Evolution of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role. These are distributed systems. ‘and its peripherals, vitualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility computing Vita Contig Evolution of Cloud Computing mesos | ge Distributed Systems: Itis a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and efficiently Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availabilty heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they were-Nainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing. Mainframe computing: Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost. cluster ‘computing came as an alternative to mainframe technology. Cluster computing: In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing. Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems, These were equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to someextent bul the problem related to geographical restrictions stl pertained. To solve this, the concept of Guid computing was introduced Grid computing In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The ‘main problem which was encountered was the low avaiiabilty of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to es “Successor of grid ‘computing Virtualization: Iwas introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing. Its the base on which major cloud computing services such as ‘Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on, Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization. Web 2.0: It's the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, Social media is possible because of this technology only. It gained major popularity in 2004. Service orientation: Itacts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (Saas) Utility computing: defines service provisioning techniques for services such as compute It is a computing model that services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on & pay-per-use basis. Thus, the above technologies contributed to the making of cloud computing, Types of Cloud or deployment models of cloud computing puting in which a shared pool of resources is available over Cloud computing is Internet-based com ‘can be provisioned or released with minimum management broad network access, these resources efforts and service-provider interaction. There are five types of cloud 1. Public cloud 2. Private cloud 3. Hybrid cloud 4 Community cloud 5. MulticloudPublic Cloud Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over the internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing models, ‘They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good option for handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the go-to option for small enterprises, which can start their businesses without large upfront investments by completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs. ‘The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy. A public cloud is meant to serve ‘multiple users, not a single customer. A user requires a virtual computing environment that is separated, and most likely isolated, from other users. Advantages of using a Public cloud are: 4. High Scalability 2. Cost Reduction 3. Reliability and flexibility 4. Disaster Recovery Disadvantages of using a Public cloud a 1. Loss of control over data 2. Data security and privacy 3. Limited Visibility 4. Unpredictable cost Private cloud Private clouds are distributed systems that work on private infrastructure and provide the users with ‘dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of a pay-as-you-go model in private clouds, there could be other schemes that manage the usage of the cloud and proportionally billing of the different departments or sections of an enterprise. Private cloud providers are HP Data Centers, Ubuntu, Elastic-Private cloud, Microsoft, etc. fi‘The advantages of using a private cloud are as follows: + Customer information protection: In the private cloud security concerns are less since customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out of private infrastructure. 2. Infrastructure ensuring SLAs: Private cloud provides specific operations such as appropriate ‘clustering, data replication, system monitoring, and maintenance, disaster recovery, and other uptime services. 3. Compliance with standard procedures and operations: Specific procedures have to be put in place when deploying and executing applications according to third-party compliance standards. This is not possible in the case of the public cloud. Disadvantages of using a private cloud are: ‘The restricted area of operations: Private cloud is accessible within a particular area. So the area of accessibility is restricted. 2. Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concems are less since customer data and other sensitive information do net flow out of private infrastructure. Hence skilled people are required to manage & operate cloud services. Hybrid cloud: ‘A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining facilites of the public cloud ‘and private cloud. For this reason, they are also called heterogeneous clouds. ‘A major drawback of private deployments is the inabilty to scale on-demand and efficiently address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a hybrid cloud takes advantage of both public and private clouds. 1 ute doud coed Advantages of using a Hybrid cloud are: 4) Cost: Available at a cheap cost than other clouds because it is formed by a distributed system. 2) Speed: It is efficiently fast with lower cost, It reduces the latency of the data transfer process. 3) Security: Most important thing is security. A hybrid cloud is totaly safe and secure because it works on the distributed system network. Disadvantages of using a Hybrid cloud are: {t's possible that businesses lack the internal knowledge necessary to create such a hybrid environment. Managing security may also be more challenging. Different access levels and security considerations may apply in each environment. Managing a hybrid cloud may be more difficult. With all of the alternatives and choices available ‘ today, not to mention the new PaaS components and technologies that wil be released every day going forward, public cloud and migration to public cloud are already complicated enough. It could ; just fee! ke a step too far to include hybrid. 