically after just a few flickers. Reclosers reduce the outage area and assist
crews in swiftly locating the problem and restoring power during outages that need a repair
crew. Electric power users – residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional – are spared
the cost and inconvenience of frequent power outages.

What is the function of Auto Reclosing?

When the recloser detects a problem, it automatically turns off the electricity. The recloser
puts the power back on a moment later (the duration may be as little as a lightbulb flicker),
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but if the problem persists, it switches it off again. If the problem persists after three attempts,
the recloser is set to consider it a permanent problem and turns off. A power company team
must first fix the line fault and then reset the recloser to restore electricity.

Lightning strikes, falling tree branches, or automobile wrecks destroying power lines or
other equipment are examples of long-term issues.

Types of Auto Reclosing

1. Single-phase recloser:

A user uses single-phase reclosers to protect single-phase lines in a three-phase feeder, such
as branches or taps. They can employ it on three-phase circuits with a majority of single-
phase loads. When a persistent phase-to-ground fault occurs, one phase can be locked out
while the remaining two-thirds of the system remains operational.

Single-phase reclosers are often mounted directly to the pole or substation steel structureby
the built-in mounting hanger bracket, which removes the need for an extra mounting frame
due to their lesser weight than bigger three-phase reclosers.

2. Auto Reclosers with three phases:

Three-phase reclosers are used on three-phase circuits to increase system dependability and
to avoid single phasing of three-phase loads such as big three-phase motors, where lockout
of all three phases is necessary for any permanent malfunction. The recloser is chosen
depending on the needed electrical ratings, the interrupting and insulating medium, and
whether a user uses hydraulic or electronic control.

4.22 SECTIONALIZER: -

A sectionalizer is a protective device that automatically isolates a faulted section of line from
the rest of the distribution system. A sectionalizer should not be confused with a recloser; it
does not interrupt fault current.

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It only counts the number of operations of an interrupting device that feeds the circuit, such
as a recloser or relay-controlled breaker back at the substation. After a pre-selected number
of current interrupting operations have been "seen", the sectionalizer opens and thefeeder or
line on the load side of the sectionalizer is not re-energized.

Fig 4.3 Sectionalizer

Sectionalizers simplify the job of restoring service after a fault has been removed since
they do not require replaceable elements - such as fuse links - and they may be reclosed with
a simple hook stick.

The length of primary line that each sectionalizer can protect depends upon the importance
of the loads, tree conditions, lightning probabilities, etc. Normally, sectionalizers can
effectively control up to two or three miles of line.

In addition to sectionalizers, reclosers may be used along distribution feeders as well as

the substation. Line reclosers and sectionalizers work together on distribution circuits to
insure greater reliability. Although they look almost identical, their functions are quite
different.

Factors to consider while selecting sectionalizer:

1. system voltage
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2. maximum load current

3. maximum short circuit level

4. coordination with protection device installed upstream and downstream

The Nominal Voltage and Current of a sectionalizer should be equal to or greater than the
maximum values of voltage or load at the point of installation.

The Short-Circuit capacity of a sectionalizer should be equal to or greater than the fault level
at the point of installation. The maximum clearance time of the associated interrupter should
not be permitted to exceed the short-circuit rating of the sectionalizer.

Coordination factors that need to be taken into account include the starting current setting
and the number of operations of the associated interrupter before opening.

4.23 THREE- & FIVE-WAY RING MAIN UNIT (RMU):

Ring Main Unit (RMU)

The ring main unit, with its new compact design and SF6 arc quenching technology, has
been a relatively recent entrant in the distribution infrastructures industry. It has challenged
the long undisputed dominance of conventional VCB switch-gears in the medium voltage
distribution equipment market.

Here we will explore:

• How RMUs are constructed and how they work.

• Their utilization in distribution feeder schemes.
• Lastly, we will see if they are really viable alternatives to conventional switch-
gears which their manufacturers promise.

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Construction of a Ring Main Unit

A typical ring main unit is essentially an encapsulated medium voltage (11kV - 66kV) bus
bar, that has provision to either terminate any number of incoming feeders or rise outgoing
load feeders, each in a separate modular compartment.

