282  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

In Exercises 27–38, graph each equation in a rectangular coordinate 46. Exercise is useful not only in preventing depression, but also
system. as a treatment. The following graphs show the percentage of
27. y = - 2x 28. y = -2 29. x + y = -2 patients with depression in remission when exercise (brisk
walking) was used as a treatment. (The control group that
30. y = 13 x - 2 31. x = 3.5 32. 4x - 2y = 8 engaged in no exercise had 11% of the patients in remission.)
33. f(x) = x 2 - 4 34. f(x) = x - 4 35. f(x) = ∙ x∙ - 4 Exercise and Percentage of Patients
36. 5y = -3x 37. 5y = 20 with Depression in Remission
-1 if x … 0 60% 60%
38. f(x) = b
2x + 1 if x 7 0 

Depression in Remission

Depression in Remission
50% 50%
2
39. Let f(x) = -2x + x - 5. 42

Percentage with

Percentage with
40% 40%
a. Find f( - x). Is f even, odd, or neither?
30% 26 30%
f(x + h) - f(x)
b. Find , h ∙ 0. 20% 20%
h

30 if 0 … x … 200 10% 10%
40. Let C(x) = b .
30 + 0.40(x - 200) if x 7 200
80 180 60 100 140 180
a. Find C(150).  b. Find C(250).
Amount of Brisk Amount of Brisk
Walking (minutes) Walking (minutes)
In Exercises 41–44, write a function in slope-intercept form whose
graph satisfies the given conditions. Source: Newsweek, March 26, 2007
a. Find the slope of the line passing through the two points
41. Slope = -2, passing through ( - 4, 3)
shown by the voice balloons. Express the slope as a
42. Passing through ( -1, - 5) and (2, 1)
decimal.
43. Passing through (3, - 4) and parallel to the line whose b. Use your answer from part (a) to complete this statement:
equation is 3x - y - 5 = 0 For each minute of brisk walking, the percentage of patients
44. Passing through ( - 4, -3) and perpendicular to the line with depression in remission increased by %. The
whose equation is 2x - 5y - 10 = 0 rate of change is % per .
45. Determine whether the line through (2, - 4) and (7, 0) is 47. Find the average rate of change of f(x) = 3x 2 - x from
parallel to a second line through ( - 4, 2) and (1, 6). x1 = - 1 to x2 = 2.

Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions

Have you seen Terminator 2, The Mask, or The

Matrix? These were among the first films to use
What am I spectacular effects in which a character or
supposed to learn? object having one shape was transformed in
After studying this section, you a fluid fashion into a quite different shape.
should be able to: The name for such a transformation is
morphing. The effect allows a real actor to
❶ Recognize graphs of be seamlessly transformed into a computer-
common functions.
generated animation. The animation can be
❷ Use vertical shifts to graph made to perform impossible feats before it
functions. is morphed back to the conventionally filmed
❸ Use horizontal shifts to image.
graph functions. Like transformed movie images, the
❹ Use reflections to graph graph of one function can be turned
functions. into the graph of a different
function. To do this, we
❺ Use vertical stretching and
need to rely on a function’s
shrinking to graph functions.
equation. Knowing that a
❻ Use horizontal stretching and graph is a transformation
shrinking to graph functions. of a familiar graph makes
❼ Graph functions involving a graphing easier.
sequence of transformations.
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   283

❶ Recognize graphs of common Graphs of Common Functions

functions. Table 2.4 gives names to seven frequently encountered functions in algebra. The
table shows each function’s graph and lists characteristics of the function. Study
the shape of each graph and take a few minutes to verify the function’s characteristics
from its graph. Knowing these graphs is essential for analyzing their transformations
into more complicated graphs.

