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Full Subtractor

A full subtractor is a circuit that performs subtraction on three bits: A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and Bin (borrow-in). It produces two outputs: D (difference) and Bout (borrow out). A full subtractor can be constructed using two half subtractors connected with an OR gate. Full subtractors are used to perform subtraction in applications like CPUs, calculators, and digital signal processing. They allow multi-bit subtraction by cascading individual full subtractor circuits.

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82 views10 pages

Full Subtractor

A full subtractor is a circuit that performs subtraction on three bits: A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and Bin (borrow-in). It produces two outputs: D (difference) and Bout (borrow out). A full subtractor can be constructed using two half subtractors connected with an OR gate. Full subtractors are used to perform subtraction in applications like CPUs, calculators, and digital signal processing. They allow multi-bit subtraction by cascading individual full subtractor circuits.

Uploaded by

kevin Yego
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Full Subtractor

EXPALNATION AND WORKING

A full subtractor is a combinational circuit that performs subtractio


n involving three bits, namely A (minuend), B (subtrahend), and Bi
n (borrow-in). It accepts three inputs: A (minuend), B (subtrahend)
and a Bin (borrow bit) and it produces two outputs: D (difference) a
nd Bout (borrow out). The logic symbol and truth table are shown
below.

Figure a: Logic Symbol of Full subtractor


Figure b: Truth Table of Full subtractor

From the above truth table, we can find the boolean expression.

D = A ⊕ B ⊕ Bin
Bout = A' Bin + A' B + B Bin
From the equation we can draw the Full-subtractor circuit as show
n in the figure 6.

Figure-c: Circuit Diagram of Full subtractor


Applications of Full Subtractor
The following are some important applications of full subtractor −

 Full subtractors are used in ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) in computers CPUs.
 Full subtractors are extensively used to perform arithmetical operations like s
ubtraction in electronic calculators and many other digital devices.
 Full subtractors are used in different microcontrollers for arithmetic subtracti
on.
 They are used in timers and program counters (PC).
 Full subtractors are also used in processors to compute addresses, tables, etc.
 Full subtractors are also used in DSP (Digital Signal Processing) and networki
ng based systems.

Advantages and Disadvantages


The advantages of the subtractor include the following.
 The designing of subtractor is very simple as well as implement
 Power deduction within DSP (digital signal processing)
 Computational tasks can be carried out at high speed.

disadvantages of the subtractor


 The subtractor speed can be partial through the delay in the circ
uit

FULL SUBSTRACTOR DESIGN USING 74LS04 NOT gate IC.

Full Subtractor Circuit we have three inputs, A which is minuend, B which


is subtrahend and Borrow In. On the other side we get two final output, D
iff (Difference) and Borrow out.
We use two half Subtractor circuits with an extra addition of OR gate and
get a complete full Subtractor circuit, same as Full Adder Circuit we seen
before.

Let’s see the block diagram,

Full Subtractor Circuit Construction


Full Subtractor circuit construction is shown in the above block diagram,
where two half-Subtractor circuits created full Subtractor. The first half-Su
btractor circuit is on the left side, we give two single bit binary inputs A an
d B. As seen in the previous half-Subtractor tutorial, it will produce two out
puts, Diff and Borrow. Left half-Subtractor circuit’s Diff output is further
provided to the Right half Subtractor circuit’s input. We provided the Bor
row in bit across the other input of second half order circuit. Again it will pr
ovide Diff out and Borrow out bit. This Diff output is the final output of the
Full Subtractor circuit, On the other hand the Borrow out of Left half Subtr
actor circuit and the Borrow out of Right Subtractor circuit is further provi
ded into OR logic gate. After processing OR logic for two Borrow output bit,
we get the final Borrow out of full Subtractor circuit.

The Final Borrow out represents the most significant bit or MSB.

If we see the actual circuit inside the full Subtractor, we will see two Half S
ubtractor using XOR gate and NAND gate with an additional OR gate.

