Table of Contents

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................. 4

Audioscripts.............................................................................................................................. 14

Answer Key ............................................................................................................................... 17

Audioscripts .............................................................................................................................. 27

Answer Key .............................................................................................................................. 31

Audioscripts ............................................................................................................................. 42
 Book 1 Answer Key
Unit 1 9 Suggested Answer
1 Suggested Answers Hi Tom,
1 Marine vessels have various purposes. Many vessels are I’m so glad that you decided to study naval architecture!
either privately owned or commercial. They carry Now, there are some different branches of that field. One is the
passengers on voyages, or transport cargo to different design of merchant ships. It involves creating fit-to-purpose
locations. Other vessels are owned by organizations or vessels for varying passengers and cargo. Another field is the
governments. These vessels may conduct military design of military ships. It involves creating strong, reliable
operations, or carry cargo to support military operations. vessels that can defend our ports against attacks.
2 Marine engineers are people who design ships and other You don’t have to decide now. But think about what interests
vessels. Some of their duties may overlap with the field you the most.
of naval architecture, which is concerned with the Greta Forbes, Academic Advisor
structure of a vessel. These professionals must have a
strong understanding of ship theory. But for the most Unit 2
part, marine engineers focus on the engines, navigation
1 Suggested Answers
devices, and other systems that are used onboard the
ship. This requires a strong understanding of mechanical 1 Many types of private and commercial vessels are
and electrical engineering. designed to carry passengers. Liners are very large
ships that carry people on long ocean voyages. Cruise
2 1F 2T 3F ships have a similar design, but are intended specifically
for vacations. They usually return to the same ports that
3 A fit to purpose D trade G ship theory they depart from. Ferries are smaller passenger vessels.
B naval architecture E offshore They usually cross just a small area, like a bay.
C military F vessel 2 Some vessels are not designed for the transport of cargo
or passengers. Instead, they are used primarily to assist
4 1 A marine engineering B cargo
larger vessels. Tugs are one example. They are strong
2 A voyage B port
3 A passengers B ships boats that often push or tow ships through harbors.
Another type of assistive vessel is an icebreaker. These
5 Suggested Answer sturdy crafts are used in polar waters to clear ice from
Marine engineering and naval architecture are related but the paths of other vessels.
separate fields. Marine engineers focus on onboard systems
and processes, while naval architects design the overall 2 1C 2D 3B
structure of a vessel.
3 A liner D bulk carrier G container ship
6 1A 2C B reefer E merchant ship
C barge F tanker
7 1 ship design 3 ship 5 structure
4 1 icebreaker 3 Ro-Ro 5 cruise ship
2 your focus 4 naval architecture 6 cargo ships
2 tug 4 ferry

8 Suggested Answer
5 Suggested Answer
A: Did you decide on a major? Liners and container ships are both very large vessels, and
B: Yes, I’d like to pursue naval architecture. they can both make long ocean voyages. However, a liner is
A: That’s a great choice! And what will your focus be? designed to carry many passengers. A container ship, on the
B: I’m not really sure. What do you mean? other hand, is designed to carry cargo.
A: Some architects design merchant vessels, for passengers
and cargo. Others specialize in military ships. 6 1T 2F 3T
B: I see. They both sound interesting.
A: You don’t have to decide just yet. Let’s start with a ship 7 1 merchant ships 3 cruise ships 5 large vessel
theory class. 2 passenger 4 liners 6 doesn’t deploy
B: That addresses the overall behavior of vessels in water,
right?
8 Suggested Answer
A: Exactly. You’ll learn which design specifications make a
vessel fit to purpose. A: You have lots of experience on merchant ships.
B: Yes. I am most familiar with cargo ships.
A: Like container ships?
B: Partly. But I also have experience on tankers.
A: Good. We need an engineer who’s familiar with different