Table 2.4 Algebra’s Common Graphs

Constant Function Identity Function Absolute Value Function

y y y f x =x
f x =x
f x =c
2 2 2

1 1 1

x x x
–2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 1 2
–1 –1 –1

–2 –2 –2

• Domain: (–∞, ∞) • Domain: (–∞, ∞) • Domain: (–∞, ∞)

• Range: the single number c • Range: (–∞, ∞) • Range: [0, ∞)
• Constant on (–∞, ∞) • Increasing on (–∞, ∞) • Decreasing on (–∞, 0)
and increasing on (0, ∞)
• Even function • Odd function • Even function

Standard Quadratic Function Square Root Function Standard Cubic Function Cube Root Function

y y y y

f x =√x f x =√x
2 2 2 2
f x =x
1 f x =x 1 1 1

x x x x
–2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 1 2
–1 –1 –1 –1

–2 –2 –2 –2

• Domain: (–∞, ∞) • Domain: [0, ∞) • Domain: (–∞, ∞) • Domain: (–∞, ∞)

• Range: [0, ∞) • Range: [0, ∞) • Range: (–∞, ∞) • Range: (–∞, ∞)
• Decreasing on (–∞, 0) • Increasing on (0, ∞) • Increasing on (–∞, ∞) • Increasing on (–∞, ∞)
and increasing on (0, ∞)
• Even function • Neither even nor odd • Odd function • Odd function

Discovery
The study of how changing a function’s equation can affect its graph can be explored with
a graphing utility. Use your graphing utility to verify the hand-drawn graphs as you read
this section.
284  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

❷ Use vertical shifts to graph Vertical Shifts

functions. Let’s begin by looking at three graphs whose shapes are the same. Figure 2.48
y shows the graphs. The black graph in the middle is the standard quadratic function,
5 f(x) = x 2. Now, look at the blue graph on the top. The equation of this graph,
4 g x =x+ g(x) = x 2 + 2, adds 2 to the right side of f(x) = x 2. The y@coordinate of each point
3 f x =x of g is 2 more than the corresponding y@coordinate of each point of f. What effect
2
h x =x– does this have on the graph of f ? It shifts the graph vertically up by 2 units.
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6JGITCRJQHg g(x) = x2 + 2 = f (x) + 2 UJKHVUVJGITCRJQHfWRWPKVU
–2
–3 Finally, look at the red graph on the bottom in Figure 2.48. The equation of this graph,
–4
h(x) = x 2 - 3, subtracts 3 from the right side of f(x) = x 2. The y@coordinate of each
–5
point of h is 3 less than the corresponding y@coordinate of each point of f. What
Figure 2.48 Vertical shifts
effect does this have on the graph of f ? It shifts the graph vertically down by 3 units.

6JGITCRJQHh h(x) = x2 − 3 = f (x) − 3 UJKHVUVJGITCRJQHfFQYPWPKVU

In general, if c is positive, y = f(x) + c shifts the graph of f upward c units and

y = f(x) - c shifts the graph of f downward c units. These are called vertical shifts
of the graph of f.

Vertical Shifts
Great Question!
If I’m using the graph of a familiar Let f be a function and c a positive real number.
function, how do I actually obtain • The graph of y y
the graph of a transformation? y = f(x) + c is the y=f x +c

To keep track of transformations graph of y = f(x) c y=f x

and obtain their graphs, identify shifted c units
a number of points on the given vertically upward. c
function’s graph. Then analyze y=f x
• The graph of
what happens to the coordinates x x
of these points with each
y = f(x) - c is the
transformation. graph of y = f(x) y=f x –c
shifted c units
vertically downward.

Example 1 Vertical Shift Downward

Use the graph of f(x) = ∙ x∙ to obtain the graph of g(x) = ∙ x∙ - 4.

Solution
The graph of g(x) = ∙ x∙ - 4 has the same shape as the graph of f(x) = ∙ x∙ .
However, it is shifted down vertically 4 units.

$GIKPYKVJVJGITCRJQH
f x =x9GoXGKFGPVKƂGF 6JGITCRJQH
VJTGGRQKPVUQPVJGITCRJ g x =x–

y )TCRJg x =x– y
5JKHVfWPKVUFQYP
5 5WDVTCEVHTQOGCEJ 5
(–4, 4) (4, 4)
4 yEQQTFKPCVG 4
3 3
f x =x 2 2
1 (–4, 0) 1 (4, 0)
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
(0, 0)
–3 –3 g x =x–
–4 –4
(0, –4)
–5 –5
l l l
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   285

Check Point 1 Use the graph of f(x) = ∙ x∙ to obtain the graph of

g(x) = ∙ x∙ + 3.

