1D

3m 3m
4m 4m
B 3m 3m B
B C CC
C
B
C A A
44mm
4m
4m A¿ A¿
2.2 20 mm
20 mmSTRAIN 73
4m 10 mm 2
2.2 STRAIN
2.2 STRAIN
7P3 10Pmm 7 3 A
A A
A AA¿ ¿
A¿ 20 mm 20
20mm
mm
A¿
20 mm A Fig. 2–5
EXAMPLE2.1 2.1
EXAMPLE 10 mm Fig.
P
P
2–510
10mm
mm
AMPLE 2.1 P 10 mm P A¿ 20 mm
SOLUTION
Determine
Determinethe average normalnormal
the average strains instrains
the two wires
in thein two
Fig. 2–5
ermine the average normal strains in the two wires in Fig. 2–5 if the ring
if theinring
wires
SOLUTION Fig. 2–5
P if10the
mm ring
Fig. 2–5
Fig.
Fig. 2–5
2–5
at A moves to A′. Fig. 2–5
moves to A′. at A moves to A′. Geometry. The original length of each wire is
SOLUTION
Geometry.SOLUTION
TheFig.original
2–5 length of each wire is
SOLUTION
3m 3m
SOLUTION
3m 3m Geometry. The The original length of
of each
3m 3Geometry.
m Geometry.
The original LAB
length of each original
= isLAC
wire length
= 2(3 m)2wire
each wire
+ (4isism)2 = 5 m
SOLUTION
Geometry. The original length of eachLwire 2
is LAC = 2(3 m) + (4 m) = 5 m 2
B
C AB =
B 2
2 + (4 m)2 2 = 5 m
C Geometry. The original length L
2 ABis= L 2 = 2(3 m)
B LAB =The =of2(3
LACfinal eachm)
lengths wire
L + (4
are
AB LAC
= m) AC==5 2(3m m) + (4 m) = 5 m
4m
LAB = C L
The = 2(3
AC final m)2 +are
lengths (4 m)2 = 5 m
4m LAB =are LACTheThe
= 2(3finalm)
final lengths
2
+ (4
lengths are
m)2 = 5 m
are
The final lengths LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + 2(4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.01004 m
The final lengths are 4m 2
2 2
A LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01
2(3 m m)
m - + 2m)
0.01 (4 22m+ +(4 0.02
m ++ m)
0.02 = 2 25.01004
m) m
A The final lengths are LLA′B2 = = 2(3
LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m) + (4 m + 0.02 m) = 5.01004
A′B - 0.01 m) + (4 m m 0.02 m) ==2 5.01004
5.01004mm2
A¿ 20 mm 2
LA′C = 2(3 m + 0.01 m) + (4 m + 0.02 m) = 5.02200 m
A¿ 20 mm
10 mm
LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.01004 m2 2
10 mm
P A L = 2(3 m L- 0.01= m)2(3
2LLA′C
+ (4
= 2(3
2m=+2(3
m +0.01 mm)
m
0.02
+ 20.01
+
m) 2 + 2m)
0.01= (4
m) 2m+ +
5.01004+ (4m
m + m)
(4 0.02
m +
0.022 m)
0.02 =
m)
= 5.02200
25.02200
= 5.02200 mmm
P A′B L A′C = 2(3 m
A′C + 0.01 m)
A′C + (4 m + 0.02 m) = 5.02200 m
A¿ =202(3 Average Normal Strain.
Fig. 2–5 LA′C mm m + 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.02200 m
Average Normal Strain.2
Fig. 2–5
P 10 mm Average
L A′C = Average
Normal
2(3 m + Average
Normal
Strain.
0.01 m) 2
+ Normal
Strain.
(4 m + 0.02 Strain.
m) = 5.02200 m
SOLUTION Average Normal Strain. L A′B - L AB 5.01004 m - 5 m
PAB = LA′B - LAB = 5.01004 m - 5 m = 2.01(10-3) m>m Ans.
LUTION P = L L - L = 5.01004 5
m m - 5 m = 2.01(10 -3
) m>m Ans.
Average NormalLStrain.
Fig. is2–5 A′B - LAB 5.01004
AB m - 5m =
A′B AB AB -3
Geometry. The original length of each wire PAB = L P
=A′B AB- =L L
AB L AB 5.01004 m -
= 2.01(10 )5m>m-355m m =
Ans. 2.01(10
m = 2.01(10 ) m>m Ans.
-3
) m>m Ans.
ometry. The original length of each wire is L - L PL =
5.01004 m - L5 m
ABAB 5 m = AB
PAB =
A′B AB
= AB L = 2.01(10 -3
) m>m5 m Ans.
2 2 L L - L 5 m
5.01004 m - 5
A′C m - L AC 5.02200 m - 5 m -3
SOLUTION AB L = L AC = 2(3 m) + (4 m) = 5 m
PAB =AB A′B AB
= L
PAC = L A′C - =LAC - L = 5.02200
2.01(10 -3
) m>m m - 5Ans.m = 4.40(10-3 ) m>m Ans.
A′C - LAC
LLAB P =
AC5 m m L
5.02200 A′C- 5m =
AC AC = 5.02200 m
5m - 5 m = 4.40(10 -3) m>m Ans.
LAB = LAC = 2(3 m)2 + (4 m)2 = 5 m PAC = = P AC = L AC = 4.40(10 -35 m
) m>m =
Ans. 4.40(10 ) m>m Ans.
LAC LA′C - L5AC m LAC5.02200 m - 55 m m
Geometry. The original length of eachLA′C wire- isLAC 5.02200 m - 5 m -3
= PAC =
The final lengths are = -3) m>m Ans. = 4.40(10 ) m>m Ans.
PAC = = 4.40(10 5m
final lengths are LAC LA′C - LAC 5 5.02200 m LAC m - 5m
PAC = = = 4.40(10-3) m>m Ans.
LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m) 2
2 = 5.01004
L
2 mAC
5m
LAB = LAC = 2(3 m) + (4 m) = 5 m
LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.01004 m
LA′C = 2(3 m + 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.02200 m
LA′C = 2(3The
m +final
0.01 lengths
m)2 + (4 are
m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.02200 m
Average Normal Strain.
rage Normal Strain.LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.01004 m
LA′B - LAB 5.01004 m - 5 m
P = = = 2.01(10-3) m>m Ans.
 Geometry. The orientation of the lever arm after it rota
is shown in Fig. 2–6b. From the geometry of this figure,
C B A
EXAMPLE 2.2 400 mm 400 mm
a = tan - 1a b = 53.1301°
2 300 mm
(a) When force P is applied to the rigid lever arm ABC in Fig. 2–6a, the arm
STRAIN Then
rotates counterclockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.05°. Determine
2.2 S TRAIN 73
the normal strain in wire BD.
74 CHAPTER 2 STRAIN f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05°
D SOLUTION I
EXAMPLE 2.1 P 300 mm For triangle ABD the Pythagorean theorem gives
Geometry. The orientation of the lever arm after it rotates about point A
STRAIN
EXAMPLE
When force
Determine P 2.2
is applied
the average normalto the in
strains rigid lever
the two arm
wires Fig. 2–5inif Fig.
in ABC 2–6a, the arm
the ring
is shown in Fig. 2–6b. From the
Lgeometry
AD
of this mm)
= 2(300 figure,2 + (400 mm)2 = 500
N C B A
at A moves
rotates to A′.
counterclockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.05°.
400 mmDetermine 400 mm
-1
When force P is applied to the rigid lever arm ABC Using in = tan
athis
Fig. a and
result
2–6a, the b = 53.1301°
applying the law of cosines to triangl
the normal strain in wire BD. 2 300 mmarm
3m rotates
3m counterclockwise about pin A through
(a)
Then
an angle of 0.05°. Determine
SOLUTION I
When force P is applied to the rigid leverthe armnormal
ABC in strain in the
Fig. 2–6a, wire
armBD. LB′D = 2L2AD + L2AB′ - 2(LAD) (LAB′) cos f
400 mm
rotates counterclockwise B about pin A through an angle of 0.05°. Determine f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92°
When force
When P is applied
force to D
P is applied the rigid
to thelever
rigidarmlever
ABCarm in Fig.
ABC 2–6a,Cthe
in Fig.arm
2–6a, the arm = 2(500 mm)2 + (400 mm)2 - 2(500 mm) (4
Geometry. The orientation SOLUTION
of the lever I
arm after it rotates about point A
isthe normal strain in wire BD.
rotates D
n force P counterclockwise
rotatesapplied to theabout
counterclockwise rigid pin A
lever
about through
arm pinABCA an angle
in
through Fig.of 0.05°.
2–6a,
an Determine
the
angle arm
of 0.05°. Determine For triangle ABD the Pythagorean theorem gives
es the normal
counterclockwise
the normal
is shown
strain P wireIin
inabout
strain BD.
in
Fig.
pin 2–6b.
mm From
A through
300
wire BD.
theof
an angle geometry of this figure,
0.05°. Determine = 300.3491 mm
SOLUTION 4 m The orientation of the levera arm 300 mm it rotates about point A
ormal Astrain in wire BD. Geometry. after 2
SOLUTION I P #LBD u ! 0.05" LAD = 2(300 mm) + (400 mm)2 = 500 mm
mm SOLUTION
Geometry. I The orientation of the - 1 400
lever arm mm it rotates
is shown
after in Fig.about
2–6b.point
FromA the geometryf of this figure, Normal 2 Strain.
UTION I is shown in Fig. 2–6b. From a = tan a b = 53.1301° B
Geometry. The CorientationB of the lever the geometry
A after itof
arm 300 thismm
Arotates figure,
about point A UsingAthis result and applying theLlaw of cosines to triangle AB′D,
B′D - LBD
Geometry. The orientation 400 mm of the lever arm after it rotates about point A 400 mm PBD =
is shown
A in Fig. 2–6b. From the geometry of this figure,
A¿ B¿
- 1
metry.
m is shown Then
The orientation of the
in Fig. 2–6b. Fromleverthearm after it rotates
geometry
- 1 400 mm of this 20 mm point A
about
figure, aC= tan a 400 mm bLB′D = =53.1301°
2L2AD + L2AB′ - 2(LADL ) BD
(LAB′) cos f
wn2in Fig. 2–6b. From the geometry a = of
400
tanthis
mm
afigure,10 mm b = 53.1301° 400 mm 300 mm
- 1 (a) P 300 mm= 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92°
af= tan= 90° a - a + b 0.05°
= 53.1301° = 2(500 mm)2 + (400 mm)2 - mm2(500-mm) 300(400
mmmm) cos 36.92°
300 - 1 400 mm
mm Then 300.3491
Then 400
a = mm tan a b = 53.1301° D (b) = = 0.00116 m
Then a = tan - 1a b = 300 mm
53.1301° Fig. 2–5 = 300.3491 mm 300 mm
For ftriangle
= 90°300 -ABD amm the Pythagorean
+ 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° theorem+f =gives
0.05° - a + 0.05° Fig.
90°36.92°
= a= 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92°
300 mm
Then 2–6
f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92° P #LBD u ! 0.05" Normal Strain.