Schematic Diagram of a Typical Ring Main Unit

A typical 5 section RMU can have the schematic as shown in the picture below: This
scheme is used to operate two different AC sources in a tie bus bar scheme.

Fig 4.4 Schematic diagram of a typical 5-section Ring Main Unit.

• Section 1: Outgoing to 11kV/380V transformer, with protection relay, circuit

breaker and metering (all three options).
• Section 2: Incoming from either 132kV/11kV transformer or another 11kV feeder,
with isolator only.
• Section 3: Bus Coupler, with isolator only.
• Section 4: Incoming from either 132kV/11kV transformer or another 11kV feeder,
with isolator only.
• Section 5: Outgoing to 11kV/380V transformer, with protection relay, circuit
breaker and metering (all three options).

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Throughout the length of the RMU structure, runs a common copper bus bar, concealed
behind the SF6 compartments and covers. Each cable termination terminates on this
common bus bar.
Distribution Philosophy of Ring Main Units

RMUs are commonly employed in ring main distribution schemes, where their compact
size and modular installation have made them quickly replace switch-gears.

A standard ring main feeder with RMUs is illustrated below:

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Fig 4.5 A typical ring main distribution scheme making use of RMUs

In this scheme, a typical downstream substation has:

• An RMU, having an incoming and outgoing feeder

• Two transformers, LT tie-bus bar

4.24 FAULT PASSAGE INDICATOR:

Being outdoors, electrical networks are subject to the ravages of nature throughout the
year. From lightning, heavy rain, dust or even just local wildlife, these electrical networks
become susceptible to faults forming over time.

When these faults occur, outages can take place which can affect large populations of end
customers or industrial areas, causing dissatisfaction and revenue losses for the localutility.
In our conversations with Utilities and Operations & Maintenance (O&M) firms, in the
absence of a fault indicator, the standard practice involves several technicians walking or
driving along the length of the line to find the exact location of the fault.

In the case of a line such as an Aerial Bundled Cable (AB Cable) where the cables are
bunched together, this practice becomes even more difficult as the technicians need to lower
the line to find the fault. Additionally, if the fault occurs at night or in highlyforested
or hilly areas, this endeavor becomes increasingly difficult.

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Fig 4.6 Fault Passage Indicator

These revenue losses for Utilities and the extra cost of O&M for fault detection have led to
the development of products to aid utilities or maintenance firms to quickly detect faults in
their network. A Fault Indicator is a device placed underground or on overground electrical
lines to provide utilities with either a visual or remote indication and location of a fault.

These Fault Indicators are also referred to as Fault Passage Indicators (FPI), help the utility
attain early information on the location of the fault, and take immediate action.

What is an Overhead Line Fault Passage Indicator?

An Overhead Line Fault Passage Indicator detects and indicates faults that occur in an
electrical distribution network. It monitors the system 24×7 for fault occurrence and reduces
downtime time by quickly identifying the fault location. A Fault Passage Indicator is
installed under live conditions with the help of a hot stick and an adapter.

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How does a Fault Passage Indicator work?

One Fault Passage Indicator is usually clipped onto each phase of the circuit allowing the
utility or O&M firm to monitor current and faults in each phase. By placing the FPI’s at
regular intervals along the line, the device can identify faults in the downstream section
from its point of installation by monitoring the electromagnetic field surrounding the
conductor.

During the fault condition, the magnetic field around the conductor increases rapidly as a
high current will flow through that path for a fraction of time (di/dt) & then suddenly breaks
to zero as circuit breaker trips, this condition is sensed by the FPI & gives the alarm
physically on-site & remotely to SCADA center.

In the case of a non-communicable type, the FPI will give alarm physically on-site by
blinking the RED Ultra bright LED & in the case of a communicable type the FPI gives
alarm physically on-site as well as send the data to the SCADA center through DCU over
GSM/GPRS.