❸ Use horizontal shifts to graph Horizontal Shifts

functions. We return to the graph of f(x) = x 2, the standard quadratic function. In Figure 2.49,
the graph of function f is in the middle of the three graphs. By contrast to the vertical
h x = x+  g x = x–  shift situation, this time there are graphs to the left and to the right of the graph of f.
y Look at the blue graph on the right. The equation of this graph, g(x) = (x - 3)2,
8 subtracts 3 from each value of x before squaring it. What effect does this have on the
7 graph of f(x) = x 2? It shifts the graph horizontally to the right by 3 units.
6
5 g(x) = (x − 3)2 = f (x − 3)
4
3
6JGITCRJQHg UJKHVUVJGITCRJQHfWPKVUVQVJGTKIJV
2
1
x Does it seem strange that subtracting 3 in the domain causes a shift of 3 units to
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 2 3 4 5 the right? Perhaps a partial table of coordinates for each function will numerically
–2 f x =x convince you of this shift.

Figure 2.49 Horizontal shifts x f(x) ∙ x2 x g(x) ∙ (x ∙ 3)2

-2 ( - 2)2 = 4 1 (1 - 3)2 = ( -2)2 = 4
-1 ( - 1)2 = 1 2 (2 - 3)2 = ( -1)2 = 1
0 02 = 0 3 (3 - 3)2 = 02 = 0
1 12 = 1 4 (4 - 3)2 = 12 = 1
2 22 = 4 5 (5 - 3)2 = 22 = 4

Notice that for the values of f(x) and g(x) to be the same, the values of x used in
graphing g must each be 3 units greater than those used to graph f. For this reason,
the graph of g is the graph of f shifted 3 units to the right.
Now, look at the red graph on the left in Figure 2.49. The equation of this graph,
2
h(x) = (x + 2) , adds 2 to each value of x before squaring it. What effect does this
have on the graph of f(x) = x 2? It shifts the graph horizontally to the left by 2 units.

h(x) = (x + 2)2 = f (x + 2)

6JGITCRJQHh UJKHVUVJGITCRJQHfWPKVUVQVJGNGHV

In general, if c is positive, y = f(x + c) shifts the graph of f to the left c units and
Great Question! y = f(x - c) shifts the graph of f to the right c units. These are called horizontal
shifts of the graph of f.
Using my intuition, it seems that
f (x + c) should cause a shift to Horizontal Shifts
the right and f (x - c) should
cause a shift to the left. Is my Let f be a function and c a positive real number.
intuition on target when it comes • The graph of y = f(x + c) is the graph of y = f(x) shifted to the left c units.
to these horizontal shifts?
• The graph of y = f(x - c) is the graph of y = f(x) shifted to the right c units.
No. On a number line, if x
represents a number and c is y y
y=f x+c
positive, then x + c lies c units y=f x
to the right of x and x - c lies
c units to the left of x. This
c c
orientation does not apply to
horizontal shifts: f(x + c) causes x x
a shift of c units to the left and
f(x - c) causes a shift of c units y=f x–c
y=f x
to the right.
286  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

Example 2 Horizontal Shift to the Left

Use the graph of f(x) = 1x to obtain the graph of g(x) = 2x + 5.

Solution
Compare the equations for f(x) = 1x and g(x) = 2x + 5. The equation for g
adds 5 to each value of x before taking the square root.

y = g(x) = "x + 5 = f (x + 5)

6JGITCRJQHg UJKHVUVJGITCRJQHfWPKVUVQVJGNGHV

The graph of g(x) = 2x + 5 has the same shape as the graph of f(x) = 1x.
However, it is shifted horizontally to the left 5 units.

6JGITCRJQHf x =√x 6JGITCRJQH

YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF g x =√x+

y )TCRJg x =√x+ y
5JKHVfWPKVU
5 5 g x =√x+
NGHV5WDVTCEVHTQO
4 f x =√x GCEJxEQQTFKPCVG 4
3 3
(–1, 2)
2 (1, 1) (–4, 1) 2
1 (4, 2) 1
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
(0, 0) (–5, 0)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5
 l l l

Great Question!
What’s the difference between f (x) ∙ c and f (x ∙ c)?
• y = f(x) + c shifts the graph of y = f(x) c units vertically upward.
• y = f(x + c) shifts the graph of y = f(x) c units horizontally to the left.
There are analogous differences between f(x) - c and f(x - c).

Check Point 2 Use the graph of f(x) = 1x to obtain the graph of

g(x) = 2x - 4.