f
ForSOLUTION
ftriangle
= 90°ABD - a the +
L Pythagorean
0.05° = = 90°
2(300 theorem
- 53.1301°
mm) 2gives+ 0.05° = 36.92°
+ (400 mm) 2
= B
500 mm SOLUTION II
90° - ABD
f =triangle
For a + 0.05° = 90° AD
the Pythagorean - 53.1301°
theorem gives+ 0.05° For triangle ABD the Pythagorean
= 36.92° A
theorem gives LB′D - LBD
Geometry. The original length of each wire is B¿ PBD =
For triangle ABDLthe = 2(300 mm)
AD Pythagorean
2
+ (400gives
theorem mm)2 = 500 mm C 400 mm Since LtheBD strain is small, this same result can be obtained
iangle ABD the Using
LAD = this
Pythagorean
2(300 result
mm)and
theorem2 applying
givesmm)2 the
+ (400 = 500lawmm of cosinesLto triangle
= 2(300 AB′D,
mm) 2
+ (400 mm) 2
= 500 mm of wire BD as ∆LBD, shown in Fig. 2–6b. H
AD the elongation
Using thisLresult=and applying the2 law of cosines 2 2to triangle
2 AB′D, 300.3491 mm - 300 mm
22(300
LAB2= mm) LAC = 2 +2(3(400m) mm) + (4=m) 500=mm 5m (b) = = 0.00116 mm>mm Ans.
Using Lthis = 2(300
ADresult LB′D
and AD
= 2L
mm)
applying + (400
the law
AD +
mm)
of L
cosines
AB′= -
500
to 2(L
mm
triangle
Using ) (L
AB′D,
AD this AB′ ) cos f
result and applying the law of cosines to triangle300 AB′D,mm 0.05°
mm 2 2
LB′D = 2L + LAB′the - 2(L )cosines
(LAB′) cos f Fig. 2–6 ∆LBD = uLAB = c a b (p rad) d (400 mm) =
LUsing
gmthis result
B′D =
this
and2L
The
result
2
applying
final
AD
and
2 AD
=
+ lengths
Lthe
applying
AB′law2(500
- are
2(L ADmm)
law
) (LAB′
of cosines
2 )AD
to +of
cos(400
trianglef AB′D,mm)to triangle
2
- AB′D,
2(500 mm) (400 mm) cos 36.92° 180°
= 2(500 mm) 2
+ 2(400 mm) - 2(5002
LB′Dmm)=(400 2L 2
mm) 2
+ 36.92° SOLUTION
LAB′ - 2(LAD) (LAB′) cos f II
2 2 + (400 2400 mm ADcos
L= 2(500
= 22Lmm) = + L
300.3491 mm) - 2(L
mm- AD2(500
) (L mm) )(400
cos mm)
f cos 36.92°
2B′D
B′D a= 2LAD + LAB′ - 2(LAD)mm
AD
= 300.3491
AB′(LAB′) cos f AB′
Since the
Therefore,
strainmm)is small, thismm)
same cos
result36.92°
can be obtained by approximating
300 mm 2 = 22(500 mm)2 + (400 mm) 2
- 2(500 (400
a 300 mm= 300.3491
= L mm
2(500
2 A′B
= 2(3
mm) 2m - 0.01 m) 2 + (4 m + 0.02
2+ (400 mm) - 2(500 mm) (400 mm) cos 36.92°
m) = 5.01004 m
D
mm = 2(500 mm) + (400 mm) - 2(500 mm) (400 mm) cos 36.92° the elongation of wire BD as ∆L , shown in Fig. 2–6b. Here,
Normal Normal Strain.Strain.
BD
∆L 0.3491 mm
f
Normal=Strain. 300.3491 mm = 2300.3491 mm P =
BD
= = 0.00116 mm
= 300.3491 mm LA′C =L2(3 2 BD 0.05° L
300Amm
A B′D L -mB′DL+BD0.01
-a L m) 300
BD
+ mm
(4 m + 0.02 m) = 5.02200 m
∆L = uL = c a b (p BDrad) d (400 300
mm) mm= 0.3491 mm
LPB′D -
P= L BD AB
mNormal
mm PBD Normal
=
Strain.
PBD#L BDBD
Strain.
BD u=!L0.05"
BD LBD
f Normal Strain. 180°
LBD B
Average LNormal - Strain.
L Therefore,
LB′D - LBD 300.3491 mm - A
PBD300.3491
=
B′D BD
300 mm LB′D - LBD
PBD = = mm
B¿LBD - 300
300.3491mm mm - 300
= mm
0.00116P =
mm>mm
BD Ans. Ans.
=LBD C =mm 400 300mm mm= 0.00116 mm>mm = 0.00116 Lmm>mm Ans. ∆LBD
300 BD 0.3491 mm
LA′B - LAB 300 mm
5.01004 m - 5m -3 PBD = = = 0.00116 mm>mm Ans.
P = = = 2.01(10 ) m>m Ans.
 aGeometry.
= tan a The
b =orientation
53.1301° of the lever arm after it rota
2 300 mm
A (a) is shown in Fig. 2–6b. From the geometry of this figure,
400 mm
-1 Then
a = tan a b = 53.1301° C B A
300 mm f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05°- 1= 400
400 mm mm
36.92°
Then a = tan a b = 53.1301°
2 For
300 mm
(a) triangle ABD the Pythagorean theorem gives
STRAIN f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92° Then
2.2 LSAD = 2(300 mm)723+ (400 mm)2 = 500 mm
TRAIN
7 4For triangleCABD
H A P the
T E RPythagorean
2 S T R A I Ntheorem gives f = 90° - a + 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05°
Using this result and applying the law of cosines to triangle AB′D,
LAD = 2(300 mm)2 + (400 mm)2 = 500 mm For triangle ABD the Pythagorean theorem gives
EXAMPLE 2.1 LB′D = 2L2AD + L2AB′ - 2(LAD) (LAB′) cos f
400 mm
EXAMPLE
Using this result and 2.2
When force
Determine
applying the law of cosines to triangle AB′D,
P is applied
the average normalto the in
strains rigid lever
the two arm
wires D 2–5in
in ABC
Fig. if Fig. 2–6a, the arm
the ring
= 2(500 mm)2 + (400 mm)2 - 2(500 mm) (400 mm)
LAD = 2(300 mm)2 +cos(40036.92°
mm)2 = 500
at A moves
Lrotates
B′D = 2L
to2AD
A′.+ L2AB′ - 2(L
counterclockwise about
AD) (Lpin
AB′A through
) cos f an angle of 0.05°.
a Determine = 300.3491 mm
300 mm
the normal strain When force P #Lis applied to the rigid lever arm ABC Usinginthis
Fig.result
2–6a,andtheapplying
arm the law of cosines to triangl
= 2(500 mm)in 2 wire BD. 2
+ (400 mm) - 2(500 mm) P(400BDBmm) cosf36.92°
u ! 0.05" Normal Strain.
3m rotates
3m counterclockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.05°. Determine 2 2
LB′D - L
SOLUTION
= 300.3491 I mm the normal strain
B¿ in wire A
BD. 400 mmPBD = B′D = 2LAD + LAB′ - 2(LAD) (LAB′) cos f
LBD
a 300 mm C 400 mm LBD
B
Normal Strain.
D The orientation of the C = 2(500 mm)2 + (400 mm)2 - 2(500 mm) (4
Geometry. SOLUTION I
lever arm after it rotates about
D point A 300.3491 mm - 300 mm
A is shown inLFig.
B′D - LBDFrom the geometry of this figure,(b)
2–6b. =
300 mm= 300.3491 mm
= 0.00116 mm>mm Ans.
P =
PBD 300 mm 4 m
Geometry. TheFig. orientation a 300 mm
of the lever arm after it rotates about point A
A LBD 2–6
P #LBD u ! 0.05"
mm 400 mm
- 1 is shown in Fig. 2–6b. From the geometry f of this
SOLUTION II figure, Normal2 Strain.
300.3491 mm a =- tan
300 mm a b = 53.1301° B
C = B A 300
A = mm
0.00116 mm>mm Ans. A is small, this same result L
Since the strain canB′D - LBD by approximating
be obtained
300
400 mm mm A¿ 20 mm B¿ 400 mm PBD =
Then - 1 wire BD as ∆LBD, shown in Fig.
aC= tan a the 400elongation
mm b = of53.1301° LBD 2–6b. Here,
2 SOLUTION II 10 mm 300 mm
f = 90° (a) - a +P 0.05° = 90° - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92° ∆LBD = uLAB = c a
0.05°
300.3491
b (p rad) d (400 mm) mm - 300mm
= 0.3491 mm
Then (b) 180°
Since the strain is small, this same result can
Fig. 2–5 be obtained by approximating = = 0.00116 m
For triangle 300 mm
the elongation ABD
of wire BDthe Pythagorean
as ∆L theoremf =gives
BD, shown in Fig. 2–6b. 90° - a + 0.05° Fig.
Here, 2–6 - 53.1301° + 0.05° = 36.92°
90°
= Therefore,
SOLUTION 0.05° 2 2 ∆LBDSOLUTION II
0.3491 mm
∆LBD = uLAB LAD
= c=a 2(300b (p mm)
rad)For+triangle
d (400(400
mm)mm)
=ABD
0.3491 500Pythagorean
=the
mm mm theorem gives
PBD = = = 0.00116 mm>mm Ans.
180° LBD 300 mm
Geometry. The original length of each wire is Since the strain is small, this same result can be obtained
Using this result and applying the law of cosinesLto triangle
Therefore, = AB′D,
2(300 mm) 2
+ (400 mm) 2
500 mm of wire BD as ∆L , shown in Fig. 2–6b. H
= elongation
AD the BD
2 2
LAB2= LAC = 2 2(3 m) + (4 m) = 5 m
LB′D = ∆L 2L BD AD + L
0.3491
AB′ -
mm2(L
Using) (L
AD this ) cos and
result
AB′ f applying the law of cosines to triangle AB′D, 0.05°
mm PBD = = = 0.00116 mm>mm Ans.
LBD 3002 mm 2 ∆LBD = uLAB = c a b (p rad) d (400 mm) =
= 2(500
The final lengths are mm) + (400 mm) - 2(500 mm) 2
(400
2
mm) cos 36.92° 180°
LB′D = 2LAD + LAB′ - 2(LAD) (LAB′) cos f
400 mm
= 300.3491 mm 2 2
Therefore,
a 300 mm = 22(500
LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m) mm)
= 5.01004 m + (400 mm) - 2(500 mm) (400 mm) cos 36.92°
D
Normal Strain. ∆LBD 0.3491 mm
f
2
= 2300.3491 mm PBD = = = 0.00116 mm
LA′C = 2(3Lm + 0.01 + mm
a m) 300 (4 m + 0.02 m) = 5.02200 m LBD 300 mm
A B′D - LBD
P P
#L BD =
BD u ! 0.05" Normal Strain.
mm fLBD
B
Average Normal Strain.
A LB′D - LBD
B¿ 300.3491 mm - 300 mm PBD =
C = 400 mm = 0.00116 Lmm>mm
BD Ans.
LA′B - LAB 300 mm
5.01004 m - 5m
P = = = 2.01(10-3) m>m Ans.
Uniform Strain Fields
 EXAMPLE 2.3
2.2 2.2
STRAIN
STR
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 2.3 shown in
The plate 2.3
Fig. 2–7a is fixed connected along AB and held in y
EXAMPLE 2.3
the horizontal guides at its top and bottom, AD and BC. If its right side
The plate shownThe
CD is plate Fig.shown
ingiven 2–7a
a uniforminfixed
is Fig. 2–7a
connected
horizontal is fixed connected
along
displacement AB and ofalong mm,AB
2 held in andy held
determine (a)in y x
the horizontal the EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
horizontal
theguides
The
average plate guides
at itsnormal
top
shown and 2.32.3
at
in
strainits
bottom,
Fig. top
along andthe
AD
2–7a bottom,
isand fixed
diagonal AD
If and
its2.2
BC.connected right
AC, BC.
side
Salong
and If its
(b)
TRAIN AB
therightand
shear held 7in5
side Ay
D