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Fig 4.7 basic topology of a communicable system

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The FPI product ultimately aims to reduce the time and effort taken by maintenance
technicians to find faults by providing visual and/or remote cues.

When a fault occurs, the fault indicators in front of the fault point will flash an LED to
indicate the fault, the ones behind the fault point will not indicate the fault. The operator
can easily identify the fault position (between the flashing and non-flashing indicators) by
tracking the flashed indicators. It can help the operator to find out the fault point quickly.

Permanent fault, transient fault and battery low voltage alarm can be indicated and
distinguished separately by 3 different ultra-bright blinking LEDs. Two different
alternating ultra-bright blinking LEDs indicate an Earth-fault. The parameters such as trip
current, reset time, blinking interval, etc. are also read and adjusted over the wireless
bidirectional network.

Axis Overhead Line Fault Passage Indicator detects an earth-fault using the signal injection
method with the assistance of a device called signal source. The signal source provides
improved accuracy in earth-fault detection. The Axis Overhead Line Fault Passage Indicator
is designed as per IEEE 495-2007 international standard. An earth-fault and
short-circuit fault indicator consists of three indicators, one for each phase and one for
Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) for uploading data to System Server.

Overhead Line Remote Fault Indicators are usually used to monitor short-circuit faults and
earth-faults. Three ultra-bright blinking LEDs indicate a fault in the network. The
information about the fault and the current values can be uploaded to the Server System by
utilizing available 2G/3G/4G networks.

Advantage:

The main aim of an Overhead Line Fault Passage Indicator is to reduce the physical efforts
needed to identify the faults & that occur in distribution networks. There is a significant
reduction in the time, effort and manpower required for identifying faults.

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4.25 TRANSFORMER MONITERING UNIT:

The Transformer Monitoring Unit (TMU) improves Transformer efficiency and reliability
through effective monitoring of oil temperature, winding temperature and oil level. It provides
real-time and/or historical information about the transformer. TMU sensors timely transmit
the transformer data viz., accurate intra-grid readings of Voltage, Energy, Current,
Temperature and Oil levels, thus empowering a long list of derived performance and power
quality.

The TMU uses 4G to transmit data into a centralized SCADA system which can be
monitored live via a PC, laptop or mobile device (based on variant). This allows for remote
monitoring of data and real-time decision making, thus improving transformer efficiency.

• Quick Transfer of Data Using 4G GSM/GPRS SIM Card

• Allows For Live Monitoring of Data on PCs/Laptops

• Interfaces With a Central SCADA System

• Optimal For Use in Remote Locations

Fig 4.8 Transformer monitoring unit

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TEMPERATURE MONITERING:

The winding temperature is an essential measured parameter in power transformers, which

defines the condition and load capacity. Also, the temperature is the primary criterion which
limits the transformer life span, and partly the capacity of the transformer to dissipate the
heat generated inside the environment.

Therefore, information about transformer thermal behavior can bring the improvement of
using power transformers. Therefore, certain fast developing failures can be diagnosed and
analysis through an online comparison of a measured, such as winding temperature

TAPCHANGER

Tap-changers are considered as electro-mechanical switching equipment operating within

tap-changing positions of power transformers. The operational principle of tap changers is
based on a sequence of switching events within certain timing intervals depend on voltage
load conditions in the power system. This operation carries out by changing the transformer
ratio using tapped windings to compensate variations of the voltages andloads. Also,
this parameter is significant to minimize the number of power system outages and load
interruptions. Based on statistics and surveys, tap changers are considered as the key factors
in the majority of transformer failures.

Moisture Monitoring: In a transformer, always remains a little of the water that can be
residual moisture not extracted during the transformer drying in the factory before energized,
water in grassed from the atmosphere, and aging water generated in the decomposition
reactions of cellulose and oil. The humidity trend is depicted in oil.

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4.26 SMART ENERGY METER:

A smart meter is an electronic device that records information such as consumption of

electric energy, voltage levels, current, and power factor. Smart meters communicate the
information to the consumer for greater clarity of consumption behavior, and electricity
suppliers for system monitoring and customer billing. Smart meters typically record energy
near real-time, and report regularly, short intervals throughout the day.

