Mathematics for Architects and

Designers
B. Arch/ B. ID. MATH-141 (2 Cr. Hr.)
Week-5
INSTRUCTOR
DR. ADNAN ASLAM
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SEECS- NUST.
PH.D. IN MATHEMATICS
 Derivative at a Point
The derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
denoted by 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 and defined by

𝑓 𝑎+ℎ −𝑓(𝑎) Tangent

𝑓′ 𝑎 = lim at P
ℎ→0 ℎ

provided limit exists.

𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = Slope of tangent
at 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 .
When does a function not have a derivative at
a point
Differentiability Implies Continuity
If 𝑓 is differentiable at a point then 𝑓 is continuous there.

But
𝑓 is continuous at a point does not necessarily implies 𝑓 is differentiable there.
Notations for Derivative
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 is denoted by
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
or
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
or
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑥
or
𝑦′
 Differentiation Rules

SECTION 3.2
THOMAS CALCULUS
Derivative is…
 Used to find the “slope” of a function at a point.

 Used to find the “slope of the tangent line” to the

graph of a function at a point.

 Used to find the “instantaneous rate of change” of

a function at a point.
Algebraic Rules
1. Derivative of a Constant function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄:
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑐
= =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
For example (5) =0
𝑑𝑥

2. Power Rule:
𝑑 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑥
For example:
𝑑
i. 𝑥 5 = 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −3/2 3 −3−1 3 −5
ii. 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 2
Algebraic Rules
3. Derivative of a Constant Times a Function
𝑑 𝑑𝑓
(𝑐𝑓(𝑥)) = c
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For example:
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 = 3 =3 1 =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4. Derivative of Sums and Differences

𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For example:
𝑑 6
𝑑 6
𝑑
2𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 + 3 = 12𝑥 5 + 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Algebraic Rules
5. The Product Rule:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For example:
𝑑 1 2 1 1 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1
𝑥 + = 𝑥2 + + 2
𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
6. The quotient Rule:
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 −𝑓
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔2
For example:
𝑑 2 𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑥2
−1 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥 +1
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1 2
 3.4:Derivatives of 3.4:Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions Logarithmic and
Exponential Functions
𝑑 𝑑 1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑
2.
𝑑𝑥 2. 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 3. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 lna
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Second and Higher Order Derivative

If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function of 𝑥 then its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is

also a function. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is differentiable, then we can also differentiate
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) to get a new function of 𝑥 denoted by
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑑 2𝑓
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
And is called Second derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) w.r.t 𝑥.
In genral 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) id denoted by
𝑑 𝑛𝑓
𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑥 = 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
Chain Rule and Parametric
Equations

SECTION 3.5
THOMAS CALCULUS
Derivative of Composite Function
If 𝑔 is differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑔(𝑥), then the composition 𝑓𝑜𝑔 is
differentiable at 𝑥. Moreover, if
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
OR
𝑑
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Derivativ
e of
Derivative of outside function inside
function
Example
Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − tan2 𝑥 3/2

Solution:
𝑑𝑓 𝑑
= 1 − tan2 𝑥 3/2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
3
−1 𝑑
= 1 − tan 𝑥 2 1 − tan2 𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
3 2
1 𝑑
= 1 − tan 𝑥 2 0 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
3 1 1
= 1 − tan2 𝑥 2 −2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = −3 2
1 − tan 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2
Parametric Equations
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are given as functions
𝑥=𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡)
Over an interval of t-values, then the set of points 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 ) defined by
these equations is a Parametric Curve. The equations are parametric equations for
the curve.
Derivative/Slope of Parametric Curves:
A parametric curve 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡) is differentiable at 𝑡 if 𝑓 and 𝑔 are
differentiable at 𝑡. Then
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≠0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Example
The parametric equations for a curve are given by
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑎 𝑏
Find the line tangent to the curve at , .
2 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥 𝑏 2𝑥
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = = 𝑎𝑎 = − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑦 𝑎 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
At , ,
2 2
𝑎 2
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑏
=− =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎2
2
Equation of tangent line is
𝑏𝑏 𝑎
𝑦− =− 𝑥−
2 𝑎 2