1Community cloud: Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business sector. But sharing responsibilities among the organizations is difficult. In the community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between organizations that have shared concerns or tasks An organization or a third party may manage the cloud Commmunity Us sia an a — 6 — Ctoud Service Provider Ss eo Advantages of using Community cloud are: 1 Because the entire cloud is shared by numerous enterprises or a community, community clouds are cost-effective 2. Because it works with every user, the community cloud is adaptable and scalable. Users can alter the documents according to their needs and requirements. 3. Public cloud is less secure than the community cloud, which is more secure than private cloud. 4. Thanks to community clouds, we may share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities between different enterprises. isadvantages of using Community cloud are: Not all businesses should choose community cloud. gradual adoption of data it's challenging for corporations to share duties. ene Sectors that use community clouds are: 4. Media industry: Media companies are looking for quick, simple, low-cost ways for increasing the efficiency of content generation. Most media productions involve an extended ecosystem of partners. In particular, the creation of digital content is the outcome of a collaborative process that includes the movement of large data, massive compute-intensive rendering tasks, and complex workflow executions. 2. Healthcare industry: In the healthcare industry community clouds are used to share information and knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the private infrastructure. 3. Energy and core industry: In these sectors, the community cloud is used to cluster a set of solution which collectively addresses the management, deployment, and orchestration of services and operations 4. Scientific research: In this organization with common interests in science share a large distributed infrastructure for scientific computingjoud Mul multiple cloud computing services from different providers, which allows Multicioud is the use of vices for their specific needs and avoid vendor lock-in. Srganizations to use the best-suited ser This allows organizations to take advantage of the different f cay This allows orgenizaen ferent features and capabilities offered by Advantages of using multi-cloud: +. Flexibility. Using multiple cloud providers allows orgar their specific needs. and avoid vendor lock-in 2 Costettectiveness: Organizations can take advantage of the cost savings and pricing benefits offered by different cloud providers for different services. 3. Improved performance: By distributing workloads across multiple clove providers, organizations can improve the performance and availabilty of thelr applications and services. 4. Wreeaced security: Organizations can increase the security of their data and applications by. Spreading them across multiple cloud providers and implementing different security strategies for each. nizations to choose the best-suited services for Disadvantages of using multi-cloud: Complexity: Managing multiple cloud providers and services can be complex and require specialized knowledge and expertise. 2, Increased costs: The cost of managing multiple cloud providers and services can bbe higher than using a single provider. 4, Compatibility issues: Different cloud providers may use different technctogies and standards, which orate compatiblity issues and require additional resources to resolve, 4. canitad mtoroperabilty: Different cloud providers may not be able to interoperate seamlessly, which Can iit the ability to move data and applications between them. Architecture of Cloud Computing/Components of cloud computing gy of the current time and which is giving a new oY Virtualized servicesiresources. Starting from small ‘cloud computing services for storing nly with the help of internet. Cloud computing is one of the demanding technolo. shape to every organization by providing on derman to medium and medium to large, every organization vee intormation and accessing it from anywhere and any time o ty and inteligent monitoring are some of the most important constraints Transparency, scalability, secur should experience. which every cloud infrastructure The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts Le. 4, Frontend 2. Backend itectural view of cloud computing, The below figure represents an internal archiBACKEND ne Client infrastructure, application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, management and security all these are the components of cloud computing architecture. Frontend Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used by the client to access the cloud computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to access the cloud platform. Client Infrastructure — Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend component. It contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to access thé cloud platform. In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with the cloud. Backend: Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It contains the resources as well as manages the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control mechanisms, deployment models, etc. 1. Application - ‘Application in backend refers to a software or platform to which client accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per the client requirement. 2 Service - Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services like SaaS, PaaS and laa. Also manages which type of service the user accesses. 3. Runtime Cloud- Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual machine. 4. Storage — Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and management of stored data 5. Infrastructure - Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software etc. 6. Management - ; - ; fers to management of backend components like application, service, Management in backend ret , runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security mechanisms etc.7 Security - Security n backend refers to implementation of diferent security mechaniam\ ‘secure cloud resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users. dad 8. Internet ~ 1 1 Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and backend and establishes the interaction and communication between frontend and backend. Database— Database in backend refers to provide database for storing structured data, auch at SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases services include Amazon RDS, Mictonolt Azure. SQL database and Google CLoud SQL. }0. Networking— Networking in backend services that provide