Some functions can be graphed by combining horizontal and vertical shifts. These
functions will be variations of a function whose equation you know how to graph,
such as the standard quadratic function, the standard cubic function, the square root
function, the cube root function, or the absolute value function.
In our next example, we will use the graph of the standard quadratic function,
2
f(x) = x 2, to obtain the graph of h(x) = (x + 1) - 3. We will graph three functions:

f (x) = x2 g(x) = (x + 1)2 h(x) = (x + 1)2 − 3.

5VCTVD[ITCRJKPI 5JKHVVJGITCRJ 5JKHVVJGITCRJ

VJGUVCPFCTF QHfJQTK\QPVCNN[ QHgXGTVKECNN[
SWCFTCVKEHWPEVKQP QPGWPKVVQVJGNGHV FQYPWPKVU
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   287

Example 3 Combining Horizontal and Vertical Shifts

2
Use the graph of f(x) = x 2 to obtain the graph of h(x) = (x + 1) - 3.

Solution
6JGITCRJQHf x =x
YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF  6JGITCRJQHh x = x+ –
6JGITCRJQHg x = x+

y )TCRJg x = x+  y )TCRJh x = x+ – y

5JKHVfJQTK\QPVCNN[ 5JKHVgXGTVKECNN[FQYP
5 WPKVNGHV5WDVTCEV 5 WPKVU5WDVTCEVHTQO 5
(–3, 4) (1, 4)
4 HTQOGCEJxEQQTFKPCVG 4 GCEJyEQQTFKPCVG 4
(–2, 4) (2, 4)
3 3 3
f x =x  2 2 2
1 1 (–3, 1) 1 (1, 1)
x x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
(0, 0) (–1, 0) 
–2 –2 g x = x+ –2
–3 –3 –3 h x = x+ –
(–1, –3)
–4 –4 –4
–5 –5 –5
l l l

Discovery
Work Example 3 by first shifting the graph of f(x) = x 2 three units down, graphing
2
g(x) = x 2 - 3. Now, shift this graph one unit left to graph h(x) = (x + 1) - 3. Did you
obtain the last graph shown in the solution of Example 3? What can you conclude?

Check Point 3 Use the graph of f(x) = 1x to obtain the graph of

h(x) = 2x - 1 - 2.

❹ Use reflections to graph Reflections of Graphs

functions. This photograph shows a
reflection of an old bridge
in a Maryland river. This
perfect reflection occurs
because the surface of the
water is absolutely still.
A mild breeze rippling
the water’s surface would
distort the reflection.
Is it possible for
y
graphs to have mirror-like
5 f x =x qualities? Yes. Figure 2.50
(–2, 4)
4
(2, 4) shows the graphs of f(x) = x 2 and g(x) = -x 2. The graph of g is a reflection about
3
the x@axis of the graph of f. For corresponding values of x, the y@coordinates of g are
2
(–1, 1) 1 (1, 1) the opposites of the y@coordinates of f. In general, the graph of y = -f(x) reflects the
x graph of f about the x@axis. Thus, the graph of g is a reflection of the graph of f about
–5 –4 –3 –2 2 3 4 5 the x@axis because
(–1, –1) (1, –1)
–2
–3 g(x) = -x 2 = -f(x).
(–2, –4) (2, –4)
–4
–5 g x =–x
Reflection about the x@Axis
Figure 2.50 Reflection about the The graph of y = -f(x) is the graph of y = f(x) reflected about the x@axis.
x@axis
288  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

Example 4 Reflection about the x@Axis

3 3
Use the graph of f(x) = 1x to obtain the graph of g(x) = - 1x.

Solution
3 3
Compare the equations for f(x) = 1 x and g(x) = - 1 x. The graph of g is a
reflection about the x@axis of the graph of f because
3
g(x) = - 1 x = -f(x).

6JGITCRJQHf x =√x 
YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF 6JGITCRJQHg x =–√x

)TCRJg x =–√x
y 4GƃGEVfCDQWVVJG y
xCZKU4GRNCEGGCEJ
5 yEQQTFKPCVGYKVJKVU 5
4  4
f x =√x QRRQUKVG
3 (8, 2) (–8, 2) 3
2 2
(0, 0)
1 1
x x
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–2 –2
(–8, –2) (0, 0)
–3 –3 (8, –2)

–4 –4 g x =–√x
–5 –5
l l l

Check Point 4 Use the graph of f(x) = ∙x∙ to obtain the graph of g(x) = -∙ x∙.
It is also possible to reflect graphs about the y@axis.