Exercise 3.5
▪ Q1 to Q66, Q87 to Q104
 Implicit Differentiation

SECTION 3.6
THOMAS CALCULUS
Explicit Functions
Implicit Functions
 If one variable 𝑦 is
▪ If 𝑦 is not expressed as function
described as function of
of other variable 𝑥 then 𝑦 is
other variable 𝑥 then 𝑦 is
said to be described implicitly,
said to be described
then equation of curve is
explicitly, i.e;
represented by
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐
For example For example
1. 𝑦= 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑐2
2. 𝑦=
1 Here 𝑦 can be written explicitly
𝑥 as
𝑥+1
3. 𝑦= 𝑦 = ± 𝑐2 − 𝑥2
𝑥−1
Implicit Differentiation
But in some cases, 𝑦 can not be written explicitly as a function of 𝑥.
For example
sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1
To differentiate such equations we use Implicit Differentiation.

In order to differentiate the functions defined implicitly by the equation

𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐, we follow the steps:
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation w.r.t 𝑥(independent
variable), treating 𝑦(dependent variable) as a differentiable
function of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
2. Collect the terms with on one side of the equation.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve the equation obtained in step 2 to find expression for .
𝑑𝑥
Example 1
𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Differentiating bot sides w.r.t 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦
Example 2
Consider the curve
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
a) Find
𝑑𝑥
b) Find equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point
3 3
, .
2 2
c) At what point(s) in the first quadrant is the tangent to the curve
horizontal?
Example 2: Solution
a) Differentiate both sides w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
3 3
b) Slope of tangent at , is
2 2
𝑑𝑦
= −1
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = − =1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
Equation of tangent line is
3 3
𝑦 − = −1 𝑥 −
2 2
Equation of normal line is
3 3
𝑦− =1 𝑥−
2 2
Example 2: Solution(c)
Tangent to the curve is horizontal at the points where
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑥2 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥2
= 0 ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑦2 − 𝑥
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 in the given equation,
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 = 3𝑥 3 ⇒ 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 6 = 0
1
𝑥 3 2 − 𝑥 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 23
1 2
𝑥=0⇒𝑦=0 & 𝑥= 23 ⇒ 𝑦 = 23
1 2
Thus we get two points 0,0 and 2 , 2 .
3 3
Example 2: Solution(c)
Tangent is horizontal where
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥2
=0⇒ 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑥 ≠ 0
At 0,0
𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 0
Therefore at 0,0 tangent is not horizontal.
1 2
At 2 , 2
3 3
4 1
2 2
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 = 23 − 23 ≠0
1 2
Therefore at 2 , 2
3 3 tangent is horizontal.
Logarithmic Differentiation
We use Logarithm to differentiate the problems involving
1. Complicated quotients and products
2. Variable powers of the functions.
Steps to follow:
1. Take natural logarithm on both sides.
2. Using logarithmic properties, write quotients, products and powers as
differences, sums and scalar multiples of logarithmic functions.
3. Differentiate both sides using Implicit differentiation.
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve for .
𝑑𝑥
Example 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥+1
Find if 𝑦= 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥+3 5

Solution:
Taking natural logarithm on both sides,
𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑥+2 𝑥+3 5

𝑎
Using 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 − 𝑙𝑛𝑏
𝑏

3 5
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
Using 𝑙𝑛 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛𝑏
3 5
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥+3
Example 1
Using 𝑙𝑛 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑙𝑛 𝑎 ,
1 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 2 − 5 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 3
2 3
Differentiating w.r.t 𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 5
= + − −
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 1 3 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 5
=𝑦 + − −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥+1 3 𝑥+2 𝑥+3

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥+1 1 1 1 5
= 3 + − −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥+3 5 𝑥 2 𝑥+1 3 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
Example 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
Find if 𝑦 = cos(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Taking natural logarithm on both sides,
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 cos(2𝑥) 𝑥3

Using 𝑙𝑛 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑏𝑙𝑛 𝑎 ,
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑙𝑛 cos 2𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t 𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑦 2 3
−2 sin 2𝑥
= 3𝑥 𝑙𝑛 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 2 3
−2 sin 2𝑥
= cos(2𝑥) 3𝑥 𝑙𝑛 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥
Exercise 3.6

 Q1 to Q74