18bma61c U1
18bma61c U1
Inverse image
Let f : S→T be a function from a set S to a set T.If Y is
a subset of T,the inverse image of Y under f, denoted by f-
1(Y) is defined to be the largest subset S which f maps into
Y.
f-1(Y)= {x: x S, f(x) Y}
Result:
Let A and B be subsets of T. then
A B f-1(A) f-1(B)
Proof:
Let x f-1(A)
f(x) A by defn of f-1(A)
f(x) B as A B
x f-1(B)
f-1(A) f-1(B)
Theorem:
Let f : S→T be a function from S to T.
If X S and Y T then we have
(a) X = f -1(Y) f(X) Y
(b) Y= f(X) X f-1(Y)
(a)
Given X = f-1(Y)
Let y f(X)
y= f(x) for some x X
y= f(x) for some x f-1(Y)
y Y by definition of f -1(Y)
f(X) Y
X=f-1(Y) f(X) Y
Given Y= f(X)
Let x X
f(x) f(X)
f(x) Y since Y=f(X)
x f-1(Y)
Therefore X f-1(Y)
Hence Y=f(X) X f-1(y)
Thus
f(f-1(Y)) Y and X f-1(f(X))
Theorem:
Let f : S →T be a function from one metric space (S,ds)
to another metric space (T,dT) then f is continuous on S iff
for every open set Y in T, the inverse image f -1(Y) is open
is S.
Proof:
f is continuous inverse image of every open set is
open under f
let f be continuous on S.
Let Y be open in T.
Claim:
f-1(Y) is open in S
Let p f-1(Y)
To prove
p is an interior point of f -1(Y)
Let f(p)=y
As f(p) Y and Y is open, f(p) is an interior point of Y.
There exists an >0 such that BT(y, ) Y …(1)
Since f is continuous at p,there is an >0 such that
f(BS(p, ) BT(y, ) ..(2)
Now,
Bs(p, ) f-1(f(Bs(p, ))
f-1(BT(y, ) using (2)
f-1(Y) using (1)
p is an interior point of f-1(Y)
f-1(Y) is open in (as p is arbitrary)
Let inverse image of every open set be open
To prove f is continuous
Let p S
Then f(p) T
Let f(p) =y
For every >0, the ball BT(y, ) T
By hypothesis
f-1(BT(y, ) is open in S.
and p f-1 (BT(y, ))
there exist >0 such that
Bs(p, ) f-1(BT(y, ))
f(BS(P, ) f(f-1(BT(y, ))
BT(y, )
f is continuous at p. (since p is arbitrary)
f is continuous on S
Hence the proof.
Theorem:
R is open in R.
Its image set f(R)={1}
{1} is not open in R because 1 is not an interior point of R.
Definition of covering:-
A collection F of sets is said to be covering of a
given set S if
S A F A
The collection F is said to cover S.
If F is a collection of open sets then F is called an open
covering of S.
Theorem:
Let f : S → T be a function from one metric space (S,ds)
to another metric space (T,dT). If f is continuous on a
compact subset X of S, then the image f(X) is a compact
subset of T. In particular, f(X) is closed and bounded in T.
Proof:
Given X S is compact and f is continuous
Claim: f(X) is compact in T
Let F be an open covering of f(X)
(ie) f(X) A F A
Since each A is open in T and f is continuous on S, each f -
1(A) is open in S. These sets f-1(A) form an open covering
of X.
For,
f(X) A F A implies
f-1 (f(X)) f-1( A F A) = A F f-1 ( A)
This implies X A F f-1 ( A) as X f-1 (f(X))
Since X is compact, a finite number of open sets of {f -
1
(A)/A F)} will cover X
(ie) X f-1(A1) f-1(A2) … f-1(AP)
f(X) f(f-1(A1) f-1(A2) … f-1(AP))
= f(f-1(A1) f(f-1(A2) )…… f(f-1(AP))
f(X) is closed and bounded, by theorem
“If S is subset of R , the following statements are
n
equivalent.
(1) S is compact.
(2) S is closed and bounded
(3) Every infinite subset of S has an accumulation
point in S”.
Bounded set :
A set X Rn is a bounded set if there exists a Rn
and r > 0, such that X B(a,r).
Bounded function :
A function f : S → Rn is called bounded on S if
there is a positive number M such that
||f(x)|| M x S.
Result:
Theorem:
Let f : S → Rn be a function from a metric space S to
the euclidean space Rn. If f is continuous on a compact
set X of S then f is bounded on X.
Proof:
Let f be a continuous function on the compact subset X
of S.
Then by theorem
“Let f : S → T be a function from one metric
space (S,ds) to another metric space (T,dT). If f is
continuous on a compact subset X of S, then the image
f(X) is a compact subset of T. In particular, f(X) is closed
and bounded in T”
Result:
If f is a real valued function bounded on X, then f(X) is
a bounded subset of R and so it has int f(X) and sup f(X)
and
Proof:
Since f is a continuous function on the compact subset
S, f(X) is compact in R.