Reflection about the y@Axis

The graph of y = f( -x) is the graph of y = f(x) reflected about the y@axis.

For each point (x, y) on the graph of y = f(x), the point (-x, y) is on the graph of
y = f(-x).

Example 5 Reflection about the y@Axis

Use the graph of f(x) = 1x to obtain the graph of h(x) = 1-x.

Solution
Compare the equations for f(x) = 1x and h(x) = 1-x. The graph of h is a
reflection about the y@axis of the graph of f because
h(x) = 1-x = f( -x).
6JGITCRJQHf x =√x 6JGITCRJQH
YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF h x =√–x
)TCRJh x =√–x
y 4GƃGEVfCDQWVVJG y
yCZKU4GRNCEGGCEJ
5 xEQQTFKPCVGYKVJ 5
4 f x =√x 4
KVUQRRQUKVG
3 (–1, 1) 3
2 (1, 1) 2
1 (4, 2) (–4, 2) 1 h x =√–x
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
(0, 0) (0, 0)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5
 l l l

Check Point 5 Use the graph of f(x) = 13 x to obtain the graph of h(x) = 13 -x.
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   289

❺ Use vertical stretching and Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

shrinking to graph functions. Morphing does much more than move an image horizontally, vertically, or about an
axis. An object having one shape is transformed into a different shape. Horizontal
shifts, vertical shifts, and reflections do not change the basic shape of a graph. Graphs
g x =x remain rigid and proportionally the same when they undergo these transformations.
y
How can we shrink and stretch graphs, thereby altering their basic shapes?
7 Look at the three graphs in Figure 2.51. The black graph in the middle is the
6 graph of the standard quadratic function, f(x) = x 2. Now, look at the blue graph
5 f x =x
on the top. The equation of this graph is g(x) = 2x 2, or g(x) = 2f(x). Thus, for each x,
4
3 the y@coordinate of g is two times as large as the corresponding y@coordinate on
2 h x =  x the graph of f. The result is a narrower graph because the values of y are rising
1 faster. We say that the graph of g is obtained by vertically stretching the graph of f.
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
x Now, look at the red graph on the bottom. The equation of this graph is h(x) = 12 x 2,
or h(x) = 12 f(x). Thus, for each x, the y@coordinate of h is one-half as large as the
–2
–3 corresponding y@coordinate on the graph of f. The result is a wider graph because
the values of y are rising more slowly. We say that the graph of h is obtained by
Figure 2.51 Vertically stretching and vertically shrinking the graph of f.
shrinking f(x) = x 2 These observations can be summarized as follows:

Vertically Stretching and Shrinking Graphs

Let f be a function and c a positive real number.
• If c 7 1, the graph of y = cf(x) is the graph of y = f(x) vertically stretched
Great Question! by multiplying each of its y@coordinates by c.
Does vertical stretching or • If 0 6 c 6 1, the graph of y = cf(x) is the graph of y = f(x) vertically shrunk
shrinking change a graph’s shape? by multiplying each of its y@coordinates by c.
Yes. A vertical stretch moves a
function’s graph away from the
Stretching : c > 1 Shrinking : 0 < c < 1
x@axis. A vertical shrink y y
compresses a function’s graph y=cf x
toward the x@axis. The other y=f x
transformations we have
discussed (vertical shifts,
x x
horizontal shifts, and reflections) 0 0
change only the position of a y=f x
function’s graph without changing y=cf x
the shape of the basic graph.

Example 6 Vertically Shrinking a Graph

Use the graph of f(x) = x 3 to obtain the graph of h(x) = 12 x 3.

Solution
The graph of h(x) = 12 x 3 is obtained by vertically shrinking the graph of f(x) = x 3.

6JGITCRJQHf x =x 6JGITCRJQH

 
YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF h x =x

 
)TCRJh x =x 
y 8GTVKECNN[UJTKPMVJG y

10 ITCRJQHf/WNVKRN[ 10
(2, 8) 
GCEJyEQQTFKPCVGD[
8  8  
6 6 h x =x

4 4
(2, 4)
2 2
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–2 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–2 1 2 3 4 5
f x =x –4 –4
(0, 0) (–2, –4) (0, 0)
–6 –6
–8 –8
(–2, –8)
–10 –10
l l l
290  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

Check Point 6 Use the graph of f(x) = ∙x∙ to obtain the graph of g(x) = 2∙x∙ .