Fig4.9 Smart Energy Meter

Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system.
Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading
(AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier.
Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless, or via fixed wired
connections such as power line carrier (PLC).

Wireless communication options in common use include cellular communications, Wi-Fi

(readily available), wireless ad hoc networks over Wi-Fi, wireless mesh networks, low power
long-range wireless (LoRa), Wise (high radio penetration rate, open, using the frequency .

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Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure, collect, and
analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters,
gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. These systems
include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers,
customer associated systems, meter data management software, and supplier business
systems.

4.27 DATA CONCENTRATOR UNIT (DCU):

AMI Tech’s DCU-0720 is an intelligent device with built-inRS485 port to acquire data from
cluster of meters with built-in GSM/GPRS modem to transfer data to the remote data
acquisition server.

DCU-0720 is used in automatic meter reading (AMR) and Advanced MeteringInfrastructure

(AMI) architectures. DCU collects information and data from Energy Meters, saves in to
the local storage before forwarding data to the utility. The built in Web Server feature
increase flexibility and convenience, making it easy to configure and maintain the system
via internet.

Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) is the backbone of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
that helps in data acquisition, transfer of energy data to the central database, and automated
meter reading in electronic energy meters. DCUs are primarily used in low voltage electric
power systems.

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Fig 4.10 Data concentrator unit

(Duc)SALIENT FEATURES:
➢ Manages up to 32 meters

➢ Detects device failures and logs the same and to meters via
communication port
➢ Alerts during power outages

➢ During the network outage, stores up-to 60 days meter data

➢ Inbuilt watchdog monitoring

➢ Industrial grade design

➢ Support for DLMS & Modbus and various Indian Legacy

meter protocols

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➢ Isolated RS232 and RS485 interface

➢ Interfaces: RS232, RS485, Ethernet port, Quad band
GSM/GPRS
➢ Collects complete meter data (Instantaneous Parameters,
➢ Load Survey, Tampers, Energies, power quality)
➢ On-board SD card for backup data storage
➢ Inbuilt battery backed Real-Time Clock (RTC)
➢ LED indicators for field diagnosis & testing
➢ Simple design for easy field installation
➢ Suitable for wall/rack mounting
➢ Available in 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 14 card combinations as per
application requirement

4.28 ROUTERS:

A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks.

It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding
data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same
Internet connection.

There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data between LANs (local area
networks) and WANs (wide area networks). A LAN is a group of connected devices
restricted to a specific geographic area. A LAN usually requires a single router.

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A WAN, by contrast, is a large network spread out over a vast geographic area. Large
organizations and companies that operate in multiple locations across the country, for
instance, will need separate LANs for each location, which then connect to the other LANs
to form a WAN. Because a WAN is distributed over a large area, it often necessitates
multiple routers and switches.

Fig 4.11 Router

*A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same network,
whereas a router forwards data between different networks.

In order to connect a LAN to the Internet, a router first needs to communicate with a modem.
There are two primary ways to do this:

Wireless router: A wireless router uses an Ethernet cable to connect to a modem. It

distributes data by converting packets from binary code into radio signals, then wirelessly
broadcasts them using antennae. Wireless routers do not establish LANs; instead, they create
WLANs (wireless local area networks), which connect multiple devices using wireless
communication.

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Wired router: Like a wireless router, a wired router also uses an Ethernet cable to connect
to a modem. It then uses separate cables to connect to one or more devices

within the network, create a LAN, and link the devices within that network to the Internet.

In addition to wireless and wired routers for small LANs, there are many specialized
types of routers that serve specific functions:

Core router: Unlike the routers used within a home or small business LAN, a core router is
used by large corporations and businesses that transmit a high volume of data packets within
their network. Core routers operate at the "core" of a network and do not communicate with
external networks.

Edge router: While a core router exclusively manages data traffic within a large-scale
network, an edge router communicates with both core routers and external networks. Edge
routers live at the "edge" of a network and use the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) to send
and receive data from other LANs and WANs.

