Mutah University

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Eng. Depart.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Dr. Khaled Alawasa
[email protected]
2nd Semester 2015 1
 Outlines
• Definitions and Terminologies
• The Basic Types of Control
• General Structure of Control Systems
• Control-System Classifications
• Examples of Control Systems (Open and
closed loop)
• Control development and intelligent system:
examples and videos
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 Background
• What is Control Theory?
– The field of control systems deals with applying or choosing the
inputs to a given system to make it behave in a certain way
(i.e., make the state or output of the system follow a certain
trajectory). A key way to achieve this is via the use of feedback,
where the input depends on the output in some way. This is also
called closed loop control.
• Engineering is concerned with understanding and controlling the
materials and forces of nature for the benefit of humankind.
• A control system is an interconnection of components forming a
system configuration that will provide a desired system response.
– The basis for analysis of a system is the foundation provided
by linear system theory, which assumes a cause–effect
relationship for the components of a system 3
 Definitions and Terminologies (1)
• Systems: A system is a combination of components that act
together and perform a certain objective. A system is not
limited to physical ones. The concept of the system can be
applied to abstract, dynamic phenomena such as those
encountered in economics. The word system should, therefore,
be interpreted to imply physical, biological, economic, and the
like, systems.

a. Block diagram
representation of a system;
b. block diagram
representation
of an interconnection
of subsystems

A System is anything with inputs and outputs 4

 Definitions and Terminologies (2)
• Plant: A plant is a set of machine parts function
together to perform a particular operation such as
heating system, chemical reactor …. Power plant/station ..
a spacecraft
• Process: is a one where a progressively continuing
towards a particular goal of an end-product. Example all
kinds of systems in nature, chemical process, biological
process (HUMAN creation) economic, and social

In this course, we shall call any physical object to be controlled (such as a mechanical
device, a heating furnace, a chemical reactor, or a spacecraft) a plant or process 5
 Definitions and Terminologies (3)
• Controlled Variable and Manipulated Variable:
– The controlled variable is the quantity or condition that is
measured and controlled.
– The manipulated variable is the quantity or condition that
is varied by the controller so as to affect the value of the
controlled variable. Normally, the controlled variable is the
output of the system.
– Example: in controlling the temperate in Air condition
system
• Temperature is the controlled variable
• Increasing the motor speed/pressure is the manipulated
variable
• Control: measuring the value of the controlled variable of
the system and applying the manipulated variable to the
system to correct or limit deviation of the measured value
from a desired value. 6
 Definitions and Terminologies (4)
• Disturbances: A disturbance is a signal that tends
to adversely affect the value of the output of a
system. If a disturbance is generated within the
system, it is called internal, while an external
disturbance is generated outside the system and
is an input.
• Example for external disturbance are :
– Opening the windows under air connection operation
– Open the fridge’s door

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 Definitions and Terminologies (5)
• Feedback Control systems:
A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between
the output and the reference input by comparing them
and using the difference as a means of control is called a
feedback control system.

An example would be a room-temperature control system.

By measuring the actual room temperature and comparing
it with the reference temperature (desired temperature),
the thermostat turns the heating or cooling equipment on
or off in such a way as to ensure that the room
temperature remains at a comfortable level regardless of
outside conditions.

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 The Basic Types of Control (1)
• The fundamental classification of a control
system is Open Loop and Closed loop control
system . What is the key difference between them??

Open Loop System

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Closed Loop System
 The Basic Types of Control (2)
• Open-Loop Control Systems
• An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device
to control the process directly without using feedback.
utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the
desired response.
• The system outputs have no effect upon the signals
entering the process. That is, the control inputs are not
influenced by the process outputs.
• An Open Loop Controller has actuation, but no
measurement.