❻ Use horizontal stretching and Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking

shrinking to graph functions. It is also possible to stretch and shrink graphs horizontally.

Great Question!
Horizontally Stretching and Shrinking Graphs
How does horizontal shrinking
or stretching change a graph’s Let f be a function and c a positive real number.
shape? • If c 7 1, the graph of y = f(cx) is the graph of y = f(x) horizontally shrunk
A horizontal shrink compresses by dividing each of its x@coordinates by c.
a function’s graph toward the
• If 0 6 c 6 1, the graph of y = f(cx) is the graph of y = f(x) horizontally
y@axis. A horizontal stretch moves
a function’s graph away from the
stretched by dividing each of its x@coordinates by c.
y@axis.
Shrinking : c > 1 Stretching : 0 < c < 1
y y

y=f x y=f cx

x x
0 0
y=f x
y=f cx

y Example 7 Horizontally Stretching and Shrinking a Graph

(–2, 4)
5 Use the graph of y = f(x) in Figure 2.52 to obtain each of the following graphs:
4
3 y=f x a. g(x) = f(2x) b. h(x) = f 1 12 x 2 .
2
(–4, 0) 1 (0, 0) (4, 0)
x Solution
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
a. The graph of g(x) = f(2x) is obtained by horizontally shrinking the graph of
–2
–3
(2, –2) y = f(x).
–4
–5 6JGITCRJQHy=f x 6JGITCRJQH
YKVJƂXGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF g x =f x
Figure 2.52 )TCRJg x =f x 
y *QTK\QPVCNN[UJTKPM y
VJGITCRJQHy=f x 
(–2, 4) 5 &KXKFGGCEJxEQQTFKPCVG (–1, 4)
5
4 D[ 4 g x =f x
3 y=f x 3
2 2
(0, 0)
(–4, 0) 1 (0, 0) (4, 0) (–2, 0) 1 (2, 0)
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
(2, –2) (1, –2)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   291

b. The graph of h(x) = f 1 12 x 2 is obtained by horizontally stretching the graph

of y = f(x).

6JGITCRJQHy=f x
 
YKVJƂXGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF )TCRJh x =f x  6JGITCRJQHh x =f x

*QTK\QPVCNN[UVTGVEJ
y VJGITCRJQHy=f x  y
&KXKFGGCEJxEQQTFKPCVG

(–2, 4) 5 D[YJKEJKUVJGUCOG
 (–4, 4) 5
4 CUOWNVKRN[KPID[ 4
3 y=f x 3
2 2
(–8, 0) (0, 0)
y (–4, 0) 1 (0, 0) (4, 0) 1 (8, 0)
x x
5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 –2 –2 (4, –2)
(0, 3) (2, –2)
3 –3 –3 
h x =f x
y=f x 
2 –4 –4
1 (2, 0) (6, 0) –5 –5
(–2, 0)
x
–3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 l l l
–2
–3
(4, –3)
–4
–5 Check Point 7 Use the graph of y = f(x) in Figure 2.53 to obtain each of the
following graphs:
Figure 2.53 a. g(x) = f(2x) b. h(x) = f 1 12 x 2 .

❼ Graph functions involving a Sequences of Transformations

sequence of transformations. Table 2.5 summarizes the procedures for transforming the graph of y = f(x).

