Elementary Programming

1
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea { allocate memory
/** Main method */ for radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

2
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area; area no value

// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
allocate memory
// Compute area for area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea { assign 20 to radius
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

4
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
compute area and assign it
// Compute area
to variable area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

5
 Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */ memory
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area; area 1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;

// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159; print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}

6
 Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

2. Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double

value. For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();

7
 Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
An identifier can be of any length.

8
 Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

// Compute the second area

radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

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 Declaring Variables
int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

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 Assignment Statements
x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;

radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to radius;

a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

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 Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
int x = 1;
double d = 1.4;

12
 Named Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

final double PI = 3.14159;

final int SIZE = 3;

13
 Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

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 Naming Conventions, cont.
Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE

15
 Numerical Data Types
Name Range Storage Size

byte –27 to 27 – 1 (-128 to 127) 8-bit signed

short –215 to 215 – 1 (-32768 to 32767) 16-bit signed

int –231 to 231 – 1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647) 32-bit signed

long –263 to 263 – 1 64-bit signed

(i.e., -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)

float Negative range: 32-bit IEEE 754

-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double Negative range: 64-bit IEEE 754
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324

Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

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Reading Numbers from the Keyboard
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int value = input.nextInt();

Method Description

nextByte() reads an integer of the byte type.

nextShort() reads an integer of the short type.
nextInt() reads an integer of the int type.
nextLong() reads an integer of the long type.
nextFloat() reads a number of the float type.
nextDouble() reads a number of the double type.

17
 Numeric Operators

Name Meaning Example Result

+ Addition 34 + 1 35

- Subtraction 34.0 – 0.1 33.9

* Multiplication 300 * 30 9000

/ Division 1.0 / 2.0 0.5

% Remainder 20 % 3 2

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 Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %

5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5

5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)

19
 How to Evaluate an Expression
Though Java has its own way to evaluate an
expression behind the scene, the result of a Java
expression and its corresponding arithmetic
expression are the same. Therefore, you can safely
apply the arithmetic rule for evaluating a Java
expression. 3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 + 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 + 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 + 35 – 1
(5) addition
54 - 1
(6) subtraction
53

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Augmented Assignment Operators

21
 Increment and
Decrement Operators

22
 Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * i++; int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;

int i = 10; Same effect as

int newNum = 10 * (++i); i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;

23
 Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)

Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)

What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

range increases

byte, short, int, long, float, double

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