System Analysis and Design

2.0– SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

2.1– INTRODUCTION TO SDLC

The system development life cycle is the process which conduct step by step method in the
development of a software product, used by software engineers, systems engineers, and system
developers. SDLC is conceptual model which should results in high quality system that meets
customer expectations, reaches completion time, cost evaluation and work effectively in the
current and planned information technology infrastructure. The whole process classified into
seven steps. Such as,

 Preliminary Investigation / Feasibility Study

 System Analysis / System Study
 System Design
 Software Development
 System Testing
 Implementation  Maintenance

2.1.1. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION / FEASIBILITY STUDY

Before any system planning is done, a feasibility study should be conduct to
determine if creating a new or improved system is a visible solution. During this step,
consider all the functions that would be affected and how they should be handled. This
will help to decide the cost, benefits, resource requirements, as well as specific user needs
required for completion.

• TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

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By this method developer decide whether the company has the
technical expertise to handle completion of the project. When write a
feasibility report the following should be taken to consideration,  The
part of the business being examined.

 The possible solutions to the problem.

 A brief description of the business to access more possible factors
which affected the study.

 The human and economic factor.

• ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

Economic feasibility also known as cost analysis is the common

method for determine the efficiency of a new system. And it helps to
define profits against investments of the new system. Cost and time are the
most essential factors involved in this study.

• OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Operational feasibility is the measure of how well proposed system

solves problems. It helps to take advantage of the opportunities and fulfill
the requirements as identified during the development of the system. As
well as it takes care that the management and the users support the
system. To ensure desired operational outcomes must be transmitting
during design and development. These include such design-dependent
parameters following,

 Reliability
 Maintainability
 Supportability
 Usability
 Disposability
• LEGAL FEASIBILITY

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Legal feasibility determines whether the proposed system dispute
with legal requirements. For an example the data processing system of a
company must follow with the local data protection regulations and if the
proposed progress is acceptable in accordance to the laws of the land.

• TIME FEASIBILITY

This study will take into account period in which the system is
going to take to its completion. The system will fail if it take too long to
be completed before its useful. So typically this means estimating how
long the system will take to develop.

• FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Financial feasibility is the required study to carry out a new system

financial lenders put emphasis on this analysis that can ensure the system
lives up to its performance explanation. It is a process through which
profitability of the system can be estimated.

2.1.2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS / SYSTEM STUDY

This stage requires breaking down the whole system in various pieces to analyze the
situation, analyzing the targets of project and undertaking to gain users so that specific
requirements can be defined. As well as in this step gather and validate information. Also
evaluate the alternative and prioritize for new system and examine the information needs of end
to user and enhance the system goals.

The system analyst is a person who is thoroughly aware of the system and guides the system
development project giving by proper directions. The main roles of analysts are following,

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 Prioritizing the requirements by obtaining user consequences.
 Defining and understanding the requirements of user through various facts
finding techniques.

 Gathering the facts or information and acquires the opinions of users.

 Suggest many flexible alternative solutions, pick the best solutions and quantity
costs/benefits.

 Draw certain specifications which are easily understand by users and

programmers in precise and detailed form.

There are various types of skills should be in analysis. They are following as,
 Analytical skills – analysis should have system study knowledge and
organizational knowledge. And will be able to problem identification, problem
analyze, problem solving and curiosity to learn about the new organization.

 Interpersonal skills - analysis can be able to interface with users and

programmer. As well as he can be facilitate groups and lead smaller teams. And
also he will be able to managing expectations, good understanding,
communication, teaching abilities and motivating others.

 Management skills – analysis can understand user jargon, practice, recourse

management and project management. As well as change and risk management.
Also he can understand the management functions thoroughly.

 Technical skills – analysis has knowledge of computers, software and system

design tools. And keep abreast of modern development and breadth knowledge
about new technology.

There is some fact find methods use by system analysis for data collection following,
 Interview – this is a primary data collection method as well as best source of
qualitative information. For the better results analysis need to practice and proper
preparation for the interview. List of the purpose of interview and definition of

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the purpose of the interview is the preparation of the interview by the analysis.
There are two classifies method for interview,

- How it designed, - How it is carried out,

 Structured - Face to face
 Unstructured - Voice to voice
 Semi-structured - Screen to screen

 Questionnaires – this is a primary data collection method. It helps to collect

information from large organization. There are two methods of questionnaires,

• Open ended – interviewer provide the text area to customer to expect

their views by owns on the paper.

Ex – Question – What change would most improve our project?