In the above image, instead of block diagram, actual symbols are shown. I
n previous half-Subtractor tutorial, we had seen the truth table of two logi
c gates which has two input options, XOR and NAND gates. Here an extra
gate is added in the circuitry, OR gate. This circuit is very similar with full-
adder circuit without the NOT gate.

Truth Table of Full Subtractor Circuit

As Full Subtractor circuit deal with three inputs, the Truth table also upda
ted with three input columns and two output columns.

Borrow I Input Input DIF Borrow O


n A B F ut
0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1
We can also express the full Subtractor circuit construction in Boolean ex
pression.

For the case of DIFF, We first XOR the A and B input then we again XOR the
output with Borrow in. So, the Diff is (A XOR B) XOR Borrow in.We can also
express it with:

(A ⊕ B) ⊕ Borrow in.

Now, for the Borrow out, it is:

which can be further represented by

Cascading Subtractor Circuits


As of now, we described the construction of single bit full-Subtractor circui
t with logic gates. But what if we want to subtract two, more than one bit n
umbers?

Here is the advantage of full Subtractor circuit. We can cascade single bit f
ull Subtractor circuits and could subtract two multiple bit binary numbers.

In such cases a cascaded full-Adder circuit can be used with NOT gates. We
could use 2’s compliment method and it is popular method to convert a f
ull adder circuit to a full Subtractor. In such case, we generally invert the L
ogic of subtrahend inputs of the full adder by inverter or NOT gate. By addi
ng this non inverted input (Minuend) and Inverted Input (Subtrahend), whi
le the carry input (LSB) of the full adder circuit is in Logic High or 1, we sub
tract those two binaries in 2’s complement method. The output from the
Full-adder (which is now full Subtractor) is the Diff bit and if we invert the c
arry out we will get the Borrow bit or MSB. We can actually construct the ci
rcuit and observe the output.

Practical Demonstration of Full Subtractor Circuit

We will use a Full Adder logic chip 74LS283N and NOT gate IC 74LS04. Com
ponents used-

1. 4pin dip switches 2 pcs


2. 4pcs Red LEDs
3. 1pc Green LED
4. 8pcs 4.7k resistors
5. 74LS283N
6. 74LS04
7. 13 pcs 1k resistors
8. Breadboard
9. Connecting wires
10. 5V adapter
In the above image, 74LS283N is shown on the left and 74LS04 is on the ri
ght. 74LS283N is a 4bit full Subtractor TTL chip with Carry look ahead feat
ure. And 74LS04 is a NOT gate IC, It has six NOT gates inside it. We will use
five of them.

The pin diagram is shown in the schematic.

Circuit Diagram to use these ICs as a Full-Subtractor circuit-


 Pin diagram of the IC 74LS283N and 74LS04 are also shown in the sc
hematic. Pin 16 and Pin 8 is VCC and Ground respectively,
 4 Inverter gates or NOT gates are connected across Pin 5, 3, 14 and 1
2. Those pins are the first 4-bit number (P) where the Pin 5 is the MSB
and pin 12 is the LSB.
 On the other hand, Pin 6, 2, 15, 11 is the second 4-bit number where
the Pin 6 is the MSB and pin 11 is the LSB.
 Pin 4, 1, 13 and 10 are the DIFF output. Pin 4 is the MSB and pin 10 is
the LSB when there is no Borrow out.
 SW1 is subtrahend and SW2 is Minuend. We connected Carry in pin
(Pin 7) to 5V for making it Logic High. It’s needed for 2’s complem
ent.
 1k resistors are used in all input pins to provide logic 0 when the DIP
switch is in OFF state. Due to the resistor, we can switch from logic 1
(binary bit 1) to logic 0 (binary bit 0) easily. We are using 5V power su
pply.
 When the DIP switches are ON, the input pins get shorted with 5V ma
king those DIP switches Logic High; we used Red LEDs to represent t
he DIFF bits and Green Led for Borrow out bit.
 R12 resistor used for pull up due to the 74LS04 couldn’t provide en
ough current to drive the LED. Also, the Pin 7 and Pin 14 is respective
ly Ground and 5V pin of 74LS04. We also need to convert the Borrow
out bit coming from the Full-adder 74LS283N.

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