4 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

vessels. 7 1 warships 3 experiment 5 Troops

B: That’s me. Now, this company doesn’t deploy many bulk 2 amphibious vessels 4 submarines 6 military operations
carriers, right?
8 Suggested Answer
A: That’s correct. But your experience is still valuable. I think it
will be useful on our Ro-Ros. A: I’m glad we’re studying warships. I hope to design those
someday.
B: Yes, I’m sure it will.
B: What kinds of warships are you interested in?
A: Frigates and destroyers are really fascinating. And they
9 Suggested Answer
seem very useful.
Applicant: Jack Stewart B: Those defend larger vessels, right?
Open Position: Ship engineer A: Yes. I’d like to experiment with multi-purpose vessels.
Would you hire this applicant? Y N
B: That does sound interesting. I think I’d enjoy designing
Why or why not?
mine countermeasure vessels.
The applicant has experience with container ships. He also
worked for a while on tankers. Our vessels are a little different. A: Those are pretty important, too. Troops can use them to
We primarily deploy ferries and Ro-Ros. So, I think his experience detect explosives.
will be valuable because he knows about different types of B: Right. They’re really useful in many military operations.
vessels. A: I’m looking forward to studying those, too!

9 Suggested Answer
Unit 3
This course is intended for marine engineering students who
1 Suggested Answers plan to design military vessels. In the first part of the course, we
1 A warship is a military vessel designed to attack targets will study attack vessels. These include anti-aircraft vessels and
from the sea. Their targets may be other vessels, or may some destroyers. Then, we will move on to defense vessels.
be land- or air-based. There are various types of These include frigates and mine countermeasure vessels.
warships, depending on the nature of the required Finally, we will study vessels for transporting troops and cargo.
operations. Submarines are warships that travel beneath Some examples of these are aircraft carriers and many
the surface of the water. Destroyers and battleships are amphibious vessels.
surface ships with heavy weaponry.
2 Military vessels are generally designed to withstand Unit 4
attacks. Therefore, they are very strong, and usually
have mechanisms to defend themselves. Warships are 1 Suggested Answers
equipped with various types of weaponry. Other types of 1 The main body or shell of a ship is called the hull. The
ships, like submarines, are designed to avoid enemy surface of the ship that is open to the sky is called the
detection. Mine countermeasure vessels have weather deck. Within the ship’s interior, compartments
technology for protecting other ships from mine attacks. are known as cabins and bays. Any parts of the ship
above the main weather deck are referred to as
2 Main Purpose Examples of Vessels superstructures. These may include a mast and
1 To attack enemies  Anti-aircraft vessels forecastle.
 Destroyers 2 A cabin and a bay both refer to the interior areas of a
To protect other ships from  2 Destroyers ship. That is, they are both enclosed within the ship,
damage  Mine countermeasure rather than having an open deck. The difference is in the
vessels purposes that they each serve. A cabin is occupied by
To transport people or cargo  3 Aircraft carriers people, while a bay is occupied by cargo.
 4 Amphibious vessels
2 1F 2T 3T
3 A warship D amphibious vessel
B attack E mine countermeasure vessel
C weapon F anti-aircraft 3 A bilge C weather deck E forecastle
B hull D keel F bulwark
4 1 submarine 2 frigates 3 aircraft carrier 4 ‘destroyer’
4 1 cabin 2 superstructures 3 bay 4 mast
5 Suggested Answer
5 Suggested Answer
In war, an aircraft carrier is useful because it can transport troops
and equipment to where they are needed. Superstructures are parts of a vessel that extend above the main
deck. For instance, the forecastle is considered a superstructure.
6 1T 2F 3T If the vessel has sails, then the mast is also a superstructure.

