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Laminar Flow in Pipe of Circular Cross-Section.: Lecture-Four

1) Laminar flow through a circular pipe has a parabolic velocity profile described by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The maximum centerline velocity is twice the average velocity. 2) The volumetric flow rate Q through the pipe can be calculated from the pressure drop and viscosity using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. 3) Shear stress at the wall τ0 is directly proportional to the pressure drop and inversely proportional to the length of the pipe for both laminar and turbulent flow in horizontal pipes.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views6 pages

Laminar Flow in Pipe of Circular Cross-Section.: Lecture-Four

1) Laminar flow through a circular pipe has a parabolic velocity profile described by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The maximum centerline velocity is twice the average velocity. 2) The volumetric flow rate Q through the pipe can be calculated from the pressure drop and viscosity using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. 3) Shear stress at the wall τ0 is directly proportional to the pressure drop and inversely proportional to the length of the pipe for both laminar and turbulent flow in horizontal pipes.

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Ali Mezaal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II

Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

Lecture-Four
Laminar Flow in Pipe of Circular Cross-Section.
1- Hagen-Poiseuille Flow.
Consider fully developed laminar flow through a straight tube of circular cross – section as in Fig.(1).
Rotational symmetry is considered to make the flow two – dimensional axisymmetry. Let us take x-axis
as the axial of the tube along which all the fluid particles travel, i.e.
𝑉𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑉𝑟 = 0, 𝑉𝜃 = 0
Now from continuity equation, we obtain
𝜕𝑉𝑟 𝑉𝑟 𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑟
+ 𝜕𝑥
= 0 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦, 𝑟 . 𝜃
= 0]
This means 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 (𝑟, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕
Invoking [𝑉𝑟 = 0, 𝑉𝜃 = 0 𝜕𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜕𝜃 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑛𝑔) = 0]
With Navier–Stokes equation, we obtain in the x-direction
𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2 𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉𝑥
= − 𝜌 . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜈 ( 𝜕𝑟 2𝑥 + 𝑟 . ) (1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟
For steady flow, the governing equation becomes
𝜕2 𝑉𝑥 1 𝜕𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
+𝑟. = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 (2)
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟
The boundary conditions are
𝜕𝑉
i) At 𝑟 = 0 , 𝑉𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 & 𝜕𝑟𝑥 = 0
ii) At r = R, Vx=0 yield Eq.(2) can be written after multiplying by r
𝑑2 𝑉𝑥 𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑟 + = 𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑜𝑟 (𝑟 ) = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 by integration
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑟 = 2𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 2 + 𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
= 2𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 + 𝑟 by integration
𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑥 = 4𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑟 2 + 𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝐵
𝑑𝑉𝑥
At 𝑟 = 0 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 & =0→𝐴=0
𝑑𝑟
𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 , 𝑉𝑥 = 0
1 𝑑𝑝
𝐵 = − 4𝜇 . 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑅 2
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 𝑟2
∴ 𝑉𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) [1 − 𝑅2 ] (3)
This shows that the axial velocity profile in a fully developed laminar pipe flow is having parabolic
variation along r.
At 𝑟 = 0 , 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ , 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝
𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) (4)

r R
x Vmax

Figure 1: Flow in circular


1 pipe.
Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

2- Volumetric Flow Rate.


The average velocity in pipe is
𝑹
𝑄 ∫𝟎 2πr Vx (r)dr
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 𝜋𝑅2 = substitute Eq. 3
πR2
2𝜋𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 𝑅2 𝑅4
(− )[ − 2 ]
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2 4𝑅
𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑣 . = πR2

𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 1
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 8𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 ) = 2 𝑉𝑥 max → 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣 (5)
Now, the discharge Q through a pipe is given by
𝑄 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝑉𝑎𝑣 (6)
𝑅2 𝑑𝑝
𝑄= 𝜋𝑅 2 8𝜇 (− 𝑑𝑥 )
𝜋𝑑4 𝑑𝑝
𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = − 128𝜇 (𝑑𝑥 ) (7)
From Eq's 4 & 5
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝜇 𝑉
= 4 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅2 = 32𝜇 𝑑𝑎𝑣2 (8)
𝐿
Eq. 8 is known as the Hagen- Poiseuille equation.