CD is given CD astrain is given

uniform
the athorizontala uniform
Ehorizontal
relative guidesthehorizontal
to displacement
x,atyits topdisplacement
axes.
2.2 Sof
and 2 mm, determine
TRAINbottom, AD7and
of 2 mm, determine
3 (a)BC. If its right (a) side D D
the average the The
The
normal average
CD plate
plate
isstrain shown
shown
normal
given along in
a uniform in Fig.
strain Fig.
the diagonal2–7a
2–7a
along the
horizontal is isfixed
fixed connected
diagonalconnected
and (b) AC,
AC,displacement the of along
along
and
shear2 mm,AB AB
(b) the and andheld
shear
determine Aheldin(a)in y Ay
SOLUTION
strainthe
the horizontal
horizontal guides
to theatx,
guides atits
yitstoptop and and bottom,
bottom, AD AD and and BC. BC.If its
If right
itsthe side
right side
strain at E relative theatto Ethe relative
average x, y axes.
normal strain axes.along the diagonal AC, and (b) 150 mm
shear A
EXAMPLE 2.3 CD
CD is
is given
given
strain atWhen a auniform
E relativeuniform horizontal
horizontal
to theisx,deformed,
y axes. displacement
displacement of 2
of mm,
2 mm, determine
determine (a) (a) E
EXAMPLE 2.1 SOLUTIONSOLUTIONPart
the(a).
the average
average normal the plate
normal strain
strainalong alongthe the diagonal
thediagonal
diagonal AC, AC (b)
and and becomesthe
(b) shear
AC, 150 mmthe shear
150 mm A A
AC′, Fig. 2–7b. The lengths of diagonals AC and AC′ can be found
SOLUTION
The platetheshown strain
strain at
atEEandrelative
relativetotothe inthex,isx,ytheyaxes.
axes. E150 mm E
Determine averageinnormalFig. 2–7a
strainsisinfixed connected
Part
the two wires Whenalong
from
Part
(a).in Fig. the
2–5(a).ifAB
the the ringis held
Pythagorean
When
plate the
deformed,theorem.
plate yWe
deformed, have the
diagonal becomesAC becomes x
ACdiagonal B
EC
atthe horizontal
A moves to A′. guides at its top and bottom, AC′, Fig.AD and
2–7b.
AC′, BC.
The
SOLUTION
Part If
Fig.lengths
SOLUTION (a).its When
2–7b. right
of diagonals
The side
lengths
the plate ofAC and
diagonals
is AC′AC
deformed, canand be found
the AC′
diagonal can be AC found
becomes 150 mm 150 mm
150 mm
CD is given 2.2 a uniform horizontal displacement of 2AC′,
from the Pythagorean
from mm, determine
AC2–7b.
theorem.
the Pythagorean
Fig. = 2We The10.150
(a)
have
theorem.
lengthsm2 2We of 10.150
+ diagonals
have m2AC=and
2
0.21213AC′m can beBfound E C2
2.2 SSTRAIN
TRAIN 7755 D B C (a) E
the average normal strain 3 m along the 3 m diagonal AC,from Part
Part andthe(a).
(a). When
When
(b)Pythagorean the
the
the 2shear theorem. plate
plate is is deformed,
deformed,
We A have 2 the the diagonal
diagonal AC AC becomes
becomes 150 mm
22 2 B 1502 mm
AC AC′,
AC′,
= 2 Fig.AC′
Fig. 2–7b.
10.150
AC 2–7b.==
m2 22
The
The 10.150
+
1 lengths
lengths
10.150
0.150 m2m2 of of 10.152
+diagonals
diagonals
1= 0.21213
0.150 m2
AC
m2 AC2 and
m ==and0.21355
AC′ AC′
0.21213 mm
can be
can found
be found
strain at E relative to the x, y axes. (a) 76 mm 76150
(a) mmmm
B from
from the thePythagorean
Pythagorean
AC = 2 theorem.
theorem.
10.150 m2 We 2We
+have
have
10.150 m2 2
= 0.21213 m A B B D¿
C Therefore the average 2 normal strain 2 2along AC is 2
SOLUTION AC′ = 2 10.150 AC′ =m22 10.152
1+0.150 m2m2 + 1=0.152 0.21355 m2 m = 0.21355 m 150
(a)
mm
150 mm
Band
andheld
heldin
in yy xx 150 mm 2 2 76 mm 76 mm76 mm 76 mm
AC ===2
AC
AC′ 22 10.150
0.150m2
110.150 mm2 2+ 2 +10.150
+ 110.152
0.150 m2m2 m2 22= 2
=0.21213
0.21213
= 0.21355 mm m
A 75 mm A
its
itsright
rightside
side AC′ -AC E D¿
Part (a). When DDthe plate is deformed, 4the
Therefore m the average normal
Therefore
diagonal the averagestrainnormal along AC
strain is along AC ism - 0.21213 m
0.21355 76
u mm (a) (a) 76 m
etermine
etermine(a)(a) AC
1P AC 2becomes
avg = = A
== 2 210.150 AC
0.150m2 2 2
2 + +10.152 0.21213
m2m 2 2m= 0.21355
b)b)the
the shear
shear AC′,A Fig. 2–7b. The lengths of diagonals AC andTherefore AC′ can AC′
AC′
beaverage
the found 1normal m strain 1 0.152
along AC is 2 = 20.21355 75m mmm 75 mm 76E¿
mm 76 76 mm7
AC′ - AC AC′0.21355 - AC m -0.21355 0.21213mm - 0.21213 m u u mm
from the Pythagorean theorem.A We have 1PAC 2 avg =1PAC 2 avg = =
= 0.00669 = 75 mm 2 A A
mm>mm Balong C Ans. 75 mm
150 mm
150 mm A¿ 20 mm
Therefore
Thereforethe the ACaverage
averagenormal AC′ strain
AC
normal -0.21213
ACalong
strain m 0.21355
AC is is m m
AC0.21213 - 0.21213 m u
E 1PAC 2 avg = = 150 mm 2 mm E¿
B
E¿ C¿
Part
=(b). To find the shear strain ACat E relative to 0.21213 the x and my75axes,
E 2 2 mm 75
75 mm mm75 mm
AC becomes
C becomes AC = 2 1P0.15010m2 mm + 1 0.150 m2 0.21213
= 0.00669 m mm>mm = 0.00669 AC′AC′ mm>mm
- - AC AC 0.21355
0.21355 m Ans.
m- 0.21213
- 0.21213 m Ans.
m u E¿ u
which are 90°1P 1apart, it is=necessary to find the change (a) in the angle at (b)
AC22avg
PAC ==
ananbebefound
found avg =
AC AC 0.21213
0.21213 mm 75 mm
B CC 22 2 Part (b). To E.
Part After
2 find (b). deformation,
the shear
To find strain
the Fig. =
shear 2–7b,
0.00669
at E relative
strain mm>mm
toEthe
at x and to
relative y axes,
the x and y B Ans.
axes, B C¿ C
B
AC′ = 221mm 0.150Fig.m22–5 + 1 0.152 m2 = 0.21355 m Fig. 2–7E¿ E¿
150 mm which are 90° apart,
213 150 mm 2 mm which areit 90°is necessary
apart, it is tonecessary
find the change to findin76 thethe
mm angle 76
change at
inmmthe angle at (b)
75 mm 75 mm (b)
13 mm Part (b). To find the ==0.00669
0.00669
shear u mm>mm
mm>mm
strain 76
A atmm E relative to the x and yAns. Ans.
axes, B
(a)
(a) E. After deformation,
E. After deformation,Fig. 2–7b, Fig. 2–7b, tan a b = D¿
1355 m Therefore the average normal strain along AC is which are 90° apart, it is necessary
SOLUTION 2 75tomm find the change in the angle atFig. 2–7
B B
Fig. 2–7 (b)
355 m 76 mm 76 mm Part
Part (b).
(b). To
E. After deformation,To find
find the
the shear
shear
Fig.mm 2–7b,strain
strain at E
at relative
E relative to the
to x
the and
x andy axes,
y axes,
A 76 mm 76 mm
which u it is76 u75 mmto 76findmm Fig.
(b) 2–7
Geometry.A The original
D¿
D¿ length of each wire is which are are90°90°tanaapart,
apart, b =it is necessary
tan necessary
a pb = to findthethe change
change in the
in the angle at at
angle (b)
AC′ - AC 0.21355 mE. -
E.After 0.21213
Afterdeformation, u m
= 2
90.759°
deformation,Fig. 75 = mm
a
Fig.2–7b,
2–7b,2 b 190.759°
75 mm 2 = u 1.58404 rad
75 mm 1PAC 2 avg = = 180°u 76 mm Fig. 2–7
Fig. 2–7
1213 m 75 mm u AC 0.21213 m tan a b =
213 m u 2 2 2 75 mm
LAB = LAC = 2(3 m) + (4 m) = 5 m p p 7676 mm mm E¿ the change in the
Applying
u = 90.759° Eq. 2–3, u==athe shear =strain
b 190.759°2 uat is
u E11.58404 therefore2rad
E¿ 90.759°
180°
atan
tana 75
180° b b=
amm b= =90.759° = 1.58404 rad
Ans.
75 mm E¿
= 0.00669 mm>mm angle AED, Ans. 2 2 p 75 mm
75 mm
75 mm
Ans. The final lengths are u = 90.759° = a b 190.759° 2 = 1.58404 rad
x and y axes, B C¿ Applying Eq. 2–3, theEq.
Applying shear 2–3,strainthep shearat E isstrain therefore 180°
at E is thetherefore
change inthe thechange C¿ in the
PartB(b). To B
(b) find the shear strain at E relative to AED,
the x and gxyuyu== axes,
and y axes, C¿ p p= -0.0132 rad
the angle at angle AED,angle = - 1.58404
90.759°
90.759° ==a rad a b 190.759°2
b 1 90.759° 2
= 1.58404
= 1.58404 radAns.
rad
the angle at which are=Fig.
LA′B 90°
(b) apart, it is necessary
2(3 m - 0.01 m) 2
+ (4 m +to find
0.02 m) the
2
= change Applying
5.01004 min the Eq. 2–3,2 the
angle at shear strain 180°
180°at E is therefore (b) the change in the
2–7
E. After deformation,
Fig. 2–7 Fig. 2–7b, angle AED, p sign indicates p that the once 90° angle becomes larger.
The gnegative
xy =
Applying
Applying -Eq.
Eq.1.58404
gxy2–3, = the
2–3, rad
the =
- shear
shear -0.0132
1.58404 strain radrad
strain at
=at isFig.
E-0.0132
E is rad Ans.
therefore
2–7
therefore thethe change change in the
Ans. in the
LA′C = 2(3 m + 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.02200 m 2 2
angle
angle AED, AED, p
u 76 mm NOTE: If the x and gyxyaxes = were - 1.58404horizontal radand vertical at
= -0.0132 radpoint E, then Ans.
tan a b The = negativeThe the
indicatessign
signnegative
90° angle
thatindicates
the oncethat
between 290° the
these
angle
axesoncebecomes
90° angle
would
larger.
not becomes
change larger.
due to the
8404 rad
Average Normal Strain. 2 75 mm pp
404 rad deformation, and so ggxyxy
gxy === 0-at -1.58404
1.58404
point E.radrad= =-0.0132 - 0.0132 radrad Ans.Ans.
NOTE: If the x and
NOTE: TheIfynegative
axesx were
the signyhorizontal
and axes 2 2were
indicates that
and the once 90°
vertical
horizontal angle
at point
and vertical becomes
E, then
at point larger.
E, then
he change in the
p the 90° angle the2 between
90° anglethese between axes these would axes not wouldchange not due change to the due to the
e change in the LA′B -uL= AB 90.759°
5.01004 =ma - 5 m b 190.759° The 1.58404
=sonegative rad indicates
P = = deformation, )The
and
-3 NOTE:
= 2.01(10deformation,
m>m negative
gxyIfAns.
the
=and 0sign
sign
at andgindicates
xsopoint y=E. 0 that
axes atthat
were the
point the once
E.once
horizontal90°90°angleandbecomes
angle becomes
vertical larger.
at larger.
point E, then
 2.2 STRAIN 73

EXAMPLE 2.1
Due to athe
Determine loading,
average the plate
normal is deformed
strains intointhe
in the two wires dashed
Fig. 2–5 shape
if the ring
atshown
A moves
intoFigure
A′. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average normal strain
along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate at
A relative to the and y3axes
m
. 3m

B
C
AB ' = (250 - 2)2 + 32 = 248.018mm
4m
2
AB '- AB 248.018 - 250
A
(e AB )avg = = = -7.93(10 -3 )mm mm (Ans)
AB 240
A¿ 20 mm
P 10 mm

Fig. 2–5

SOLUTION
g xy = p2 - q '
Geometry. The original length of each wire is

LAB = LAC = 2(3 m)2 + (4 m)2 = 5 m æ 3 ö

g xy = tan-1 ç ÷ = 0.121 rad (Ans)
è 250 - 2 ø
The final lengths are

LA′B = 2(3 m - 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.01004 m

LA′C = 2(3 m + 0.01 m)2 + (4 m + 0.02 m)2 = 5.02200 m

Average Normal Strain.

LA′B - LAB 5.01004 m - 5 m

P = = = 2.01(10-3) m>m Ans.
mportant states
rotation,of homogeneous
uniform translation, or some strain
combination thereof), the strain afterward remains [✏]. In this regard,
rigid-body motions do not influence the strain, which is sensible since they do not contribute to the state of

Draft N
2.4
deformation.
Some important states of homogeneous strain
ome simple but important states of homogeneous strain, that is strain states ✏ which are independent

2.4 Some
Next, we discuss important
some simple states of
but important homogeneous
states of homogeneousstrain strain, that is strain states ✏ which are independent
l compression
of X. Next, we discuss some simple but important states of homogeneous strain, that is strain states ✏ which are independent
of X.
ion in the e1 direction is defined by the displacement field
2.4.1 Uniaxial compression
2.4.1 Uniaxial compression
u = ✏ X1 e1 , u1 = ✏X1 , u2 = u3 = 0, ✏ = const. (2.4.1)
Uniaxial compressionUniaxial compression in theinethe 1 direction
e1 directionisis defined
defined byby
the the displacement
displacement field field
cement field corresponding to uniaxial compression is shown in Figure 2.8. Note that although the
u = ✏ X1 e1 , u1 = ✏X1 , u2 = u3 = 0, ✏ = const. (2.4.1)
ponent u1 varies linearly with position X✏1X u = 1 e1resulting
, the , u1 =strain ✏Xis1 ,uniform
u2 =throughout
u3 = 0, the const.
✏ =body. The (2.4.1)
onents
2.4. SOMEof ✏ isA sketch
IMPORTANT of OF
STATES displacement
HOMOGENEOUS fieldSTRAIN
corresponding to uniaxial compression19is shown in Figure 2.8. Note that although the
2varies linearly3withtoposition
A sketch of displacement
displacement component fieldu1corresponding
✏ 0 0 uniaxial compression
X1 , the resulting strainisisshown
uniform in Figurethe
throughout 2.8. Note
body. The that although the
while that of the infinitesimal rotation ! is
displacement matrix of the components
component of ✏ is
1 varies
u[✏] =204 00 0linearly
3 0 05with
, position2 X1 ,3the resulting strain is uniform
✏ 0 0 (2.4.2) throughout the body. The
matrix of the components of [!] =✏4is
0 00 05 . 0 0 [✏] = 4 02 0 05 (2.4.3) 3
, (2.4.2)
0 0 0
0 0✏ 0 0 0
✏L
[✏] = 4 0 0 05 , (2.4.2)
✏L/2
e2
0 0 0

o
e3 e1
L

Figure 2.8: Uniaxial compression.