Answer Key 5
 Book 1 Answer Key

6 1B 2A 3 A deck D bulkhead G passageway

B partitioning E head
7 1 keel 3 supplies 5 hull C overhead F compartment
2 needs repair 4 bilge outlet 6 the bow 4 1A 2B 3A

8 Suggested Answer
5 Suggested Answer
A: What are we working on today?
B: The vessel is dry-docked. So, we can work on the hull. Doors and companionways are both openings in partitions
on a ship. However, a door connects compartments that
A: What’s wrong with it?
B: There’s corrosion around the bilge opening. It needs are on the same deck. A companionway, on the other
repair before the vessel returns to sea. hand, connects compartments on adjacent decks, usually
with a stairway or ladder.
A: I’ll bring the supplies.
B: The keel is fine, but the starboard side of the forecastle
6 1C 2C
needs a new coat of paint.
A: So, we need to recoat the hull along there. 7 1 head 3 find that 5 ladder
B: Yes, in some places. I think the majority of the weather 2 deck below 4 companionway 6 passageway
deck is sound, though. But you might want to check
again, just to make sure. 8 Suggested Answer
A: I’ll do that right away. A: Excuse me. I’m new onboard. Would you mind directing
me to the dining compartment on this deck?
9 Suggested Answer
B: Actually, this deck doesn’t have a dining compartment.
Date: July 27 But there’s one on the deck above.
Overview: First, I inspected the entire hull while the sip was A: Where will I find that?
dry-docked. I found corrosion around the bilge opening. B: Take this ladder up to the deck. There’s a passageway
Then, I inspected the keel. It was in excellent condition. there.
Finally, I inspected the superstructures. I observed that the A: Which direction will I go?
starboard side of the forecastle needs a new coat of paint. B: Follow the passageway towards the bow. The dining
A.W.
compartment is on the starboard side.
A: Thanks for your help!
Unit 5
1 Suggested Answers 9 Suggested Answer
1 The compartments on a ship are separated by Please attend the vessel orientation this evening before dinner.
watertight partitions. Bulkheads and overheads from The meeting will be in the dining compartment on the main
the walls and ceiling of a typical compartment. To move deck. Here’s how you will find it:
between compartments, people use watertight doors – From the sleeping compartments, go along the passageway
and companionways. Doors allow passage between towards the bow.
compartments on the same deck. Companionways – Then, go up the ladder through the companionway.
allow passage from one deck to a higher or lower one. – After that, proceed towards the starboard side until you reach
2 Watertight partitions, like bulkheads, are very important the dining compartment.
for safety aboard a ship. One part of the ship might
become damaged and take on water. Without proper Unit 6
containment, that water could easily spread throughout
the ship and pose a serious hazard. But if the crew can 1 Suggested Answers
close watertight doors, they can contain the flooding 1 Ground tackle is the set of equipment that is used to
and prevent a loss of stability. secure a ship in a particular location at sea. The anchor
is the heavy apparatus that is dropped from the vessel
2 1T 2F 3T into the water. It is attached to the vessel with a strong

6 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

chain. The crew often uses a winch to unwind the chain damaged in the last storm. So, we need to order a whole new
and release the anchor into the water. To identify the set of fenders. Also, please order a complete set of lines. We
location of the anchor once it is underwater, there may need that because most of our current lines are old, which is
be a buoy attached to it. very hazardous.
2 Securing a vessel to a dock requires strong, reliable Trent
equipment. Usually, there are dedicated lines onboard a
vessel for this purpose. When the vessel reaches the Unit 7
dock, crew members secure these to bitts or cleats
1 Suggested Answers
along the dock. Some pieces of equipment, called
fenders, protect the hull from striking the dock and 1 The hull of a vessel requires extremely strong,
sustaining damage. watertight materials. Very large, heavy-duty vessels
usually have hulls made from steel. For lighter craft, a
2 1C 2C 3D lighter metal like aluminum might be appropriate. Other
hulls are made from synthetic materials, like polymers or
3 A capstan C bitt E line G anchor fiberglass. Wooden vessels are much less common
B winch D fouling F ground tackle than they once were, but some smaller craft are still
made from lumber.
4 1 buoys 2 chains 3 Fenders 4 cleats
2 After the structure of a vessel is finished, there is still
5 Suggested Answer one more important step: applying the coatings. This is
important because it protects the ship against harsh
Lines and chains are both used to secure other equipment
marine conditions. Part of the hull is below the waterline
together. The difference is the type of material that each is
at all times, so it is subject to corrosion. Above the
made from. Lines and ropes, made from natural or
water’s surface, the vessel is exposed to wind, salt
synthetic fibers. Chains, on the other hand, are always
spray, and other climate factors. The coating must be
metal.
applied and then maintained as it wears down.
Otherwise, the wear will occur on the structural material
6 1F 2T 3T
instead.