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 The Basic Types of Control (3)
• Closed Loop (Feedback) Control Systems
• A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the
output and feedback of this signal to compare it with the
desired input (i.e., reference or command). utilizes
feedback to compare the actual output to the desired
output response.
• A Closed Loop Controller uses Sensors in addition to
Actuators
Comparis
Comparison Controller Plant Output

Desired Output
Response
Measurement: sensor
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Closed-loop: General Form
 Feedback Control: Benefits and cost

Benefits: • Reduction of sensitivity to process parameters

• Disturbance rejection
• More precise control of process at lower cost
• Performance and robustness not otherwise achievable

Cost: • More mathematical sophistication

• Large loop gain to provide substantial closed loop gain
• Stabilizing closed loop system
• Achieving proper transient and steady-state response

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 General Structure of Control Systems

1 2 3 4

Elements in control systems: Properties of control systems:

• System/Plant/Process • Stability
• Sensors • Performance
• Actuators • Robustness
• Controllers
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 Control System Components
• System, plant or process (- The portion of the system (
or operation) to be controlled )
• Actuators (converts the control signal to a power signal;
(i.e., a device that causes the process to provide the
output).) such as: Relay
• Sensors (provides measurement of the system output)
• Reference input (represents the desired output)
• Error detection (forms the control error)
• Controller (operates on the control error to form the
control signal, sometimes called compensators)

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Basic elements in feedback control
systems

Example: Open Door Control….

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 Example: Antenna
• Antenna Azimuth: An Introduction to Position
Control Systems

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 Control System Classification (1)
• According to number of loops:
– Single loop Control System
– Multi-loop Control System : consists of inner loop
and outer loop.

FIGURE single loop feedback

Control system (with feedback).

FIGURE Multiloop feedback system with an inner loop and an outer loop. 17
 Control-System Classification(2)
• According to Input/output channel
– Single variable Single Input Single output (SISO)
– Multivariable Control System : Multi Input Multi
output (MIMO)

– The SISO system is the focus of this course .

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 Multivariable Control System
• Due to the increasing complexity of the system under control and the
interest in achieving optimum performance, the importance of control
system engineering has grown in the past decade. Furthermore, as the
systems become more complex, the interrelationship of many controlled
variables must be considered in the control scheme. A block diagram
depicting a multivariable control system is shown in Figure 1.6.

Example of MIMO ???

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FIGURE Multivariable control system.
Multivariable Control System Model

Example of MIMO is a Power Plant

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 Examples of an open-loop
• Common examples of an open-loop control
system are :
– A microwave oven set to operate for a fixed time.
– Electrical Toaster in the kitchen set to operate for
a fixed time and Temperature set point
– TV remote control
– Washing machines
– Clothes dryer (timer based) !!!! How to make it
closed loop.?
To convert the open loop system into closed loop : Add sensor and feed it back !!!
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 Example: Laundry machine
• A laundry machine washes clothes, by setting
a program.

• A laundry machine does not measure how

clean the clothes become.
• Control without measuring devices (sensors)
are called open-loop control.
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 An example of a closed-loop control
system
1. Thermostat --> furnace (constant temperature)
2. Air condition (constant temperature)
3. Toaster setting (light/dark) --> toast (IF the toaster
has heat sensors)
4. Refrigerator cold/hot setting --> refrigerator inside
temperature (constant)
5. Clothes dryer with moisture sensor
6. Driving CARS ( Must be closed loop control system,
otherwise …. Accidents will occur)

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 An example of a closed-loop control
system (1)
• An example of a closed-loop control system is a person
steering an automobile (assuming his or her eyes are open)
by looking at the auto’s location on the road and making
the appropriate adjustments.
• The introduction of feedback enables us to control a
desired output and can improve accuracy, but it requires
attention to the issue of stability of response

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 An example of a closed-loop control
system (2)
.

b
a

Controller Actuator Process/plant

feedback

FIGURE 1.9 (a) Automobile steering control system. (b) The driver uses the difference between
the actual and the desired direction of travel to generate a Controlled adjustment of the
steering wheel. (c) Typical direction-of-travel response 25
Brief History Of Automatic Control

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Brief History Of Automatic Control

…….. NOW 2014 ……….. Near FUTURE 202027

The Future Evolution of Control
Systems The world is
now here.