2.4.2 Simple Shear

Simple shear with respect to (e1 , e2 ) is defined by

u= X 2 e1 , u1 = X 2 , u2 = u3 = 0, = const. (2.4.4)

The displacement field corresponding to simple shear for > 0 is shown in Figure 2.9. Here, material line elements
initially parallel to the e1 -axis do not change orientation with deformation, while those parallel to the e2 -axis rotate
clockwise about the origin by an angle ✓.

✓
L L

e2
L

o
e3 e1
L
 while that of the infinitesimal rotation ! is

Draft Not Fo
o 2 3
Draft Not For Redistributio e3 0 0 0 ✓
e1

Redistribution
[!] = 40 0 05 . (2.4.3)
L L
o
e2 0 0 L0
Le3 e1
L
✏L/2 ✏L
e2 Figure 2.8: Uniaxial compression.e2
o Figure 2.8: Uniaxial compression.L
e3 e1
Draft Not For Redistribution
L
2.4.2 Simple Shear o
o
e3
2.4.2 Simple Shear e1
e3 e1
Simple shear with respect to (e1 , e2 ) is defined by L
Simple shear with respect to (e1 , e2Figure
) is defined L
2.9: by
Simple Shear.
u =u =X2 X e1 ,e Figure
u1u2.8:
= Uniaxial
X2 , compression.
u = u = 0, = const.
u22= u3 3= 0,
= const. (2.4.4)
(2.4.4)
2 1, 1 = X2 ,
The matrix of the components of ✏ in this case is Figure 2.9: Simple Shear.
The displacement field corresponding
The displacement field corresponding to simple
to simpleshear
shear for
for >00isisshown
> shownin in Figure
Figure 2.9. Here,
2.9. Here, material
material line elements
line elements
2.4.2 Simple Shear 2 3
initially parallel to the to
initially parallel -axis
e1the do not
e1 -axis do
The change
not change
matrix orientation
orientation
of0 withdeformation,
0with
the components deformation, while
of ✏ in thiswhile
case is those
those parallel
parallel to the eto the rotate
2 -axis e2 -axis rotate
clockwiseclockwise
about
Simpletheabout
shear therespect
origin
with origin
by antobyangle
(ean angle
1, e ✓. 6by 2
is defined
2 )✓. 7
[✏] = 6 7 2 3 (2.4.5)
For

4 0 05 . 0 0 (2.4.4)
u = X2 e1 , u12= X2 , u2 = u3 = 0, = const.
0 0 0 ✓✓ 6 2 7
[✏] = 6 7.
material0line 0elements
(2.4.
The displacement field corresponding to simple shear for L > 0 is shown in Figure L 2.9. Here, 4 5
2 the e -axis rotate
initially parallel to the e1 -axis do not change orientation L
with deformation, while those
L parallel to
0 0 0
The non-zero engineering shear strainbyisan angle ✓.
2
clockwise about the origin
Not

The non-zero engineering shear strain is

12 = 2 ⇥ 2✏12 =
e =
✓
tan ✓.
L
e L L
2 12 = 2 ⇥ ✏12 = = tan ✓.
L
Draft

o
e2 e
3 e1
L
o L
e3 e1
o L
e3 Figure 2.9:
e1 Simple Shear.
L
The matrix of the components of ✏ in this case is
Figure 2.9: Simple Shear.
Figure 2.9: 2
Simple Shear. 3
0 0
The matrixThe
of matrix
the components of ✏ in this case is 6 2 7
is = 6
of the components of ✏ in this case [✏] 0 0
7. (2.4.5)
4 5
22 2 3 3
0 0 00 0
6 02 7 0
[✏] = 6 6 0 025 .
7 7 (2.4.5)
The non-zero engineering shear strain is [✏] =4 26 7
05 . (2.4.5)
04 20 00
 20 [!] = /2 0 0 CHAPTER
. 2. (2.4.6)STRAIN
KINEMATICS AND
20 0 0 0 CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
20 CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
2.4.3
In simple shear Pure20shear rotation ! is non-zero. It is given by
the infinitesimal CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
In simple shear the infinitesimal rotation ! is non-zero. It is given by
Pure Shear
In simple withthe
shear respect 2 by
to (e1 , e2 ) isrotation
infinitesimal defined 3
2 ! is 0 non-zero.
/2 It0 is3given by
In simple shear thee 4 infinitesimal
0 2 /2 rotation
0 ! is non-zero.
X.1 , u3
It is given by
u = X2 e1 +[!]X= 1 2,
4 u1 = 0 25
/22 X2 ,00 u2 = 5
/2 0 3 = 0, = const. (2.4.7) (2.4.6)
Draft Not For Redistribution 2 [!] =
2 /2 0 0 . 2 3 (2.4.6)
The matrix of the components of ✏ in pure shear [!]is0= 0 0
0 4 0/2 0 0 0 5 . 0 /2 0 (2.4.6)
2 0 30[!] = 0 4 /2 0 0 5. (2.4.6)
2.4.3 Pure shear
2.4.3 Pure shear [✏] = 4/2
0
0
/2 0
5
0 ,
0 0 0
(2.4.8)
2.4.3 Pure shear
Pure Shear with respect to (e1 , e2 ) is defined by 0 0 0
Pure Shear with respect to (e 2.4.3 , e
just as in simple 1shear.
2 ) Pure
is shear
defined by
The non-zero engineering shear strain is likewise,
Pure Shear with respect to (e1 , e2 ) is defined by
u = XPure e Shear
+ Xwith e respect
, u =to (eX1 2,=,e22)⇥uis2✏ defined = X by , u = 0, = const. (2.4.7)
u = 2 X22 e11 + 2 X11 e22 , u11 = 2 X 12 2 , u212== 2 .X11 , u33 = 0, = const. (2.4.7)
Redistribution

2 u = X22 e1 + X1 e2 , 2 u1 = X2 , 2u2 = X1 , u3 = 0, = const. (2.4.7)

For Redistribution

However, in pure 2
shear
The matrix of the components of ✏ in pure shearthe 2
infinitesimal rotation is zero:2
is X e + X e , u1 = X2 , u2 = X1 , u3 = 0,
! 2 = const. (2.4.7)
ot For Redistribution

u=
The matrix of the components of ✏ in pure shear is 2 2 1 2 2 13 2 2 2
ot For Redistribution

The matrix of the components of ✏ in pure shear 2 is 0 0 03

The matrix of the components 2 [!]
0 of 0053.shear3is
in0pure
0 =4 2✏0/2
/2 05 (2.4.9)
[✏] = 4 /2 00 0 0 00 /2
, 0 2 3 (2.4.8)
[✏] = 4 /2 4 0 05 , 0 /2 0 (2.4.8)
Thus, while the strains in simple shear and pure[✏] 00 = are00/2
shear 05 ,
00 0 the infinitesimal
the same, rotation in the two cases is not (2.4.8)
[✏] = 4 /2 0 0 5 , (2.4.8)
the same. All components of the infinitesimal rotation ! in 0pure shear 0 are0zero, while those for simple shear are not,
just
just as
as in
in simple shear.
simple they The
The non-zero
are given
shear. by
non-zero engineering
= !21 , cf.
engineering
!12 = (1/2) shear strain
strain is
(2.4.6).
shear is likewise,
likewise,
0 0 0
just as in simple shear. The non-zero engineering shear strain is likewise,
just as in simple shear. 12 The= non-zero
22 ⇥ ✏✏12 = engineering
.. shear strain is likewise,
12 = ⇥ 12 =
( /2)12L = 2 ⇥ ✏12 = .
However, in 12 = 2 ⇥ ✏12 = .
in pure
However,However, pure shear
shear the
the infinitesimal
infinitesimal rotation
rotation !! is
is zero:
zero:
in pure shear the infinitesimal rotation2! is zero:3
However, in pure shear the infinitesimal 20 0 20 3rotation ! is zero:
e2 0 0 00 0 03 2 3
40 0 05 (2.4.9)
L [!][!] = = 4[!] 0 = 0 4005 ..0 05 . 0 0 0 (2.4.9)(2.4.9)
00 00 00 4 5 (2.4.9)
0 0 0 [!] = 0 0 0 .
Thus, 0 0 0
Thus, while
while the
Thus,
strains
thewhile
strains in
the
simple
simpleinshear
instrains shear
simple
and
and pure
pureand
shear
shear are
oshear
pure are the
the same,
shear same,
are the
the
the infinitesimal
infinitesimal
same,( /2)
the
rotation
rotation
Linfinitesimal in
in the
rotationthe two
two
in the
cases
cases
two
isis not
cases not is not
the same. All components of the
Thus, infinitesimal
while rotation ! in pure shear are zero, while those for simple shear are not,
of thetheinfinitesimal
strains 3 in simple shear
! in and purepure shear are the same, thefor
infinitesimalare rotation
are not,in the two cases is not
the same.the Allsame.
components of the infinitesimal e
rotation ! in pure e1 shear are zero,
All components rotation shear arewhile
zero, those
while for
thosesimple shear shear
simple not,
they are given
they are given by
by !! = (1/2)
the =
same. ! All , cf. (2.4.6).
components
, cf. (2.4.6). of the L infinitesimal rotation ! in pure shear are zero, while those for simple shear are not,
ot For

12 21
they are 12 =by
given (1/2)
!12 == (1/2)!21 = !21 , cf. (2.4.6).
they are given by !12 = (1/2) = !21 , cf. (2.4.6).
Figure 2.10: Pure Shear.
/2)L
(( /2) L( /2)L
( /2)L
Not

2.4.4 Uniform compaction (dilatation)

The displacement field in uniform compaction (dilatation) is given by
ee2 ⇣e1 ⌘ ⇣1 ⌘ ⇣1 ⌘
2 2
L u = X e
1 1 X e e
222 X 3 e3 . (2.4.10)
L L 3 3 3
 o ( /2)L
Draft e3
o e2L
e1
( /2)L
e2

e3 e1 o e
o L 2 e1
e1 /3
Figure 2.10: Pure Shear. /3

raft Not For Redistribution e3 o

Draft Not For Redistribution

e3 e1
Figure 2.10: Pure Shear. /3
2.4.4 Uniform compaction (dilatation)
2.4.4 Uniform
The displacement
raft Not For Redistribution
compaction
field in uniform (dilatation) is given by /3
/3(dilatation)
compaction
e3

The displacement field in uniform⇣compaction

1 ⌘ ⇣ 1 ⌘ is given by
(dilatation) ⇣1 ⌘
/3 X3 e3 .
u= X 1 e1 X 2 e2 (2.4.10)
⇣
3 Figure ⌘ 3 1Compaction.3 ⇣ 1 ⌘
1 2.11: Uniform ⇣ ⌘
u= X 1 e1 X2 e2 Figure 2.11: X3 e3 Uniform
. Compaction. (2.4.10)
The displacement field corresponding to a uniform 3 compaction, 3 > 0, is 3shown in Figure 2.11. The matrix of the
components of ✏ is
The displacement field corresponding to 2 a uniform compaction, > 0,Figure 3is shown
2.11:inUniform
Figure 2.11. The matrix of the
Compaction.
components of ✏ is ⇣ 1 ⌘
6 0 0 2 7
⇣1 ⌘ 3
6 3 ⇣1 ⌘ 7
components of ✏ is 0 0
[✏] = 66 0 0 6 72 3
7 ⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘ 37
(2.4.11)
4 3 ⇣ 1 ⌘6 65 1 1 7
7
0 0
[✏] = 66 3 0 0 0
0 77 (2.4.11
VOLUME CHANGES IN ARBITRARY STRAIN STATES. STRAIN DEVIATOR 3 46 21 ⇣ 3
1 ⌘ ⇣ 1 ⌘75
Note that in uniform compaction/dilatation the volume change per unit =6
[✏] original
6 0 0
volume is given
0 by: 0 7
7 (2.4.11)
/3 4 3 ⇣ 3 5⌘
V in V0 uniform compaction/dilatation the 0volume change 1
Note that = (1 + ✏11 )(1 + ✏22 )(1 + ✏33 ) 1. 0 per unit
3
original volume is given by:
V0
Note that in uniform compaction/dilatation
V V0 the volume change per unit original volume is given by:
Hence, for small strains (|✏ij | ⌧ 1), neglecting higher order terms, we obtain = (1 + ✏11 )(1 + ✏22 )(1 + ✏33 ) 1.
VV0 V0
X
e2 V V0 = (1 + ✏11 )(1 + ✏22 )(1 + ✏33 ) 1.
Hence, for small = ✏11(|✏
strains + ✏22| ⌧+ ✏1),
33 = ✏0kk . higher order
neglecting
V (2.4.12)
terms, we obtain
V0 ij
o k
Hence, e1 for small strains (|✏ij | ⌧ 1), neglecting higher order terms, weX
/3 V rotation
V0 obtain
Uniform compaction/dilation is also free of rotation; that is, the infinitesimal ! is
= ✏ + ✏22 + ✏33 = X ✏kk . (2.4.12
e3 2 3 VV0 V0 11
0 0 0 = ✏11 + ✏22 + ✏33 = k ✏kk . (2.4.12)
4 5 V
k (2.4.13)
[!] = 0 0 0 0
/3
Uniform compaction/dilation is also .free of rotation; that is, the infinitesimal rotation ! is
0 0 0
Uniform compaction/dilation is also free of rotation; that is, the infinitesimal rotation ! is
2 3
20 0 03
2.5 Volume Figure changes inCompaction.
2.11: Uniform arbitrary strain states. Strain[!] deviator
= 00 00 005 .
4 (2.4.13
[!] = 400 00 005 . (2.4.13)
ponents of ✏2.5.1
is Volume changes 0 0 0
2 ⇣ 3
1 ⌘
2.52.5Volume changes
changesininarbitrary
arbitrarystrain
strain states. Straindeviator
deviator
0 0
It may be shown that6 6the 3expression
⇣ 1 ⌘(2.4.12) for
7 the volume change always holds, whether or not shear strains are
Volume states. Strain
7
6
[✏] = 6 0 7
0equal (2.4.11)
present and whether the
4 normal strains
3 are
⇣ 1 ⌘5 or not. That is, letting dVX denote the volume of a small element of
7
material centered at X in 0the reference
0 configuration, and dVx denote the volume occupied by the element of material
Non-Uniform Strain Fields
 Converting the from mm2 to m2 and substituting L = 10 m, we get
Example A = (800+16x) 10-6 m2 (a)
Substituting Eq. (a) together with P = 100 103 N and E = 200 109
strain
Pa into Eq. (2.7). we obtain for in
thethe longitudinal
elongation direction
of the rod
, L P 10 m 100 10 3
,2.8.
, Compatibility of
dx strains: 2D case dx 33
O EA O 200 10 9 800 160 x 10 6