Ex.1
Oil mass density is 800 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity is 0.002 kg/m.s flow through 50mm diameter,
pipe length is 500 m and the discharge flow rate is 0.19*10-3 m3/s determine
i) Reynolds number of flow.
ii) Center line velocity.
iii) Loss of pressure in 500 m length.
iv) Pressure gradient.
v) Wall shear stress.
Sol.
4𝑄 4∗0.19∗10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 𝜋𝑑2 = = 0.0968
𝜋∗(0.05)2 𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝜌 0.0968∗0.05∗800
i) 𝑅𝑒 = = = 1936.0
𝜇 0.002
𝑚
ii) 𝑉𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣. = 2 ∗ 0.0968 = 0.1936 𝑠
iii) From Eq. 7.26
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑣
= 4 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
= 32𝜇
𝐿 𝑅 𝑑2
32𝜇𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝐿 32∗0.002∗0.0968∗ 500 𝑁
∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = = = 1239.04 𝑚2
𝑑2 (0.05)2
𝑁
𝑑𝑝 𝑝1 −𝑝2 1239.04 2.478 2
iv) = = = 𝑚
= 2.478 𝑃𝑎/𝑚
𝑑𝐿 𝐿 500 𝑚
(𝑝1 −𝑝2 )𝑑 0.05 𝑁
v) 𝜏0 = = (1239.04) ∗ 4∗500 = 0.03098 𝑚2 , 𝐸𝑞. 10
4𝐿

3- Shear Stress in Horizontal Pipe.


A force balance for steady flow in horizontal pipe as in Fig. 2 yields
𝑝1 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) − 𝑝2 (𝜋𝑟 2 ) − 𝜏(2𝜋𝑟𝐿) = 0
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝜏 = 1 2𝐿 2 (9)
From Eq. 9
2
Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 0 𝜏 = 0
𝑟 = 𝑅 𝜏 = 𝜏0
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑑
𝜏0 = 1 4𝐿 2 (10)
Eq. 9 is valid for laminar & turbulent flow.
𝑝 −𝑝
( 1𝜌𝑔 2 ) Represent the energy drop per unit weight (ℎ𝐿 ) multiply Eq.9 by (g/g) yields
𝜌𝑔𝑟 𝑝1 −𝑝2 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐿
𝜏= ( )= 𝑟 (11)
2𝐿 𝜌𝑔 2𝐿
2𝜏0 𝐿 4𝜏0 𝐿
∴ ℎ𝐿 = = (12)
𝜌𝑔𝑅 𝜌𝑔𝑑
𝜏 = 𝜏0 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅

τo
τAs R
r
p1A p2A Vmax

Figure 2: Forces on element in horizontal pipe.

4- Shear Stress in Inclined Pipe.


The energy equation may be written in pipe when related the loss to available energy reduction as
in Fig.(a)
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 1−2
Figure (a)
𝑉2
Since the velocity head (2𝑔) is the same

𝑝1 −𝑝2
ℎ𝑓 = + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 (13)
𝜌𝑔
∆𝑝
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔 + ∆𝑧 (14)
Applying the linear – momentum eqn. in the L-direction
∑ 𝐹𝑙 = 0 = (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝐴 + 𝛾𝐴𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜏0 𝐿𝑃 = 𝑚̇(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 0
(P) is the wetted perimeter of the conduit ,i.e , the portion of the perimeter where the wall is in contact
with the fluid when the conduit not circular pipe.
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 τ0 𝐿𝑃
+ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴 (15)
𝜌𝑔
From Eq. 13& 15
𝜏0 𝐿𝑃
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴 (16)
From experiment
𝜌
𝜏0 =  2 𝑉 2 (17)

3
Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝜌 𝐿𝑃 𝐿 𝑉2
∴ ℎ𝑓 =  2 𝑉 2 𝛾𝐴 =  𝑅 2𝑔 (18)
Rh=A/P
Rh= hydraulic Radius of the conduit
For a pipe Rh=d/4 ; =f/4
Where  is the non-dimensional factor, the ℎ𝑓 head loss due to friction can be written as follows,
𝑓 𝐿 4 𝑉2 𝐿 𝑉2
∴ ℎ𝑓 = 4 = 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔 (19)
𝑑 2𝑔
Eq. 19 is the Darcy – Weisbach equation, valid for duct flows of any cross-section and for laminar and
turbulent flow, f is the friction factor f=4 
By equating Eq's 12 & 19
4𝜏0 𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2
= 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔
𝜌𝑔𝑑
𝑓𝜌𝑉 2
∴ 𝜏0 = 8 (20)
In Hagen-Poiseuille eqn.
∆𝑝𝑑2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = From Eq. 8
32𝜇𝐿
∆𝑝
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑓 − −−→ ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝑓 𝑑2
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 32𝜇𝐿
32𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝜇𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = = 𝑓 𝑑 2𝑔
𝜌𝑔𝑑2
64
64𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝜇𝐿 𝜌𝑑𝑉𝑎𝑣 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2 64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2
=( )= =𝑅
2𝜌𝑔𝑑2 𝜇 𝑑 2𝑔 𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔
𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2 64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑑 =𝑅 (21)
2𝑔 𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔
64
∴ 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 (22)
It applies to all roughness and may be used for the solution of laminar flow problems in pipes.
From above equations the laminar head loss as followes
2
64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 32𝜇𝐿𝑉𝑎𝑣 128𝜇𝐿𝑄
ℎ𝑓(𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟) = 𝑅𝑒 = = (23)
𝑑 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝑑2 𝜋𝜌𝑔𝑑4
From Eq. 4
4𝑉 𝜇𝐿 32𝑉 𝜇𝐿
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑎𝑣2
𝑅2
Pressure drop per unit weight
∆𝑝 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑑2𝑎𝑣 for laminar flow (24)

Ex.2
An oil of viscosity 0.9 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 and S.G. 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm diameter.
If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 , determine:

(i) The rate of flow of oil.