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Advantages of Control Systems (1)
We build control systems for four primary
reasons:
• 1. Power amplification
• 2. Remote control
• 3. Convenience of input form
• 4. Compensation for disturbances

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Advantages of Control Systems (2)
• With control systems we can move large equipment
with precision that would otherwise be impossible.
• We can point huge antennas toward the farthest
reaches of the universe to pick up faint radio signals;
• controlling these antennas by hand would b
impossible.
• Because of control systems, elevators carry us quickly
to our destination, automatically stopping at the right
floor .
• We alone could not provide the power required for
the load and the speed; motors provide the power,
and control systems regulate the position and speed.

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 Control Technology
• There has been considerable interest recently
in applying the feedback control concepts to
– Automatic warehousing and inventory control
– Automatic control of wind turbine generators,
solar heating and cooling, and automobile engine
performance are important modern examples
– Biomedical experimentation, diagnosis,
prosthetics, and biological control systems
– Social, economic, and political spheres. …..

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 Control Applications

individual semiconductor wafers

Electronic Manufacturer

Closed-loop control system for disk drive

control speed of a rotating disk. 32

 Student-built Rover

FIGURE A rover using an embedded computer in the feedback loop. (Photo by R.H.
Bishop.) 33
Control Technology: Microrover

FIGURE Microrover designed to explore an asteroid.

Video
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 Control Technology: A Robot (1)
• A robot is a computer-controlled machine and involves technology
closely associated with automation. Industrial robotics can be
defined as a particular field of automation in which the automated
machine (that is, the robot) is designed to sub stitute for human
labor
• Thus robots possess certain humanlike characteristics. Today, the
most common humanlike characteristic is a mechanical
manipulator that is patterned somewhat after the human arm and
wrist. Some devices even have anthropomorphic mechanisms,
including what we might recognize as mechanical arms, wrists, and
hands .
• An example of an anthropomorphic robot is shown in Figure 1.11.
We recognize that the automatic machine is well suited to some
tasks, as noted in Table 1.2, and that other tasks are best carried
out by humans.

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 Control Technology: A Robot (2)
• Robots designed by control system principles can
compensate for human disabilities.
• Control systems are also useful in remote or
dangerous locations.
– For example, a remote-controlled robot arm can be
used to pick up material in a radioactive environment.
• Control systems can also be used to provide
convenience by changing the form of the input.
For example, in a temperature control system,
the input is a position on a thermostat. The
output is heat.

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 A Robot Honda P3
• Video :
What is the important of ( necessity ) for a Robot?

FIGURE 1.11 The Honda P3 humanoid robot. P3 walks, climbs

stairs, and turns corners. Photo courtesy of American Honda
Motor, Inc.

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 Evolution of Control Systems
Unmanned Aerial vehicles
• The ongoing area of research and development
of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is full of
potential for the application of control systems.
An example of a UAV is shown in Figure below.
UAVs are unmanned but are usually controlled
by ground operators
Smarter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4utGpWHLkoM
FIGURE
An unmanned aerial
vehicle. (Used with
permission. Credit:
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DARPA.)
 Evolution of Control Systems
Auto Parking
• Many modern luxury automobiles have an auto
park option. This feature will parallel park an
automobile without driver intervention.

2013 Mercedes-Benz GL
self-parking Tech Demo
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=xpUqj_IHYp0

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 Design Examples
Smart Grid Control Systems
The five key technologies required to implement a successful modern smart grid
include (i) integrated communications,(ii) sensing and measurements,(iii) advanced
components, (iv) advanced control methods, and (v) improved interfaces and deci-
sion support

FIGURE 1.23 Smart grids are distribution networks that measure and control usage.
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 Self-Reading
• 1.4 Engineering Design
• 1.5 Control System Design
• 1.6 Mechatronic Systems
• 1.7 Green Engineering

These topics are useful to expand your knowledge

and might lead to Graduate project for YOU.
Read them interestingly

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 Chapter Summer
After the completion of the chapter, student should
be able to (demonstrate) explain :
• Define some control terminologies ( system,
plant, process, actuator ,…)
• know the control system type/ classification
• Differentiate b/w open and closed loop system
• Recognize the control component from a given
physical control system
• Recognize the structure(components) of a given
control system and the role for each component.

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