10 m dx 0.5 10
0 .5 ln 800 160 x 0
O 800 160 x 160
Converting the from mm2 to m2 and substituting Thus,L the
= 10strain
m, we in getthe X1 -direction at point P is defined by the limit
Converting the
thefrom mmmm
10-6 tom2mtoandm2substituting L = 10 m,
0L.5we
(a)=lnget
2 2
Converting from and substituting 2400
10 m, we
3.43get10 3 m 3.43mm
2
A = (800+16x) Answer
(a) ε11 = lim ∆u1 = ∂u1
CalculateA elongation…
= (800+16x) 10 m -6 2
-6 2 160(a) 800
Substituting Eq. A = (800+16x)
(a) together with P = 100 10 10m3 N 3and E = 200 1099 (2.28)
Substituting Eq. (a) together with P = 100 10 N and E = 200 10 ∆X1 →0 ∆X1 ∂X1
Pa into Eq.Substituting
(2.7).
Pa we (2.7).
into Eq. obtain
Eq.we for
(a) theforelongation
together
obtain thewith P of the
= 100
elongation rod
10rod
of the
3 N and E = 200 109

Pa Linto Eq. L(2.7). we 10obtain for the elongation

3 of the rod
P P 10 m m 100 2.7.2
10 10 Engineering
100 3
Axial Strain: ε22
dx dx 36 6dx
dx
O P 200 100 10
9
O EA EA
O L O 200
m9 10 800 160 x 10
dx 10 800 160 x 10
10
9 6
dx
O EA O 200 In10a 800
similar 160
manner,x 10 referring to fig.2.8b the average strain in line element P R is
10 m dx 0.5 10
10 m 0.5 dx 0 . 5 ln 800 160 x10 0
0 .5 O 800 160 x 160 ln 800
∆u2 160 xcontinuum
. The definition of the engineering axial strain in the X2 -direction
O 800 160
10 m x dx
160 ∆X02.5 0
10
00..55 O 2400 ln 800 160 x 0
ln 800 3.43 16010 x at
3
point
m160 P is defined
3.43mm Answer
by the limit
0.5 2400 160 800 3
ln 3.43 10 m 3.43mm Answer
160 800 0.5 2400 3 ∆u2 ∂u2
ln 3.43 10 m 3.43mm ε
Answer22 = lim = (2.29)
160 800 ∆X2 →0 ∆X2 ∂X2

2.7.3 Engineering Shear Strain: γ12

With reference to fig. 2.8c the average shear strain is given by the change in the
right angle between line elements P Q and P R

π ∆u2 ∆u1
 ε33• =The first; subscript
γ23 = indicates + the direction; γ13 =of the original
+ line (or
∂X3 ∂X3 ∂X2 / ∂X3 0 ∂X1
Redistrib
Redistribut
Redistribu
Redistrib is displaced and the second
If we know the displacements
displaced.
ε12 =
1 subscript
u1 , uγ
2
u3 =
2 ,12
1 ∂uindicates
2 ∂X1 ∂X2
/
2 ∂uthe
as continuous+functions ≡
1

0
direction in
of εx21
1 , x2 , x

calculate the strains at any point.

Figure
Figure 2.7:
2.7: Schematic
Schematic of of displacements
displacements corresponding
corresponding to to (a)
(a) only
only u u11 =
= !X !X22;; (b)
(b) only
only uu22 = +!X11;; and
= +!X and (c)
(c) combined
• combined
The subscripts
uu11 = = for a given 1 axial 1strain ∂uare
3 the∂u same
2 (ε11 , ε22 , ε3
!X and u = +!X . Cases (a) and (b) correspond to simple shears, while the combined case (c) corresponds to a rigid rotation. ε23 = γ23 = + ≡ ε32
Figure and uSchematic
!X2 2.7:
2
2 = +!X1 . Cases (a) and (b) correspond to simple shears, while the combined case (c) corresponds tofor
2 1
ofdrawn
displacements corresponding to ease
(a) only u1 = !X2 ; (b) only u2 = +!X1 ; and (c) combined a rigid rotation.
a shear = (γ12 , γ2
u1strain 23 , γ13 ) are 2 different.
∂X2 ∂X3
This
This schematic
schematic has
has been
been drawn with
with aa large
large value
value of
of ! for
for ease of
of visualization.
visualization. These strains are referred to as engineering /strains 0 strains o
Figure
!X2 2.7:
and uSchematic !
of displacements corresponding to (a) only u1 =while
2 = +!X1 . Cases (a) and (b) correspond to simple shears,
!Xthe2 ;combined
(b) only ucase2 =(c)
+!X 1 ; and (c)
corresponds •tocombined
In all, there
u1 =
a rigid rotation. are 3 1axial 1 ∂u(ε3 11or
strains linearized
, ε22
∂u, ε133 ) and 6 sh
2 and u2 =
!Xschematic
This been1 .drawn
+!X
has Caseswith
(a) and (b) correspond
a large value of ! to forsimple
ease ofshears, while the combined case (c) corresponds
visualization. to a arigid rotation. ε 13 = γ 13 = + ≡ ε 31
strains. For (γ12 ,quick
γ23 , γreference, we summarize
2
13 , γ21 , γ32 , γ31 ). 2 them∂Xhere
1 again.
∂X3
This schematic has been drawn with a large value of ! for ease of visualization.
• However, it is easy to show that
∂u1
Example
Example 2.1. 2.1. Consider
Consider the the following
following motion:
motion: ε11 =
∂X1
Example 2.1. Consider the following motion:
4 γ12 =∂uγ221 ; γ23 = γ32 ; γ13 = γ31
4X12 10 44X
⇥ 10
Example 2.1. Considerx =
x11the X
X11 + + 10
= following X12/X
10 motion: /X33 ,, x x22 =
=X X22 ++ 22 ⇥ X11,, x x33 ==X X33.. ε22 =
∂X
• For mathematical reasons, we2also define the following shear stra
For

4 2 4
x = X + 10 X /X , x = X + 2 ⇥ 10 X , x = X .
For

Let ∂u3
Let us
us calculate
calculate the thexstrain. The steps go
1 1 1 as follows.
3 2 2 1 3 3
strain.
1 = XThe 1 + steps
10 4 X go12 /X
as follows.
3, x2 = X2 + 2 ⇥ 10 4 X1 , x3 = X3 . to as tensorial shear33strains
ε =
∂X
For

Remember that, in general, each / 3 strain0may continuously

1.LetCalculate
us calculatethe the strain. Thefield
displacement steps
fromgo asthe follows.
motion:
For

1. ∂u1 /
∂u2 0
LetCalculate
us calculate the displacement
the strain. Thefield from
steps go asthefollows.
motion: γ12 = 1 +1 ∂u2 ∂u1
three directions. That εis, = ε γ=
∂X =ε̂
ij 12 2 ij (X
∂X , X
11 2 ,
+ X 3 and
) ≡ ε21γij = γ̂ij
1. Calculateu the = displacement
x X = 10field
4
4
from
X 2
2 /X the, motion:
u = x X = 2 ⇥ 10 4
4 X , u = x X = 0.
12
/
2 2 ∂X01 ∂X2
1. Calculateu1the 1 =displacement fieldXfrom ∂u2 ∂u3
1 /Xthe 3 , motion:
x11 X11 = 10 1 3 u22 = x22 X22 = 2 ⇥ 10 X11, u33 = x33 X33 = 0. / 0
γ23 = 1 +1 ∂u3 ∂u2
Not
Not

4 2
u1 = x1 X1 = 10 4 X12 /X3 , u2 = x2 X2 = 2 ⇥ 10 4X1 , u3 = x3 X3 = 0. 4 ε 23 = γ∂X
23 =
3 ∂X 2 + ≡ ε32
/
2 2 ∂X02 ∂X3
2. Calculate uthe= displacement
x X = gradient
10 X from
/X , theu displacement:
= x X = 2 ⇥ 10 X , u = x X = 0. ∂u ∂u
Not

2. Calculate 1the displacement

1 1 gradient 1 from 3 the2displacement:2 2 1 3 3 3 1 /3 0
γ13 = 1 +1 ∂u3 ∂u1
Not

2 3 ε = γ∂X = ∂X1 + ≡ ε31

2. Calculate the displacement gradient from the displacement: 22X /X 0 X 22 /X 223 Using these definitions, it is customary
13
2
13 3
2 to ∂X
represent
1 ∂X3 the strain ma
2. Calculate the displacement gradient from the displacement:
2X /X 0
2 12 3 0
X11 /X33
1 3
3
4⇥4 5.
4
[ru] = 10 4 0
[ru] = 10 ⇥ 22X12/X3 0 X120/X325 3 . point X
Draft

0/X3 00 2 1/X325 " %

Draft

[ru] = 10 4 ⇥ 4 4 2X 10
2 X 1
10 .
[ru] = 10 ⇥ 4 5. ε 11 ε 12 ε 13
02 00 10
Draft

In light of the 10 4
4 prefactor, we observe that the entries of the displacement gradient areare generally
generally quite
quite # &
Draft

In light of the 10 prefactor, we observe that the entries of the displacement gradient
0 0 1 [ε(X)] = $ε21 ε22 ε23 '
small,
In lightwhich
small, of thejustifies
which justifies our
our usage
usagewe
10 4 prefactor, of the
the infinitesimal
of observe
infinitesimal strain formula
strain
that the entries formula in the
in the next
of the displacement next step.
step.
gradient are generally quite
Remember ε31 ε32
that, in general, each strain mayε33 continuously ch
In light
small, of
whichthe 10 4
justifies prefactor,
our usage we
of observe
the that the
infinitesimal entries
strain of the
formula displacement
in the next gradient
step. are generally quite
3.
3. Calculate
Calculate the strain
strain from
the justifiesfrom the displacement gradient:
small, which our the displacement
usage gradient:strain formula in the next step.
of the infinitesimal three directions. That is, εij = ε̂ij (X1 , X2 , X3 ) and γij = γ̂ij (X
3. Calculate the strain from the displacement gradient: 2 2X /X 2 3
3. Calculate the strain from1the displacement gradient: 2X 1 /X 3 1
1 X /2X3223
X122/2X
2 1 3 1 33
1 > 4
⇥4 4 5.
[✏]
[✏] =
= 2 ([ru]
([ru] ++ [ru]
[ru] )) = = 10
10 4 ⇥ 2X2111/X3 2 010 X1200/2X325
>
2 3 .
21 > 4 4 X
2X 21/2X
/X 2 0
1 X 21
/2X 2
5
[✏] = 1 ([ru] + [ru]> ) = 10 ⇥ X 11
1 /2X 3
3
3 0 1 1
0 3 . Using these definitions, it is customary to represent the strain matrix
[✏] = 2 ([ru] + [ru] ) = 10 4 ⇥ 4 X 21/2X 2 00 0
1
5.
2 1 3 point place
X to place.
As
As can
can be
be seen
seen from
from this
this example,
example, thethe strain
strain matrix
matrix need not be
need not be constant,
constant,
X12 /2X32butbut0rather
rather can
can vary from
1 vary from place to place. " %
Indeed
Indeed deformation
As can deformation need
be seen fromneed not be homogeneous
not be homogeneous
this example, over space
over need
the strain matrix spacenot —
—besome
some parts of
parts of
constant, a deformed
buta rather
deformed body
bodyfrom
can vary may undergo
may place
undergo more
more
to place.
ε11 ε12 ε13
# &
deformation
As can be
deformation
Indeed than
seen
than
deformation others.
from this example,
others.
need the strain matrix
not be homogeneous over need
spacenot —be constant,
some parts ofbuta rather can vary
deformed bodyfrommay place to place.
undergo more
[ε(X)] = $ε21 ε22 ε23 '
Indeed deformation
deformation need not be homogeneous over space — some parts of a deformed body may undergo more
than others. ε31 ε32 ε33
deformation than others.
 18 CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
18 CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
18 CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
18 Example 2.2. Now consider the following motion, which happens toCHAPTER correspond2.toKINEMATICS
a rotation by angleAND! STRAIN
about
the e3 -axis:
Example 2.2. Now consider the following motion, which happens to correspond to a rotation by angle ! about
the e3 -axis:
Example x1 = X1the
2.2. Now consider cosfollowing
! X2 sin !, xwhich
motion, 2 = Xhappens
1 sin ! +to Xcorrespond
2 cos !, xto
3 = X3 .
a rotation by angle ! about
Example
the 2.2. Now consider the following motion, which happens to correspond to a rotation by angle ! about
Let eus3 -axis: x1 =field
calculate the strain X1 cos ! X!2 sin
assuming !, xWe
is small. 2 =progress
X1 sin !through
+ X2 costhe !,samexsteps
3 =X . previous
as3the example.
the e3 -axis: x1 = X1 cos ! X2 sin !, x2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos !, x3 = X3 .
Let1.us Calculate
calculate the
the strain
x1 =field
displacement assuming
X1 cos field
! fromX! isthesmall. xWe
!,motion: progress through the samexsteps as the previous example.
2 sin 2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos !, 3 = X3 .
Let us calculate the strain field assuming ! is small. We progress through the same steps as the previous example.
Let1.us Calculate the strain
calculate the displacement field from
field assuming ! isthe motion:
small. We progress through the same steps as the previous example.
u1 = x1 X1 = X1 cos ! X2 sin ! X1 , u2 = x2 X2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos ! X2 ,
1. Calculate the displacement field from the motion:
1. Calculate u1 =thex1displacement
X1 = X1 field cos !from Xthe2 sin motion:
! X1 , u2 = x2 X2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos ! X2 ,
u =x X3 = 0.
u1 = x1 X1 = X1 cos ! X2 sin ! 3 X1 ,3 u2 = x2 X2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos ! X2 ,
Redistribution