Table 2.5 Summary of Transformations

In each case, c represents a positive real number.
To Graph: Draw the Graph of f and: Changes in the Equation of y ∙ f(x)
Vertical shifts
y = f(x) + c Raise the graph of f by c units. c is added to f(x).
y = f(x) - c Lower the graph of f by c units. c is subtracted from f(x).
Horizontal shifts
y = f(x + c) Shift the graph of f to the left c units. x is replaced with x + c.
y = f(x - c) Shift the graph of f to the right c units. x is replaced with x - c.
Reflection about the x@axis Reflect the graph of f about the x@axis. f(x) is multiplied by - 1.
y = - f(x)
Reflection about the y@axis Reflect the graph of f about the y@axis. x is replaced with -x.
y = f( - x)
Vertical stretching or shrinking
y = cf(x), c 7 1 Multiply each y@coordinate of y = f(x) by c, f(x) is multiplied by c, c 7 1.
vertically stretching the graph of f.
y = cf(x), 0 6 c 6 1 Multiply each y@coordinate of y = f(x) by c, f(x) is multiplied by c, 0 6 c 6 1.
vertically shrinking the graph of f.
Horizontal stretching or shrinking
y = f(cx), c 7 1 Divide each x@coordinate of y = f(x) by c, x is replaced with cx, c 7 1.
horizontally shrinking the graph of f.
y = f(cx), 0 6 c 6 1 Divide each x@coordinate of y = f(x) by c, x is replaced with cx, 0 6 c 6 1.
horizontally stretching the graph of f.
292  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

Order of Transformations
A function involving more than one transformation can be graphed by performing
transformations in the following order:
1. Horizontal shifting 2. Stretching or shrinking
3. Reflecting 4. Vertical shifting

Example 8 Graphing Using a Sequence of Transformations

Use the graph of y = f(x) given in Figure 2.52 of Example 7 on page 290, and
repeated below, to graph y = - 12 f(x - 1) + 3.

Solution
Our graphs will evolve in the following order:
1. Horizontal shifting: Graph y = f(x - 1) by shifting the graph of y = f(x)
1 unit to the right.
2. Shrinking: Graph y = 12 f(x - 1) by shrinking the previous graph by a
factor of 12.
3. Reflecting: Graph y = - 12 f(x - 1) by reflecting the previous graph about
the x@axis.
4. Vertical shifting: Graph y = - 12 f(x - 1) + 3 by shifting the previous graph
up 3 units.
6JGITCRJQHy=f x

YKVJƂXGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF 6JGITCRJQHy=f x– 6JGITCRJQHy=f
 x–

)TCRJy=f
 x– 
y )TCRJy=f x–  y 5JTKPMXGTVKECNN[D[C y
5JKHVWPKVVQVJG 
HCEVQTQH/WNVKRN[

(–2, 4) 5 TKIJV#FFVQGCEJ (–1, 4)
5 
GCEJyEQQTFKPCVGD[
5
4 4  4
xEQQTFKPCVG
3 y=f x 3 y=f x– (–1, 2) 3 
2 2 2 y=f
 x–

(–4, 0) 1 (0, 0) (4, 0) (–3, 0) 1 (1, 0) (5, 0) (–3, 0) 1 (1, 0) (5, 0)

x x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
(3, –1)
–2 –2 –2
–3 (2, –2) –3 (3, –2) –3
–4 –4 –4
–5 –5 –5


)TCRJy=–f x– 4GƃGEV
CDQWVVJGxCZKU4GRNCEGGCEJyEQQTFKPCVG
YKVJKVUQRRQUKVG

y )TCRJ y

 x– +
y=–f
5 5JKHVWRWPKVU#FF 5 (3, 4)
4 VQGCEJyEQQTFKPCVG (–3, 3) 4 (5, 3)
3 3
(1, 3)
2 (3, 1) 2

(–3, 0) 1 (5, 0) (–1, 1) 1  x– +
y=–f
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
 –2 –2
y=–f
 x–
(–1, –2) (1, 0)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5

 
6JGITCRJQHy=–f
 x– 6JGITCRJQHy=–f
 x– +
 l l l
 Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions   293

Check Point 8 Use the graph of y = f(x) given in Figure 2.53 of Check Point 7
on page 291 to graph y = - 13 f(x + 1) - 2.

Example 9 Graphing Using a Sequence of Transformations

2
Use the graph of f(x) = x 2 to graph g(x) = 2(x + 3) - 1.

Solution
Our graphs will evolve in the following order:
2
1. Horizontal shifting: Graph y = (x + 3) by shifting the graph of f(x) = x 2
three units to the left.
2
2. Stretching: Graph y = 2(x + 3) by stretching the previous graph by a
factor of 2.
2
3. Vertical shifting: Graph g(x) = 2(x + 3) - 1 by shifting the previous
graph down 1 unit.
6JGITCRJQHf x =x