in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and virtual private 1. Analytics— Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabiliti such as warehousing, bussness intellegence and machine learning. for data in the cloud, Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture : Makes overall cloud computing system simpler. Improves data processing requirements, Helps in providing high security Makes it more modularized Results in better disaster recovery. Gives good user accessibility. Reduces IT operating cos! Provides high level reliability. Scalability.Cloud Service Models There are the following three types of cloud service models - 1, Infrastructure as a Service (laa5) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) * 3. -Software as a Service (SaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (laaS) TaaS ig also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers Characteristics of laaS There are the following characteristics of IaaS - Resources are available as a service o Services are highly scalable Dynamic and flexible © GUland API-based access Automated administrative tasks Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google ° Example: DigitalOcean, Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud. Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage the applications. . é Characteristics of PaaS There are the following characteristics of PaaS - o Accessible to various users via the same development application.© Integrates with web services and databases, © Builds on Virtuali virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the organization's need, © Support multiple languages and frameworks, © Provides an ability to "Auto-scale". Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows: Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and Openshift. Software as.a Service (SaaS) . SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web browser. Characteristics of SaaS There are the following characteristics of SaaS - © Managed from a central location © Hosted on a remote server o . Accessible over the internet @~Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically. : co The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx, ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.Cloud Service models Cloud Computing can be Glout’cemeukng oa ined as the practice of using a network of remote Internet to store, eee ), Manage, and process dat. r ore p sonal loomputer Companies offering such Sin of a computing gloud providers and t computing services base tere are the foundations abe at d on usage. Grids and clusters are the foundations for Types of Cloud Computing Most cloud computing services fall into We broad categories: 1. Software as a service (SaaS) 2. Platform as a service (PaaS) 3. Infrastructure as a service (laaS) Software as a Service(SaaS) re-as-a-Servi is a way of delivering services and applications ‘over the Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware management. It removes the need to install and run applications on our own computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software maintenance. SaaS provides-a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as- you-go basis from a cloud service provider. Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any downloads or installations required. The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software, on- demand software, or hosted software. Advantages of SaaS 1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what Ve us etctly trom thelr web : in most SaaS apps 2, Reduced time: See oA oa val any software. This reduces browser without needing to download and in the time spent in installation and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get inthe way of the software deployment. here 3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anyw! 4. Automatic Tr daton: Rather than purchasing new software, cu i i the updates. ona SaaS provider to automatically perform | ' 5. Sestapiity: It allows the users to access the services and features on demand. stomers relyThe various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud® Ari alytion, Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua dropBox, and Cloud Tran, i Moepeet Disadvantages of Saas : 1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as software to their specific needs. 2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud- based, which means that they require.a stable internet connection to function Properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the software in offline environments 3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security incidents. 4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user's data, which can be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for regulatory or other reasons, Platform as a Service Paas is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the. cloud and accessed by users simply via their. web browser. A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure, As aresult, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the development and deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware. The:consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the applicatio hosting environment. To make it simple, take the example of an annual day function, you will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same. Advantages of PaaS: ; 1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web. browse 2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thu eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to su ly mana re lifecycle: It pport the complete Sia olemon lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and 4, Emficlency: i silows for tvaliersevel Programming with reduced complexity The various companies BP HH vA e application can be more effective cloud Bees and IBM smartcloud, nt Gooale App Engine, Disadvantages of Paas: 1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations. 2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or other issues. 