7 1 supply order 3 stronger chains 5 extra lines

2 Material Benefits
2 fender 4 Good idea 6 quite old Paints and Lacquers 1 Protect the hull for many
years
8 Suggested Answer Fiberglass 2 Is great for hulls of smaller
A: I’m going to place the supply order. Do you want to add crafts
3 Corrosion-resistant steel Is good for building heavy-duty
anything?
vessels
B: Yes. We need a new fender. We lost one in the last
Insulation 4 Ensures safety and comfort
storm.
A: Sure. So that’s ne fender. 3 A steel C aluminum E lumber G fiberglass
B: Actually, let’s get a new set, just in case. That way, we’ll B lacquer D -resistant F nylon
have them ready in case of damage.
A: Good idea. Anything else? 4 1 A polymers B alloys 3 A sealant B insulation
B: I don’t think so. Wait, I almost forgot. We need new 2 A glass B paint
lines. The ones we have are old.
5 Suggested Answer
A: I’ll order some lines, too.
Metals are popular in the construction of vessels. Large,
9 Suggested Answer heavy-duty ships are often made from steel and other alloys.
Lightweight metals, like aluminum, are popular as well.
Hi Kelly,
We need some supplies. Would you please place an order? 6 1B 2A
First, the condition of the fenders is terrible. They became

Answer Key 7
 Book 1 Answer Key

7 1 designed 3 fiberglass 5 lacquers break under strain. If it is too ductile, it may distort
2 construction 4 quality 6 last longer instead of supporting a load. Another factor is the
hardness of a substance.
8 Suggested Answer
2 Requirement Student’s Choice Correct or Incorrect?
A: Did you hear? The AHT Willow sustained severe Materials that 1 Conductors Correct
damage this week. carry electricity
B: We designed that, didn’t we? Wow, a lot of our ships are Flexible materials 2 Brittle materials Incorrect
sustaining damage these days. 3 Materials with Hard materials Incorrect
A: Our vessels aren’t lasting very long. Maybe we need to high elastic limits
upgrade the construction materials.
B: But we get a great price on various alloys like steel. 3 A natural C load-bearing E conductor
A: I know. But it’s probably worth paying a little more. If the B insulator D ductile F hardness
quality is better, I mean.
B: I suppose you’re right. And maybe we could add better 4 1 A malleable B brittle 3 A elastic limit B luster
protection from water. 2 A synthetic B tensile
A: You mean, we could use stronger sealants?
5 Suggested Answer
B: Exactly. We must make our vessels last longer
somehow. If a material changes shape easily, it is described as
ductile. This means it has a high tensile strength.
9 Suggested Answer
6 1D 2B
Hi everyone,
Unfortunately, many of our ships are proving unreliable. We
7 1 properties of materials 4 rubber
need to improve our construction standards. Let’s start by 2 ductile and brittle 5 tensile strength
ordering new materials. We should use more durable alloys for
3 more malleable 6 get it now
our hulls. This is important because our heavy-duty ships, like
icebreakers, are not currently withstanding major impacts. 8 Suggested Answer
We should also use a thicker sealant for the hull coatings. This
A: I’m confused about some of the concepts in the lecture
is important because the current sealant is wearing down too
today.
quickly and causing a risk of leakage.
B: Do you mean the properties of materials?
Hopefully, these changes will improve the durability of our
A: Yes. It’s the difference between conductors and
products!
insulators. They’re both used in electrical systems,
right?
Unit 8
B: That’s true. But only conductors actually allow electricity
1 Suggested Answers to travel through them. Insulators don’t.
1 Different materials respond to electricity in different A: So, let’s take copper, for instance. That’s a conductor,
ways. Some substances, called conductors, allow right?
electricity to travel through them. Others, called B: Exactly.
insulators, stop the flow of electricity. These properties
are very important when choosing materials for 9 Suggested Answer
electrical components. Using an insulator in place of a 1. The difference between ductile and brittle materials is
conductor results in a non-functioning electrical system. that a ductile material changes shape when bent, while
Using a conductor in place of an insulator presents a brittle materials break.
risk of an electrical fire or explosion. 2. The difference between natural materials and synthetic
2 When assessing the load-bearing capabilities of a materials is that natural materials occur in nature, while
material, flexibility is one important factor. This is known synthetic materials must be made by humans.
as tensile strength. If a material is too brittle, it will 3. The difference between conductors and insulators is that