u1 = x1 X1 = X1 cos ! X2 sin !u3 = X1x, 3 uX 2 =

3 =x20. X2 = X1 sin ! + X2 cos ! X2 ,
2. Calculate the displacement gradient from the displacement:
Redistribution

u3 = x3 X3 = 0.
2. Calculate the displacement gradient from theudisplacement:
Redistribution

2 3 = x3 X3 = 3 0. 2 3
Redistribution

cos !
2. Calculate the displacement gradient from the displacement: 1 sin ! 0 0 ! 0
2. Calculate the displacement [ru]gradient
=4 2 from
sin !the displacement:
! !1 005
cos sin 3⇡ 4 2! 0 05 3.
2 cos ! 1 0 ! 0
[ru] = 2 4cossin !0 ! 1 cossin 0 !1 003
! 5⇡2
3
20
4! 0 00! 003 5.
3
The approximation above [ru]
takes 4cossin
= advantage !0 ! 1of the sin
!0 !1 005small
cos first-order ⇡ 4! 00angle0!approximations,
005 . cos ! ⇡ 1 and
[ru] = 4 sin0 ! cos ! 1 0 5 ⇡ 4 !
0 small 0because0! is0small, 0 005 which
.
sin ! ⇡ !. The displacement
The approximation above takes advantage gradient entries are
of the first-order small 0angle0 approximations, justifies
cos ! using the
⇡ 1 and
infinitesimal 0 0 0 0
The ⇡ !. strain
sin !approximation formula
above takes
The displacement in thegradient
next step.
advantage of theare
entries first-order small angle
small because ! is approximations,
small, which justifies ⇡ 1 and
cos ! using the
The approximation
infinitesimal
sin ! ⇡ !. The
strain above takes
displacement
formula in theadvantage
gradient
next step. of theare
entries first-order
small small angle
because ! is approximations,
small, which justifies ⇡ 1 and
cos ! using the
3. Calculate the strain from the displacement gradient:
sin The displacement
! ⇡ !. strain
infinitesimal formula in thegradientnext step. entries are small because ! is small, which justifies using the
3. infinitesimal
Calculate thestrain
strainformula
from theindisplacement
the next step.gradient: 2 3
0 0 0
3. Calculate the strain from the displacement 1 gradient: > 20 0 05 3.
3. Calculate the strain from the displacement [✏] = ([ru] + [ru] ) = 4
21 gradient: > 0 0
20 0 0 3 0
[✏] = 1 ([ru] + [ru] ) = 2 40 0 0 3 5.
2
[✏] = 1 ([ru] + [ru]> ) = 400 00 005 .
>

As can be seen from this example, rotations [✏] = 2produce([ru] +no [ru]strain. 40 makes
) =This 0 05sense . because strain measures the
2
amount of deformation, and a pure rotation of produce
a body does not deform 0 it.
0 0 sense because strain measures the
For

As can be seen from this example, rotations no strain. This makes

As can be
amount seen from thisand
of deformation, example, rotationsofproduce
a pure rotation no strain.
a body does This makes
not deform it. sense because strain measures the
For

As can be seen from this example, rotations produce

amount of deformation, and a pure rotation of a body does not deform it. no strain. This makes sense because strain measures the
tFor

The previous example is a special case of a more

amount of deformation, and a pure rotation of a body does not deform it.general statement:
tFor

The
• If previous
a body isexample
deformedis aunder
speciala case
strainof [✏]
a more and general
then thestatement:
deformed body undergoes a rigid-body motion (e.g.
ot

The previous example is a special case of a more general statement:

rotation,
• If previous uniform
a body is translation,
deformed or some combination thereof), the strain
bodyafterward
undergoesremains [✏]. In motion
a rigid-body this regard,
The example is a under
specialacase strainof a[✏]moreandgeneral
then the deformed
statement: (e.g.
• Ifrigid-body
a body motions
is deformeddo not
under influence
a strain the strain,
and which
then the is sensible
deformed since
body they do
undergoes
rotation, uniform translation, or some combination thereof), the strain afterward remains [✏]. In this regard,
[✏] not acontribute
rigid-body to the
motionstate of
(e.g.
deformation.
Other Examples
 Question Bank 2: Strain at a point

1. With respect to the reference configuration, the deformation field of a continuum body is
given by x1 = X1 , x2 = X2 + AX3 , x3 = X3 + AX2 where A is a constant. Determine the
Question Bank 2 Answers
displacement vector components.

2. For the displacement field of previous problem, determine the displaced location of
Problem 1 particles which originally comprise (a) the plane circular surface X1 = 0,
the material
The
X22 +components
X32 = 1/(1of the
A2 ),displacement vector arecube with edges along the coordinate axes
(b) the infinitesimal
of length dXi = dX. Sketch the displaced configurations for (a) and (b) if A = 12 .
u1 = 0, u2 = AX3 , u3 = AX2
3. The displacement vector of a body is given by u = 4X12 e1 + X2 X32 e2 + X1 X32 e3 . De-
The strain tensor becomes 2 originally
3
termine the displaced location of the particle 0 0 0 at (1, 0, 2).
" = 4 0 0 A5
4. With respect to rectangular Cartesian coordinates
0 A 0 Xi , a displacement field is given by
U1 = AX2 X3 , U2 = AX1 X3 , U3 = 0. A is a constant. Determine the displacement compo-
Problem 2: Assignment
nents for cylindrical 2 Solutions
spatial coordinates xi if the two systems have a common origin.

Problem 3
5. The description 2 by x1 =2 X1 +X
of a deformation is given 3 3 (e2 1), x2 = X2 +X3 (e2 e 2 ),
x3 = e2 X3 where e is a constant. Determine 0 the
0 displacement
e 1 gradient matrix.
H = 40 0 e 2
e 25
2
6. A displacement field is given by u =0 X01 X32ee1 +1X12 X2 e2 + X22 X3 e3 . Determine the
material displacement gradient matrix and the strain matrix.
Problem 4 2 3
X32 0 2X1 X3
7. A continuum body undergoes the displacement u = (3X25+ 4X3 )e1 + (2X1 + X3 )e2 +
H = 42X1 X2 X12 0
(4X2 + X1 )e3 . Determine the displaced position of the vector joining particles A(1, 0, 3) and
0 2X2 X3 X22
B(3, 6, 6).
2 3
8. For the displacement field of u = (X1X32 X3 )X2 e1 X
1+ (X + X )2 e2 X1 X2 e3 , determine the
2 X21 X3 3
= 4X1 Xstrain)
change in length per unit length"(normal 2 X12in the X3 5
X2direction of v = (8e1 e2 + 4e3 )/9
at point P (0, 2, 1). X1 X3 X2 X3 X 2 2
9. A unit cube with edges parallel to the coordinate axes is given a displacement field
4
u1 = kX1 , u2 = u3 = 0, k = 10 (1)

Find the increase in length of the diagonal AB (see Figure 1) (a) by using the infinitesimal
strain tensor " and (b) by geometry.

10. Consider the displacement field:

u1 = k(2X12 + X1 X2 ), u2 = kX22 , u3 = 0, k = 10 4
(2)

(a) Find the unit elongations and the change of angles for two material elements dX(1) =
dX1 e1 and dX(2) = dX2 e2 that emanate from a particle designated by X = e1 + e2 .
(b) Sketch the deformed positions of these two elements.

Note an infinitesimal vector is a vector with a very very small or infinitesimal magnitude
(such as dX1 or dX2 in this problem). Furthermore, elongation per unit length of a line
segment is basically the normal
Note an infinitesimal vector isstrain
a vector in
withthat
a very direction. Then, the
very small or infinitesimal normal strain of dX1 e1 is
magnitude
"11 and that of dX1 e2 is "22 . (You can also confirm this by using thelineexpression "vv = v · "v
(such as dX 1 or dX 2 in this problem). Furthermore, elongation per unit length of a
segment is basically the normal strain in that direction. Then, the normal strain of dX1 e1 is
discussed in"11class).
and that of dX1 e2 is "22 . (You can also confirm this by using the expression "vv = v · "v
discussed in class).
4
"11 = "511⇥
= 510
⇥ 10 ,4 , "22"= ⇥ 102 4⇥
222 = , 10✓ =4 2"
, 12 = 10✓ 4= 2"12 = 10
radian
4
radian

Problem 9: Assignment 2 Solutions

Correction: Part (b) asks for elongation “per unit length” of the infinitesimal vector which
is the normal strain along that direction.