YKVJVJTGGRQKPVUKFGPVKƂGF 6JGITCRJQHy= x+

y )TCRJy= x+  y
5JKHVWPKVUVQVJGNGHV
5 5WDVTCEVHTQOGCEJ (–5, 4) 5
(–2, 4) (2, 4)
4 xEQQTFKPCVG 4
(–1, 4)
3 3
f x =x
2 2 
1 1 y= x+
x x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 –2
(0, 0) (–3, 0)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5

)TCRJy= x+ 5VTGVEJXGTVKECNN[

D[CHCEVQTQH/WNVKRN[GCEJyEQQTFKPCVG
D[

)TCRJg x = x+ −

y y
5JKHVFQYPWPKV
9 5WDVTCEVHTQOGCEJ 9
8 yEQQTFKPCVG 8
(–5, 8) (–1, 8)
7 7
(–5, 7) (–1, 7)
6 6
5 5
4 4
 3 y= x+ − 3
y= x+
2 2
1 1
x x
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
–2 (–3, –1) –2
(–3, 0)
–3 –3
–4 –4
–5 –5


6JGITCRJQHy= x+ 6JGITCRJQHg x = x+ −

 l l l

Check Point 9 Use the graph of f(x) = x2 to graph g(x) = 2(x - 1)2 + 3.
294  Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs

Achieving Success
When using your professor’s office hours, show up prepared. If you are having difficulty with
a concept or problem, bring your work so that your instructor can determine where you are
having trouble. If you miss a lecture, read the appropriate section in the textbook, borrow
class notes, and attempt the assigned homework before your office visit. Because this text
has an accompanying video lesson for every objective, you might find it helpful to view the
video covering the material you missed. It is not realistic to expect your professor to rehash
all or part of a class lecture during office hours.

Concept and Vocabulary Check

Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true.

1. The graph of y = f(x) - 5 is obtained by a/an 5. The graph of y = 5f(x) is obtained by a/an
shift of the graph of y = f(x) a stretch of the graph of y = f(x) by multiplying each of
distance of 5 units. its -coordinates by 5.
2. The graph of y = f(x - 5) is obtained by a/an 6. The graph of y = f 1 15x 2 is obtained by a/an
shift of the graph of y = f(x) stretch of the graph of y = f(x) by
a distance of 5 units. multiplying each of its -coordinates by 5.
3. The graph of y = -f(x) is the graph of y = f(x) 7. True or false: The graph of g(x) = 1x + 4 is the
reflected about the . graph of f(x) = 1x shifted horizontally to the right
4. The graph of y = f( -x) is the graph of y = f(x) by 4 units.
reflected about the .

Exercise Set 2.5

Practice Exercises In Exercises 17–32, use the graph of y = f(x) to graph each
function g.
In Exercises 1–16, use the graph of y = f(x) to graph each
function g. y
y 4
y=f x
3 (2, 2)
y=f x 4 (0, 2) 2
3
(–4, 0) 1 (4, 0)
2 x
(–2, 2) 1 (2, 2)
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 –2 (0, 0)
(–2, –2) –3
–2
–4
–3
–4
17. g(x) = f(x) - 1 18. g(x) = f(x) + 1
1. g(x) = f(x) + 1 2. g(x) = f(x) - 1
19. g(x) = f(x - 1) 20. g(x) = f(x + 1)
3. g(x) = f(x + 1) 4. g(x) = f(x - 1)
21. g(x) = f(x - 1) + 2 22. g(x) = f(x + 1) - 2
5. g(x) = f(x - 1) - 2 6. g(x) = f(x + 1) + 2
23. g(x) = -f(x) 24. g(x) = f( -x)
7. g(x) = f( - x) 8. g(x) = - f(x)
25. g(x) = f( - x) + 1 26. g(x) = -f(x) + 1
9. g(x) = -f(x) + 3 10. g(x) = f( - x) + 3
27. g(x) = 2f(x) 28. g(x) = 12 f(x)
11. g(x) = 12 f(x) 12. g(x) = 2f(x)
13. g(x) = f 1 12 x 2 14. g(x) = f(2x) 29. g(x) = f(2x) 30. g(x) = f 1 12 x 2

15. g(x) = -f 1 12 x 2 + 1 16. g(x) = - f(2x) - 1 31. g(x) = 2f(x + 2) + 1 32. g(x) = 2f(x + 2) - 1