Virtual router: A virtual router is a software application that performs the same function as
a standard hardware router. It may use the Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) to
establish primary and backup virtual routers, should one fail.

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ADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID:

Smart grids contain sensors that measure and transmit data to automatically adjust electricity
flows according to supply and demand. Energy managers can use this information to adjust
the grid and respond to problems in real time, making managing the grid far more efficient
and improving fault detection without the need for technicians.

The grid also enters people’s homes by communicating with smart power meters, which can
turn on appliances during periods of surplus, when electricity is cheaper. This means smart
grids can:

• Reduce emissions
• Reduce fuel costs
• Integrate different sources of renewable energy into a single grid
• Provide instant feedback on energy production and consumption
• Make diagnosing faults seamless
• Provide energy according to demand, making it more efficient

A smart grid integrates various different technologies, including communications systems,

smart meters, sensors and measurement devices, smart power generation devices, phasor
measurement units and power system automation technologies, including AI.

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CONCLUSION:

With all the field installed devices which are mentioned above, will give accuracy
reading of the electrical parameters and we can control and monitor each and every
part of the network without any delay and we get each of the information with in
fraction of seconds.

After completion of the installation each electrical equipment can communicate

with each other and sends the information to the control room for every second. Till
from generating station to the consumer premises all the information is in
bidirectional form without any human interference.

We have learnt all the functions of the smart grid control equipment and devices in
distribution sector.

Fig 12 SMART GRID

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REFERENCES:

• Zidan, M. Khairalla, A. M. Abdrabou et al., “Fault detection, isolation, and service

restoration in distribution systems: state-of-the-art and future trends,” IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2170–2185, 2017.

Y. Tang, G. Bu, and J. Yi, ““Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Indian power grid”
in,” Proceedings. China. Soc. Elect. Eng., vol. 32, pp. 167–174, 2012.

H. Sekhavatmanesh and R. Cherkaoui, “A novel decomposition solution approach for the

restoration problem in distribution networks,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol.
35, no. 5, pp. 3810–3824, 2020.

F. Shen, Q. Wu, and Y. Xue, “Review of service restoration for distribution networks,”
Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2020.

A. Zidan and E. F. EL-Saadany, “Incorporating load variation and variable wind

generation in service restoration plans for distribution systems,” Energy, vol. 57, no. 3, pp.
682–691, 2013.

J. C. López, J. F. Franco, and M. J. Rider, “Optimisation‐based switch allocation to

improve energy losses and service restoration in radial electrical distribution systems,” IET
Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 2792–2801, 2016.

H. S. Avchat and S. Mhetre, “Optimal placement of distributed generation in distribution

network using particle swarm optimization,” in Proceedings of the 2020 International
Conference for Emerging Technology, pp. 1–5, Belgaum, India, June 2020.

H. D. de Macedo Braz and B. A. de Souza, “Distribution network reconfiguration using

genetic algorithms with sequential encoding: subtractive and additive approaches,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 582–593, 2011.

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N. Kranjanaudom and U. Supatti, “An analytical approach for reliability evaluation of

distribution systems for optimal siting, sizing and types of renewable distributed generators,”
in Proceedings of the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-ASIA, pp. 1–6, Bangkok,

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BIO-DATA

NAME : KONDA RISHIKA

FATHERS NAME : KONDA VENKATA RAMESH GOUD

DATE OF BIRTH : 21-03-2002

NATIONALITY : INDIAN

COMMUNICATION ADDRESS : TEACHERS COLONY

TOWN/VILLAGE : ADILABAD

MANDAL : ADILABAD

DISTRICT : ADILABAD

PIN CODE : 504001

MOBILE : 8499095536

AADHAR NO : 950709961555

E-MAIL ID : [email protected]

QUALIFICATION : B. TECH

TECHNICAL SKILLS : SWITCHYARD MAINTAINCE

DECLARATION: :

I here by declare that the above furnished information is true to best of my knowledge and belief.

KONDA RISHIKA GOUD

SIGNATURE

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