Problem 10: Assignment 2 Solutions

Problem 11: Assignment 2 Solutions

Problem 12
 er hand, if we were given a strain field ([ε(X)]), then we need to integrate
obtain the displacement field (u(X)). This is not so straightforward
ave six (6) strains at every point (in general) but we only have three (3)
. So, we may end up with an issue in obtaining the correct constants of
r a given problem.
that we indeed end up with the correct result for the displacement field,
eck first for the integrability of the equations. This is also referred to as
y conditions. 13. For the following strain field
treatment of compatibility conditions is tedious. For our purpose, it is
, X2 X1
ut the basic idea and the necessary " 11
condition in of =
a simpler, 2D+
2
,
scenario.
2
" 12 = 2 2
, "22 = "33 = "23 = "13 = 0 (4)
,2.8.
, Compatibility strains:
X 1 2D Xcase
2 2(X 1 + X 2 ) 35
check whether the compatibility condition is satisfied.
a body subjected to a 2D strain field (we refer to it as a plane strain
Notice that adding the right sides of Eq. (2.33a) and Eq. (2.33b)
P gives us the right side
X1 − X2 plane shown in Eq. (2.32) 14. An infinitesimal homogeneous deformation ui = 3i=1 Aij Xj is one for which the co-
of Eq.
" (2.33c). % Thus,
efficients Aij are so small that their products may be neglected in comparison to the co-
ε11 ε12 0 2 2 2
# efficients
& themselves. ∂
Showε 11 ∂
that ε 22
the total∂ ε 12
deformation resulting from two(2.34) successive in-
[ε(X)] = $ε21 ε22 0' (2.32)
2
+ 2
=
finitesimal homogeneous ∂Xdeformation
2 ∂X1 where may ∂Xbe2 ∂X considered
1 2 as the sum of the two individual
0 0 0 @ " 11 (X 2
+ X 2
) Xalter
2 (2X2 ) X22con-X12 @ 2 "22
deformations, and that the order of
Eq. (2.34) is precisely the condition we need to ensure that applying the displacements
= 1 does2
the strain fields not the =final ; =0
2 2 can2 be 2 inte- (X 2 + X 2 )2
figuration. P @X (X +
(Deformation is described as x = X + u. Thus, for the first deformation we have
2 1 X 2 ) 1 2 @X12
3
grated to xobtain
i = X i unique
+ i=1values
Aij/Xj ,ofFigure
u1 , u202)
, and uand 3 . In other words, it is the compatibility
∂u1 ∂u2 1 ∂u2 ∂u1
)= ; ε22 (X1 , X2 , X3 ) = ; ε12 (X1 , X2 , X3 ) = +
where
∂X 1 condition
∂X2 for the 2D plane strain
2 ∂X 1 state
∂X 2 defined by Eq. (2.32).
@ 2 "11 (X12 + X22 ) X2 (2X2 ) X22 X12 @ 2 "22 @ 2 "12 (X12 + X22 ) 2X12 X22 X12
o differentiate each strain =
twice in the following manner =
(look closely) ; = 0 2 = =
@X22 To keep (X things
2 in2 perspective,
1 + X2 )
2 (X1in
2 the2case
+ X2 )2 of a@X3D12 strain field@X
(no1 @X
strain
2 components
(X12 + X22 )2 (X12 + X22 )2
/ 0
∂ 2 ε11
are ∂2
zero), ∂u
we1 ∂ 3 u1 81
require equations of the kind thatthelook similar tocondition
Eq. (2.34). It is aand the existence of (u1 , u2 , u3 ) is assured.
and = = (2.33a) Thus, compatibility is satisfied
∂X22 ∂X22 ∂X1 ∂X1 ∂X22
P3
big task,2 as you can imagine,
2 2
to make
2
sure24.that
An2each of thosehomogeneous
infinitesimal 81 equationsdeformation
are satisfied
ui = i=1 Aij Xj is one for which the co-
∂ 2 ε22 2 ∂ 3@u2"12 = (X1 + X2 ) 2X1 X2 efficients
= with
X1 A ij are so small that their products may be neglected in comparison to the
Similarly = 2 (2.33b)
∂Xin 1
2 order
@X
∂X 2 ∂X
to12 make
1 @X 2
sure(X
that
2
1 + we
X 2 end
2 ) up (X 2 a unique
1 + X 2 2
) displacement
coefficients
2
field.
themselves. Show that the total deformation resulting from two successive
/ condition 0 infinitesimal homogeneous deformation may be considered as the sum of the two indi-
Thus, the compatibility
∂ 2 ε12 1 ∂ 3 u1 ∂ 3 uis2 satisfied and the existence vidual
of (u1 , deformations,
u2 , u3 ) is assured.
and that the order of applying the displacements does not alter
and = + (2.33c)
∂X2 ∂X1 2 ∂X22 X1 ∂X12 X2 P3
4. An infinitesimal homogeneous deformation ui = i=1 Aij Xj is one for which the co-(Deformation
the final configuration. P3 is described as x = X + u. Thus, for the first
deformation we have xi = Xi + i=1 Aij Xj , Figure 2)
efficients Aij are so small that their products may be neglected in comparison to the
coefficients themselves. Show that the total deformation resulting from two successive
infinitesimal homogeneous deformation may be considered as the sum of the two indi-
vidual deformations, and that the order of applying the displacements does not alter
the final configuration. (Deformation
P3 is described as x = X + u. Thus, for the first
deformation we have xi = Xi + i=1 Aij Xj , Figure 2) Figure 3: Problem 4

15. A displacement field is specified by u = X 2 X2 e1 +(X2 X 2 )e2 +X 2 X3 e3 . Determine the

Volume and Shape Change
 hanges is the Kronecker delta defined by
Uniformin arbitrary strain is also freestates.
of rotation;Strain
where deviator
compaction/dilation that is, theij
infinitesimal rotation ! is
2.5 Volume changes in arbitrary strain
2
0 0 states.
3 Strain deviator

Draft Not For Redistributio

0
nges 0 0 05CHAPTER
[!] = 4CHAPTER 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
.2. KINEMATICS (2.4.13) (
2.5.1 Volume changes 0 0 0
AND STRAIN 1, if i = j,
he expression (2.4.12) for the volume change always holds, whether or not shear strains are ij =
.2 Strain
normalIt may
ain deviator
bedeviator
strains shown
are that the
equal or expression
not. That (2.4.12)
is, fordV
letting the
X volume
denote change
the always
volume ofholds,
a whether
small or
element not
of shear strains are 0, if i 6= j.
n the2.5 Volume
present
reference changes
andconfiguration,
whether andin
the normal dVxarbitrary
strains are equal
denote strain
the or not. That
volume states. byStrain
is, letting
occupied dV deviator
X denote
the elementtheofvolume of a small element of
material
tduce
we introduce
material the important
centered at X in concept of the strain deviator:
it hasthe important
moved concept
to the place x,the
of the reference
then configuration, and dVx denote the volume occupied by the element of material
strain deviator:
2.5.1
The Volume changes
after deformation,
part of
when it has moved to the place x, then
a local strain deviates
state thatfrom from a state Thus,
of purethe matrix
dilatation (orofcompaction)
components of the
is strain
called straindeviator ✏0 is given by
thestrain
rt•eformations,
of a local strain
the state
volume deviates
thatchange per unit a original
state of pure
volumedilatation
is (or compaction)
always given by by isthe
called
sum the
of the
•befor infinitesimal deformations, the volume change per unit original volume
holds,is always given byshear
by thestrains
r, deviator,
ents It —
and may
isthe and
shown
defined
trace
diagonal
is
byofdefined
that
the the
byexpression
strain
components matrix:
— the
(2.4.12)
trace of
for the
the strain
volume
matrix:
change always 2whether
0
or not
0 0
3 sum 2 ofarethe
3
present and whether the normal strains are equal or not. That is, letting denote ✏
the volume✏ of ✏
a small ✏
element of ✏ ✏
1⇣ ⌘
! dV X 11 12 13 11 12 13
!X
material centered at X in the referenceCHAPTER configuration,
def X and
2. KINEMATICS
1 dV x denote the volume
AND 0 occupied
[✏ ] STRAIN4 0 by 0
= ✏21 ✏22 ✏23 =(2.5.2) the element
0 5 of material
4 ✏21 ✏22 ✏23 5 ✏11 + ✏22 + ✏33
after22deformation,
dVx when
def
✏0ij = ✏to
dVX it has moved ✏0ij1place
dVthe =dV✏ijX kk ✏kk ij ,X (2.5.2)
Xx,✏then
3 ij , 0 0 0 3
+ CHAPTER 2.
✏kkKINEMATICS AND STRAIN
ij x
= ✏11 + ✏22 + ✏33 3 = = ✏11 kk +⌘k✏22 tr [✏].✏33 = ⌘ tr ✏[✏].
31 ✏(2.5.1)
32 ✏33 ✏(2.5.1)
31 ✏32 ✏33
• for dV
infinitesimal deformations, the dVX change
volume k
per unit original volume is always given by by the sum of the
22 X
k CHAPTER k 2. KINEMATICS AND STRAIN
2.5.2 Strain
diagonal deviator— the trace of the strain Clearly
components matrix:
he re is
Kronecker
oncept the
of the Kronecker
delta
strain defineddelta
deviator:bydefined by ⇣ ⌘ 1⇣ ⌘
2.5.2
ij
Next Strain
we deviator
introduce the important concept of the strain deviator: 0
dVx dVX X tr [✏ ] = ✏11 + ✏22 + ✏33 ✏11 + ✏22 + ✏33 ⇥ 3 =
Next we• introduce the important
ate that deviates from a state of pure dilatation
The part of a local strainconcept
state that of the strain
deviates deviator:
(or 11
from
=
( ✏acompaction)
state
+ ✏of
22 pure
+ ✏ 33 is calledkkthe strain
dilatation
= (or
✏ tr
compaction)
⌘ [✏]. is called the strain (2.5.1) 3
(dVX
deviator, and is defined by 1, if
• The part of a local strain state that deviates from a state i = 1,
j, if i =
that ofis,pure j,
thedilatation
volume k
(orchange
compaction) associated
is called thewithstrainthe deviatoric part of the strain is zero.
ij = (2.5.3) (2.5.3)
deviator, and is defined by ij = It is !
important at this stage to develop some physical insight into the meaning o
! 0, if def j. 1if iX
i 6= 0, 6= j.
X ✏0ij = ✏ij ! ✏kk ij , (2.5.2)
def
✏0ij = ✏ij
1
✏kk matrix
1 3 X codifies the deformation undergone by a material element. The deformation ca
(2.5.2)
ij✏0, = ✏ij
def k
✏kk ij , (2.5.2)
Thus,
matrixthe matrix of components
of components
3
of the strain of
ij
the strain✏ deviator
k deviator 0 as
0 3 well as shape change. The strain deviator describes only the shape change. For e
is given✏byis given k by
where
2 0ij is the0 2 Kronecker
00 30 2 0
delta defined
3 2by 3 element
3 in the reference
2 3configuration
2 3 undergoes a strain whose deviator has one or mo
or Redistribution