Also f(X) is closed and bounded in R
Since f(X) is bounded, m f(x) M with x X
where m=inf f(X) and M=sup f(X).
every open ball with m as centre intersects f(X)
m is an adherent point of f(x)
m=f(p) for some p X
Similarly,
every open ball with M a centre will also intersect
f(X)
M is also an adherent point of f(X)
M f(X) as f(X) is closed.
Let M=f(q) for some q X
Thus f(p)= inf f(X) and f(q) = sup f(X).
Proof :
Given f is a continuous function on the compact
space S. To prove, f−1: f(S)→S is continuous
We have, to prove that inverse image of every closed set
in S is closed in f(S), it is enough is prove that for every
closed set X in S, the image f(X )is closed in f(S).
Since X is closed and S is compact.
By theorem,
Note:
1. f is a homeomorphism then f-1 is also a
homeomorphism.
2. A homeomorphism maps open subsets of S onto
open subsets of f(S) and
3. It maps closed subsets of S onto closed subsets of
f(S)
Topological property:
Definition:
A property of a set that remains invariant under every
topological mapping is called a topological property.
Example:
The properties of being open, closed and
compact are topological properties.
Definition: Isometry
Theorem:
Let f be defined on an interval S in R. Assume that f is
continuous at a point c in S and that f(c)≠0. Then there
exist a one ball B(c, ) such that f(x) has the same sign as
f(c) in B(c, ) S.
Proof:
Since f is continuous at the point c there exist and >0
for the given >0 such that
x B(c, ) S
Suppose f(c)
<0
= -f(c)∕2 in
(1)
Bolzano’s theorem:
Theorem:
Assume f is real valued and continuous on a compact
interval S in R. Suppose there are two points α < β in S
such that f(α) ≠ f(β) then f takes every value between f(α)
and f(β) in the interval (α,β).
Proof:
Let α and β be such that f(α) ≠ f(β).
Define: g: α,β]→R
g(x) = f(x)-k
then
g(α) = f(α)-k
g(β) = f(β)-k
then g(α) and g(β) have opposite sides
Remark:
The continuous image of a compact interval S
under a real valued function is another compact interval
[inf f(S),supf(S)].
Proof:
By intermediate value theorem, the function f: S→R
defined on a compact interval takes every value between
f(a) and f(b) if S = [a, b]. This together with the theorem
“Let f: S→R be a real valued function from a metric space
S to Euclidean space R.
Assume that f is continuous on a compact subset of S.
Then there exists points p and q in x such that,f(p) = inf
f(X) and f(q) = sup f(X)” we have, f(S) = [ inf f(S), sup f(S)].
Connectedness
Definition:
A metric space S is called disconnected, if S = A∪B
where A and B are disjoint non-empty open sets in S. S is
connected if it is not disconnected.
Note:
A subset X of a metric space S is called connected if
when regarded as a metric subspace of S, it is a
connected metric space.
Examples:
1. Consider the metric space S = R-{0} with usual
Euclidean metric.
R-{0} = ( -∞,0)∪(0,∞)
Therefore R-{0} is disconnected.
2. Every open interval is connected.
Definition:
A real valued function f which is continuous on a
metric space S is said to be two valued on f if f(S) {0,1}
In other words a two valued function is a continuous
function whose only possible values are 0 and 1.
Note:
We usually consider the set T = {0, 1} with discrete
metric space T, where every subset is both open and
closed in T.
Theorem:
A metric space S is connected if and only if every two
valued function on S is constant.
Proof:
Assume S is connected . Let f be two valued on S.
Claim: f is constant
Let f−1({0}) = A and f−1({1}) = B be the inverse of the
subsets {0} and {1}. {0} and {1} are the open subsets of
the discrete metric space {0,1}. Since f is continuous,
both A and B are open in S.
Also AՈB = ∅
Suppose S is disconnected.
Proof :
f(X) is connected.
Result :
Every curve in Rn is connected :
Since an interval X⊆R is connected its continuous image
f(X) is connected. If f is real valued the image f(X) is
another interval. If f has values in Rn the image, f(X) is
called a curve in Rn and it is connected.
Proof :
f(S) being the continuous image of a connected set is
connected.
As f(S) ⊆ R and it is connected and it is an interval. Since
f takes the values a and b in S, f(S) is an interval
containing a and b.
All values in between a and b are taken by f
Let x U be arbitrary.
x A for some A in F
f(x) = f(t) ∀ x A
f(x) = f(t)
⇒f is constant on U.
Example :
Let A = (0, 1)
B = (1∕2, 2)
C = (-2, 1)
A B C ≠
Note :
U(x) is the maximal connected subset of S which contains
x.
Example :
then,
U(¾) = (-2, 2)
Theorem :
Every point of a metric space S belongs to a uniquely
determined component of S. in other words the
components of S form a collection of disjoint sets whose
union is S.
Proof :
Since every point x S belongs to atleast one
connected subset called {x}, we can say that x belongs to
atleast one component of S.
Union of components of S is S.
Components are disjoint.
Suppose x∈U1ՈU2 where U1 and U2 are two components of S.
⇒U1ՈU2 =