(ii) The center-line velocity.
(iii) The total friction drags over 100 m length.
(iv) The power required to maintain the flow.
(v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall.

4
Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

(vi) the velocity and shear stress at 8 mm from the wall

Sol.
Area of the pipe,
𝜋
𝐴 = 4 ∗ (0,06)2 = 2.827 ∗ 10−3 (𝑚2 ) Pressure drop in (100m) length of the pipe, ∆𝑝 = 1800 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
i) the rate of flow,Q
32𝜇𝑉 𝐿
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ∆𝑝 = 𝑑2𝑎𝑣
∆𝑝 𝑑2
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 32𝜇𝐿
1800∗103 ∗(0.06)2 𝑚
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = = 2.25
32∗0.9∗100 𝑠
𝜌𝑉𝑑 0.9∗1000∗2.25∗ 0.06
Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒 = = = 135
𝜇 0.9
As Re is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and the rate of flow is,
𝑚3 𝑙𝑖𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 2.827 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 2.25 = 6.36 ∗ 10−3 = 6.36
𝑆 𝑠
ii) the center-line velocity , 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 2 ∗ 2.25 = 4.5 𝑠
iii) the total frictional drag over (100m) length
(𝑝 −𝑝 )𝑑
From 𝜏0 = 1 4𝐿 2
0.06
∴ 𝜏0 = 1800 ∗ 103 ∗ 4∗100 = 270 𝑁/𝑚2
∴ Friction drag for (100m) length
𝐹𝑑 = 𝜏0 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜏0 ∗ 𝜋𝑑𝐿 = 270 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 100
𝐹𝑑 = 5089 𝑁
(iv) The power required to maintain the flow, P,
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑑 ∗ 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 5089 ∗ 2.25 = 11451 𝑊
= 15.35 h.p
Alternatively,
𝑃 = 𝑄. ∆𝑝 = 0.00636 ∗ 1800 ∗ 103 = 11448 𝑊
𝑑𝑢
(v) The velocity gradient at the pipe wall, (𝑑𝑦) ;
𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢
𝜏0 = 𝜇. (𝜕𝑦)
𝑦=0
𝜕𝑢 𝜏0 270
𝑜𝑟 (𝜕𝑦) = = = 300 𝑠 −1
𝑦=0 𝜇 0.9
(vi) the velocity and shear stress at (8mm) from the wall,
𝑅2 𝜕𝑝 𝑟2
𝑉 = 4𝜇 (− 𝜕𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑅2 )
1 𝜕𝑝
Or 𝑉 = − 4𝜇 . 𝜕𝑥 (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
Here, 𝑦 = 8𝑚𝑚 = 0.008𝑚
But y = R-r
∴ 0.008 = 0.03 − 𝑟 − −−→ 𝑟 = 0.022𝑚
1 1800∗ 103 𝑚
∴ 𝑉(8𝑚𝑚) = + 4∗0.9 ∗ (0.032 − 0.0222 ) = 2.08
100 𝑠

5
Subject: Fluid Mechanics -II
Dr. Mustafa B. Al-hadithi

𝜏 𝜏0 𝜏0 270
For linear relation = − −−→ 𝜏(8𝑚𝑚) = 𝑟 ∗ = 0.022 ∗ 0.03 = 198 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑟 𝑅 𝑅
∆𝑝
Or 𝜏 = ∗ 𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞. 7.27
2𝐿
0.022 𝑁
𝜏 = 1800 ∗ 103 ∗ 2∗100 = 198 𝑚2

Table 1: Summary of used equations in pipe

𝑅2 𝜕𝑝 𝑟2
Velocity in circular pipe. 𝑉𝑥 = (− ) [1 − 2 ]
4𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑅

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 (max. velocity) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑣


𝑅2 𝑑𝑝 1
𝑉𝑎𝑣 (Average velocity) 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = (− ) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
8𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2
∆𝑝 𝜇 32𝜇𝑉𝑎𝑣
Pressure loss along pipe = 4𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 =
𝐿 𝑅 𝑑2
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝑑
Wall shear stress 𝜏0 =
4𝐿
(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝑟
Shear stress at any r 𝜏=
2𝐿
4𝜏0 𝐿
Energy losses ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝑑

Energy loss by friction 𝐿 𝑉2


ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
factor 𝑑 2𝑔
4 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Hydraulic diameter 𝑑ℎ =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
64 𝐿 𝑉𝑎𝑣 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
Energy loss in Laminar ℎ𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = =
𝑅𝑒 𝑑 2𝑔 𝛾𝑑 2
flow
= 128𝜇𝐿𝑄/𝜋𝜌𝑔𝑑 4

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