where ij✏11
✏
✏Kronecker✏13 12 ✏ delta✏11
✏ 13 ✏12by 11 ✏ ✏
✏13 12 ⇣will ✏ not ⇣ ⌘ 1 0 after ⌘0 1 0 0 3
defined by is the
0
12 11
4
defined
5 4 1
13
5 1 be spherical 4
deformation
5
. The above definitions allow us to decomp
[✏ ] = 4✏21
0 0 0
[✏ ] ✏=22 ✏21 0
✏23 5✏22
0 0
= 4✏✏21 0
23 ✏= 22 ✏21 ✏23 5✏22 (✏✏2311 + ✏22 + + ✏4
✏11✏33 220+ ✏133 050. 1 0 . (2.5.4) (2.5.4)
0 0
✏31 ✏32 ✏31 00 0
✏33 ✏32 ✏✏31 0 3 physically
1, if i =3 j, meaningful components as follows:
33 ✏32 ✏31 ✏33 ✏ij32=( ✏33 0 0 1 0 0 1 (2.5.3)
( 1,0, ififi i=6
= j,j. 2 3
arly ij = (2.5.3) 1 0 0
⇣1, if i = ⇣ j, ⌘ 1 ⇣ ⌘ 0, 1 ⇣if i 6= j.⌘ ⌘ (2.5.3) 1
tr ij 0 =
[✏ ] =
Thus, the matrix of tr
✏ [✏ 0
+ ] =✏
components ✏
+ ✏
of + ✏
the +
strain ✏✏ +
deviator✏ 0 ✏
+
is ✏
given + ✏
by⇥ +
3 =✏ 0; ⇥ 3 = 0; [✏]
(2.5.5) = tr [✏] 40 1 05 +
(2.5.5) [✏0 ] .
0, if i 6= j.
11 22 11 33 22
3
33
11 ✏
22
3
11 33 22 33
3 |{z}
Thus, the matrix ofwith 2 0
components of ✏the 3 2
0 strain deviator ✏ is given by
0 3 2 3 0 0 1
lume
is, thechange
volume associated
change associated
0 2
✏the
11 deviatoric
with
✏012 13
03
part✏11of the
the deviatoric
2
strain
✏12part✏13of is
3
thezero.
1 strain
⇣ is zero. ⌘
2
1 0 0
3
| {z } Part representing
shape change
rtant at this stage ] = ✏40 ✏to
to develop
0
some
0
physical 5=4 insight ✏23 5 into 40 deviator. 5 (2.5.4)
12into 13the meaning⇣ 11theof
It is important at this [✏stage develop ✏23some physical ✏insight 22the
✏ + ✏meaning strain 00 . The strain
✏012✏22 ⌘ of1 the01 strain deviator. The strain
✏013 ✏11✏21 ✏ ✏22 + ✏33 Part representing
0 1121
ts of
s the
the strain
deformation
deviator
undergone
✏ is
✏ 0 given
by✏a2232 ✏ 0 by
material ✏ 0
✏ ✏ ✏ 1 3
0 0 1 (2.5.4) changevolume change
rix codifies the deformation
[✏ ] = 4✏21undergone
0 0 31 0 0
✏2333 5by=aelement.
✏21 ✏22The
4material
31 32 ✏23deformation
element.5
33
The +can
✏11deformation
✏22 + consist
✏33 can4of
0 both
1 0volume
consist 5 .of bothchange
volume
3shape2The 0 3 0 3
ape ✏change.
well 0as Clearly strain
change. deviator
The ✏strain
31 describes
✏32 ✏033
deviator only
✏31 the
describes ✏332the
✏32shape
only change.shapeFor 3change.
example, For 0ifexample,
a0spherical
1 if a material
spherical material
13 ✏ 11 ✏ 12 ✏ 13 ⇣ ⇣ ⌘ ⌘ 1⇣ 0 0 1 ⌘
reference
ment in5the=configuration
reference
4✏21 ✏configuration undergoes 1
0 a strain whose
+ deviator 4⇣0has one or+ more non-zero entries, theentries,
element
Clearly
✏023 22 ✏323 5tr [✏ undergoes] = ✏11
3⇣
✏11++ ✏✏a22strain
22 + 33
whose
✏ ✏33
⌘allow
✏deviator
+ ✏220
11 1 5has✏.33 one
⌘
⇥ 3or=more non-zero
0; (2.5.4) the element
(2.5.5)
pherical after deformation
not0 be spherical after deformation . The above
3 . The definitions
above 3
definitions
1 us to decompose
allow+ us any
to⇥decompose strain matrix into two
any strain matrix into two
✏33 thatcomponents
✏31volume
is, the ✏32aschange tr [✏0 ] = ✏with
✏33 associated 11 +the✏22deviatoric
+ ✏33 part ✏0of +0✏strain
11 the 22 1 ✏is 33zero. 3 = 0; (2.5.5)
aningful follows:
sically meaningful components as follows: 3
that is,Itthe
is important
volume changeat thisassociated
stage to develop with some physical
2 the deviatoric 23 Example
partinsight
of
3 theinto theis2.3.
strain meaning of the strain
zero. Consider deviator. The
uniaxial strain
compression, simple shear, and uniform compactio
matrix codifies the deformation undergone 1 by
0 a0 material element. The deformation can consist of both volume change
⇣ It is important at⌘this stage ⇣ 1to develop1some ⌘physical 1 0 insight0 0 ]? intoConfirm
the meaning thatof the strain deviator. The
deformations strain volume change have a strain matrix with
causing
as well as shape change.1 The strain4deviator describes
5 only[✏0 theTheshape change. For example, if both
a spherical material
= ✏11 matrix codifies
+ ✏22 the deformation
[✏] = tr
undergone
[✏] 0 by
1 a
+tr✏[✏]material
0 4 ⇥+ element.
[✏ 5 ] . deformation
0 can consist of (2.5.6)
volume change
(2.5.5) entries, the element (2.5.6)
element in +
the ✏reference
33 ✏311 +
configuration [✏]✏= 22 33 a0
undergoes 31=whose
strain 00; +deviator[✏has
|{z} ] one .or more non-zero
 2 3
physically meaningful components as follows: 1 0 0
Draft No 1
1
[✏]2=1 0tr [✏]03
3
40 1 05 + [✏0 ]
|{z}
. (2.5.6)
[✏] = tr [✏] 40 | 1 05 {z 0
+ 0 1
0
[✏ ] . representing
Part (2.5.6)
3 |{z}} shape change
0 0
2.5. VOLUME CHANGES IN ARBITRARY1
Part Part STRAIN
representingSTATES. STRAIN DEVIATOR
representing 23
| {z }
volume change
shape change
Part representing
2.5. VOLUME 2.5.
CHANGES IN CHANGES
VOLUME ARBITRARY STRAIN
INvolume changeSTATES. STRAIN DEVIATOR
ARBITRARY STRAIN STATES. STRAIN DEVIATOR 23 23
3 2
2 3 2 3 2✏
0 0
✏ 0 0 ⇣ ✏⌘ 1 0 0 6 3 7
6 ✏ 7
Example
2.5. VOLUME 2.3.
CHANGESConsider
IN uniaxial
tr [✏] =
ARBITRARY compression,
✏ + 0 + 0 = simple
✏,
STRAIN shear,
[✏ 0
]
STATES. = 4 and
0 uniform
0
STRAIN05 compaction.
⇥
DEVIATOR
40 1For
2
0 5each,
=
26 what
30 is tr
0 73. and
[✏] 23
3 4 2✏ 3 5
Example [✏ 2.3.
]? Confirm
Considerthat deformations causing 2volume
shear, change2 havecompaction.
a strain
32 matrix with 2✏
non-zero
is30tr [✏]trace
uniaxial compression, simple and3uniform For3each,
2 what 0 and
and 00 deforma-
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ✏
0 0
[✏0 ]? Confirm that deformations
tions causing shape causing
change have volume
non-zerochange✏ have
0deviator.
0a strain ✏ matrix
0⌘ 0 with
1 ⇣non-zero
0 ✏⌘ 16 03and
0STRAIN
trace 0 deforma-
6 73 3 7
2.5. VOLUME CHANGES INstrain
ARBITRARY ⇣STRAIN STATES. ✏0 054DEVIATOR 406 1 05✏= 6 ✏ 7 23
tr [✏]
tions causing shape
= change
✏+0+ tr [✏]
have0 ==
non-zero +[✏00 ]==
✏,✏ + 0strain deviator. 54 0
4✏,0 0[✏0 ]0= ⇥ 0 1 3 05⇥= 6 0 60 7
70. 3 0 7 .
0 30 0 04 0 1 3 4 5 ✏ 5
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 ✏ 0 0 3
2 3 2 0 3 0 2✏ 3
• Uniaxial compression: • Simple shear:
WhenSimple shear isisa deformed
a material motion in which planes of compression,
material slide sideways,
one of3much like a deck
0 ofis 3
• Uniaxialdecreased,
compression: When
cards.aBecause
material thisismotion
deformed does ✏not
in 0 0 thein
uniaxial
change
uniaxial
⇣ ✏of⌘the body,
compression,
volume 1 we
one of0expect
its 0dimensions
the trace
its dimensions
20 However,
6 to3isvanish. 2✏ 7
so we expect a volume change, 4 0and thus a5non-vanishing trace of strain.2 Also,3the shape of70the 0
✏
Not For Redistribution

0 2 34 5 6
tr
decreased, [✏] =
so we ✏ +
expect0 + 0
the =shape
a volumewill ✏,does
change, [✏
change; ] =a box-shaped
andgeometrically 0 0
reference
thus a non-vanishing body
trace would ⇥ 0
distort
0of strain. 1
into
⇣Also, a0 1 0 of0the 6 3 7 .
= 6
parallelepiped
theFor
shape 0 when deformed.
0
object after deformation
Hence, we not abe
expect non-vanishing strain similar
0 deviator.
4 to✏Our
the 0
reference
3expectations
5 ✏ ⌘confirmed:
body.
are 4 example,
4 5 a6cube 3 ✏would 5✏ 7
7
object after deformation willtr
not
[✏] be
= geometrically
✏ + 0 + 0 = 0 to0the
similar
✏, [✏ ]0reference
= 0 body.
0 0 For 0example,
0 ⇥1a cube0 1 would
0 = 6 .
• Simple
be deformed intoshear:
a boxSimple
with sidesshearnot is aallmotion
equal.inLikewise,
which planes of material
we expect slide
3 sideways,strain
a non-vanishing much
0 like 0
deviator.
4 0 a deck
Our
3 of 7
0
5
•beSimple shear: Simple
deformed into acards. shear is
box with sidesthisa motion in which planes of material
not all equal. Likewise, we expect a non-vanishing slide sideways, much like a deck of
2 strain
expectdeviator. Our
2 0 0 30 0 0
2 1 3 3 0 ✏
expectations areBecauseconfirmed:motion does not change the volume of the body, we the
3 trace to vanish.0However,
ft Not For Redistribution

cards. Because
expectations this motion
are confirmed: does not change the volume of the body,0 we expect0 the trace
1 to
0 vanish.
0 However,
0 0
deformed.3
ot For Redistribution

the shape does change; a box-shaped reference body

6
6
would7distort into a parallelepiped
2 7 6 2 when 7
the shape does change; a tr [✏] =reference
box-shaped 0 + 0 + 0 body = 0, would [✏0 ] =distort into
0 0a 0 ⇥ 40 1 0when
parallelepiped 5 = 6deformed.
0 0
7.
Hence, we expect a non-vanishing strain deviator. Our 4
2 expectations are
5 confirmed: 2 4 5
3 In fact, it can be shown that the infinitessimal spherical element in the reference 0 0 into 1 an ellipsoid. The entries of [✏0 ]
3 In fact, itHence, we expect a non-vanishing strain deviator. Our expectations 0 are
body
0 confirmed:
0 will be deformed
can be shown that the infinitessimal spherical element in the reference body will be deformed into an ellipsoid. The entries 0 of0 [✏0 ]0
describe the orientation and relative dimensions of the ellipsoid.
Simple shear: 3 2 2 much like 3 a deck of
• orientation
describe the and relativeSimple shear
dimensions
• Simple the is
of shear: a motion in which planes
ellipsoid.
Simple shear is a motion0in
of material
which
slide sideways,
0 planes of212
material 3slide sideways, much like a deck of
2 3 0 the0 trace3 0 0
cards. Because this motion
cards. does not change the volume 6 of the
22 body,7 we 3 expect 6 to vanish.
2 7 However,
tr [✏]Because
= 0 + 0this
+ 0motion
= 60, does
0 not
0 0 change
6 the 1volume
7 0of⇥the40body,
0 1 we 05expect
0
=76 the trace7to. vanish. However,
DraftRedistribution

the shape does change; a box-shaped 2[✏compaction

]= 050 brings
0 motion 0when05 deformed.
0 reference body would distort intomaterial
a parallelepiped
Uniform
•the shape compaction:
does change; In6auniform
box-shaped
74 the
reference body would
6distort
2inward
into a
4uniformly over
parallelepiped allwhen
direc-deformed.
tr [✏] = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0, [✏ ] = 7 20 ⇥ 4 0 1 0 5 = 6
0 0 1 7 . 2
tions. we
Hence, we expect a Hence, As aexpect
non-vanishing resultstrain
the deformed
4 0body
deviator. 0 is
Our
5 always
0 just a
expectations
0 0 smaller
areversion of
confirmed:
4 0
the 0
reference
5 0 body.
0 0Because the
a non-vanishing
2 strain deviator.
0 Our0 1expectations
2 are confirmed:
volume has changed we expect
0 a0 non-zero
0 trace of strain, but because
0 the 0shape0 is still the same afterward
— a sphere remains spherical,2a cube remains 32a cube — we3expect the strain 2 deviator2to have 3 all zero
3
entries. Our expectations are confirmed:
0 0 0 20 32 3 00 0
2 1 7material
0 0 1 0 00
• Uniform compaction: 6 2 the 76 26
6 uniformly 7
7 2all direc-
tr [✏]tions.
=0+ 0 + 0 tr [✏]
= 0, =In0uniform
+ [✏
0+ 0 0compaction
] ==60, motion
76
[✏0 ] = 0
brings
⇥0 4 00
7 0 ⇥5
1 0
inward
4 0= 6
1 05= 6 over
7 .0 0
7.
As a result the deformed body4is always 054a 2smaller version
0 2just 5 of the reference
4 4 05Because5 the
0body.
2
• Uniform compaction: In uniform compaction the motion 2 brings material inward
00 0uniformly
3 0 0over
1 shape 2 1 all direc-
volume has changed we expect a non-zero trace of
0 3strain,
0 0 but
0 because the 2 is0still0the
3 same
02 0afterward
0 0 0 003
tions. As a result the deformed body is always just a0smaller 0 6version of the0reference
7 ✓ body.
◆ 1 0 0 the
Because
— a sphere remains spherical, a cube remains6 a cube — we expect
7 the strain deviator to have all zero
volume has changed we trexpect
entries. Our[✏] = a non-zero trace
expectations = of, strain,
[✏0 ]but
=66because
0 the shape
0 77is still3the⇥same
40 1afterward
05 = 40 0 05 .
3 3 are 3 confirmed: 4 3 5
— a sphere remains spherical, a cube remains a cube — we expect the strain deviator to have 0 0 all
1 zero 0 0 0
• Uniform compaction: In uniform compaction 0 the0motion brings material inward uniformly over all direc-
entries. Our expectations are confirmed: 3
• Uniform compaction: In uniform
tions. As a resultcompaction
the deformedthe motion brings
2 is always
body just material
3
a smaller inward
version ofuniformly
the reference overbody.
all direc-
Because the
tions. As a result the deformed
volume body we
has changed is always
expect a just a
non-zero
6 33 smaller
0 ofversion
trace strain,
0
7 ✓ of
but the reference
because
◆
2
the shapebody.
3
is 2Because
still the same 3the
afterward
2 6 7 1 0 0 0 0 0
volume has changed
tr [✏] = we expect a non-zero , trace
— a sphere remains spherical, aof 6strain,
cube but abecause
remains cube 7 —thewe shape
expect is
thestill thedeviator
strain same afterward
to have all zero
= [✏0 0
]= 6 0 0 0 72 3⇥ 402 1 05 = 3 40 0 05 .
— a sphere remainsentries. 3 Our
3 expectations
spherical, 3a cube are confirmed:
6 remains a cube
4 —
7 we
✓3 expect the
◆ 51 0 0 strain
3 deviator to have0 0all 0zero
6 3 7 0 00 01 0
entries.
tr [✏] = Our expectations
= are
, confirmed:
[✏ ] = 6 0
0
00 7 0 ⇥ 40 1 05 = 40 0 05 .
3 3 3 6 3 7 3 3
4 52 0 03 1 0 0 0
t For

0 0 0 0 2 3 2 3
2 3 6
63 3 7 ✓
7
◆ 1 0 0 0 0 0
tr [✏] = = , 0
[✏ 0 6
] = 6 00 0 7 2 ⇥ 430 1 2 05 = 40 30 05 .
3 3 3 6 3 4 7 3✓ ◆7
5 1 3 0 0 0 0 01 0 00 0 0
6 7
tr [✏] = = , [✏ ] = 6
0
6 0
00 7 0
7 ⇥ 40 1 05 = 40 0 05 .
3 3 3 4 3 5 33