3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the Solution for certain organizations. Infrastructure as a Service Infrastructure as a service (laaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically laaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web servers. It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). laaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine space they use. It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for developing such applications, and services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc. Advantages of laaS: / 1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and laaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. ; 2. Website hosting: Running websites using laaS can be less expensive than traditional web hosting. | e ide better security than your 3. Security: The laaS Cloud Provider may provi existing software.4, Maintenance: There is no need to manage roduction of new teleases of the develop ts all handied by the laaS Cloud P The various companies providin ah ; 9 Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web vices, Bluestac! ain a ntsnoe af Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware. 1. Limited Control over infrastructure: laaS. Providers typically manage the inderlying infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations. 2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications, which can be a significant undertaking. 3. Limited access:-Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and countries due to legal policies. Difference between laaS, PaaS, and SaaSthe below table shows the difference between laaS, PaaS, and SaaS — the underlying data center or the ment or underlying software. This It provides a virtual data center to It provides virtual platforms and It provides web software : store information and create platforms | tools to create, test, and deploy apps to complete busin for app development, testing, and apps. tasks! deployment. ‘ It provides access to resources such as It provides runtime environments It provides software as a ser Virtual machines, virtual storage, ete. and deployment tools. for | to the end-users. applications. It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. 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On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services do administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources a8 needed Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and heterogeneous devices. ‘able to scale out and in Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it Is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been used, This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best suits their needs. Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information. Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention. ‘Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such as energy- efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact. Cloud Elasticity: Elasticity refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically expand or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down in the requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently. This elasticity helps to minimize infrastructural costs, This is not applicable for all kinds of environments, itis helpful to address only those scenarios where the resource requirements fluctuate up and down suddenly for a specific time interval. It is not quite practical to use where persistent resource infrastructure is required to handle the heavy workload, The versatility is vital for mission basic or business basic applications where any split the difference in the exhibition may prompts enormous business misfortune. Thus, flexibility comes into picture where extra assets are provisioned for such application to meet the presentation prerequisites. It works such a way that when number of client access expands, ‘applications are naturally provisioned the extra figuring, stockpiling and organization assets like central processor, Memory, ‘Stockpiling or transfer speed what's more, when fewer clients are there it will naturally diminish those as per prerequisite. It is most commonly used in pay-per-use, public cloud services. Where IT managers are willing to pay only for the duration to which they consumed the resources. Example: Consider an online shopping site whose transaction workload increases during festive season like Christmas. So for this specific period of time, the resources need a spike up. In order to handle this kind of situation, we can go for a Cloud-Elasticity service rather than Cloud Scalability ‘As soon as the season goes out, the deployed resources can then be requested for withdrawal.Cloud Scalability: Cloud scalability is used to handle the growing workload where good performance is also needed to work efficiently with software or applications. Scalability is commonly used where the persistent deployment of resources is required to handle the workload statically. Example: Consider you are the owner of a company whose database size was small in earlier days but as time passed your business does grow and the size of your database also increases, so in this case you just need to request your cloud service vendor to scale up your database capacity to handle a heavy workload. It is totally different from what you have read above in Cloud Elasticity. Scalability is used to fulfill the static needs while elasticity is used to fulfill the dynamic need of the organization. Scalability is a similar kind of service provided by the cloud where the customers have to pay-per-use. So, in conclusion, we can say that Scalability is useful where the workload remains high and increases statically. Difference Between Cloud Elasticity and Scalability : Cloud Elasticity Cloud Scalability Elasticity is used just to meet the " , sudden up and down in the workload for mea iran the static 1 asmall period of time. B Elasticity is used to meet dynamic =H changes, where the resources need can Sealablity is alvays used to address the 2 increase or decrease. 9 7 Elasticity is commonly used by smalls -atability is used by giant companies companies \wnase, Wolk aad ane whose customer circle persistently grows demand increases only for a specific in order to do the operations efficiently. 3 period of time. It is a short term planning and adopted —_— Scalability is a long term planning and just to deal with an unexpected increase adopted just to deal with an expected 4 in demand or seasonal demands. increase in demand. Dynamic provisioning or On-demand provisioning: With dynamic provisioning, the provider adds resources as needed and subtracts them as they are no longer required. It follows a pay-per-use model, i.e. the clients are billed only for the exact resources they use. Benefits: Flexibility to meet fluctuating demands. Users can quickly increase or decrease their computing resources as needed -- either short-term or long-term. 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