T E X T A R E A

• Close ended – when interviewer ask questions, customer can’t give

their views. According to it customer compelled to select answer
which given by the interviewer.

Ex – Question – When I shop frequently I’ll use my card for

checkouts?

Strongly agree Agree Disagree

Strongly disagree Neural

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.3. SYSTEM DESIGN

The design stage takes as initial input the requirements identified in the approved
requirement document. In system design, the design operations are described in detail including
screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documents. The output of this will
describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems. In this step transform the SRS
document into logical structure which contains detailed and complete set of specification that can
be implemented in a programming language. As well as review the proposed design and ensure
that the final design must meet the requirements stated in SRS document. The design activity is
divided in to two;

• Logical Design - Part of the designs phase that is

independent of any specific hardware or software
platform.

• Physical Design - Part of the design phase where the

logical specification is transformed in to technology
specific details.

2.1.4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

The real work is beginning in this stage. The programmer has to do the major
work on the project include the design of application, database, network and system
interface. The programmer transfers the SRS document into logical structure using
pseudo codes, flow charts and programming languages to ensure that the process of the
system.

Developers must follow the coding guidelines and programming tools such as
compilers, interpreters, and debuggers. As well as programmer use C, C++, Pascal, Java,
PHP high level programming languages for coding. This phase reveals the starts of the
production, installation and change. And also review the proposed design with the final
design stated in SRS document.

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.5. SYSTRM TESTING

In this phase normally carryout to determine if the proposed design meet the basic
set of goals. The code is tested at various levels in software testing. Testing may be
repeated, check for errors, bug and interoperability. Another part of this stage is that
verification and validation. This will be performed until the end user fined it acceptable.
And also testing activities are mostly involved in all the stages. The following are the
types of testing,

• Unit testing – This is a software testing method. By this testing method, the individual
units of the source code of the program are tested to determine whether they are fit for
use.

• Integration testing – This is a software testing method. In this method individual

software modules are combined. Tested as a group and conducted to evaluate the
compliance of a system. This occurs after unit test as well as before validation test.

• Black box testing – This is a software testing method which examine the function of an
application without peering. It works on internal structures. This testing method can in
vertically for every level of software testing.

• White box testing – This is the testing method which use to test internal structures and
applications. And also this method called as clear box testing and glass box testing.

• Data set testing – This testing method use in typically computer programs and in order
to change ability to respond to unusual, extreme or unexpected input. Data test testing
may be produced in a focused or systematic way.

• System testing – This testing method conducted on a complete system with its specified
requirements. System testing seek to detect defects within the system as a whole.

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.6. IMPLEMENTATION
This phase conducts the major role in the system. In here write all the codes for programs
(design into source code through coding) and connect all modules together for detects errors and
defects. As well as this involves the actual installation of newly developed project. This step puts
the system into production by moving data and components. System analysts and end user
should see the realization of the system. There are some implementation methods as following,

• Parallel Implementation – Old and new systems are used in simultaneously.

• Direct Implementation – New system is implemented and old system is replaced
completely.

• Phase Implementation – Working versions of system implemented in one part of

organization base on their feedbacks, installed throughout the organization all alone or
stage by stage.

• Pilot Implementation – Supports approach that gradually implement system across all
users.

METHOD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Parallel User can compare the Cost overrun.

Implementation outputs of old & new
systems.
Provide fallback when new New system may not get fair
system fails. trial.

Direct Implementation Forces users to make new No fall back if issue arise with
system. new system
Most careful planning
required.
Phase Implementation Provide line test before Implementation take more
implementation time.
New system involves new Possibility for data loss if new
technology. system fails.
Pilot Implementation Failures can be identified. There is a problem whether
Avoid large contingencies conversation goes well or not.
from risk management.
Table 1

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.7. MAINTENANCE
This is the final step of system development life cycle. This involves maintenance and regular
required updates. When the end user can fine-tune the system they can boost performance, add
new capabilities or meet additional user requirements. As well as include handling the residual
errors and resolve. Maintenance sometimes need for a longer time for large system and for a
short time for smaller system. Maintenance can classify into three types as following,

• Corrective Maintenance – The set of tasks enables user to carry out the repairing and
correcting leftover problems that are communicated to the maintenance department by
users.

• Adaptive Maintenance – Enables user to replace the functions of the programs.

• Perfective Maintenance – Enables the user to modify or enhance the programs
according to the user’s requirements and changing needs.

• Preventive Maintenance – Enables to maintain a level of certain service on equipment,

programming the inventions of their weak in most opportune time.

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