8 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

conductors allow electricity to pass through them, while B: That’s right. I’m pretty sure the elevators are strong
insulators do not. enough for that.
A: No, look at the specifications. Each elevator is only
Unit 9 approved for up to twenty-five thousand pounds.
B: I see the problem. This report lists kilograms, not
1 Suggested Answers
pounds.
1 Converting between measurement systems is important A: Wait, you’re saying that each elevator can hold twenty-
because different parts of the world use different five thousand kilograms?
systems. It is especially important in international fields, B: Right. That equals about fifty-five thousand pounds.
like maritime industries. Professionals in these
industries are likely to come across work from other 9 Suggested Answer
countries. If they are already familiar with the
Hi George,
conversions, they are less likely to make errors.
I used the wrong units in my latest report. Sorry!
2 In the metric system, volume is measured in liters.
Here are the corrections:
Larger quantities often appear in cubic meters instead.
Measurement: Volume
The imperial system uses gallons, or cubic yards when
I used cubic yards instead of cubic meters. So my report said
larger measurements are needed. For measurements
that the cargo bays can hold 1,000 yd3. Here’s the correction:
of weight, the metric system uses the kilogram, which is
1,000 yd3 ÷ 1.31 = 763 m3.
equal to 1,000 grams. In the imperial system, a pound
Measurement: Weight
is a standard unit of weight. It equals 16 ounces.
I used pounds instead of kilograms. So my report said that the
freight elevators can hold 55,000 lbs. Here’s the correction:
2 1F 2T 3F
55,000 lbs ÷ 2.20 = 25,000 kg.
Measurement: Temperature
3 1 A ton B liter 3 A volume B degrees
I used degrees Fahrenheit instead of degrees Celsius. So my
2 A Temperature B weight
report said that the cabin temperature will be 70ºF. Here’s the
correction: (70ºF – 32) x 1.8 = 21ºC.
4 Measuring Measuring Measuring
I’ll remember to use the right units next time!
Weight Volume Temperature
Sasha
kilogram gallon Celsius
pound cubic meter Fahrenheit Unit 10
metric ton cubic yard 1 Suggested Answers
1 In my country, we use the imperial system of
5 Suggested Answer measurement. Therefore, lengths usually appear in
To convert cubic meters to cubic yards, you multiply by inches, feet, and yards. There are twelve inches in a
1.31. For example, take 20 cubic meters: 20 m 3 x 1.31 = foot, and three feet in a yard. For longer distances,
26.2 yd3. measurements are likely to appear in miles. On land, the
word ‘mile’ is understood to mean a statute mile, or
6 1D 2B 5,280 feet.
2 A number of measurement units are used most
7 1 cubic yards 3 only holds 5 each bay holds exclusively for maritime purposes. For example, people
2 are bigger 4 This report lists 6 thirteen hundred rarely use fathoms or cable lengths except to measure
distances in water. A fathom is equal to six feet, while a
8 Suggested Answer cable length often refers to a length of 720 feet. (This
measurement can vary, depending on the place and
A: Our new design doesn’t look right. The freight elevators
context.) For distances across the water, mariners
aren’t strong enough.
usually refer to nautical miles. These are slightly larger
B: Really? Why do you say that?
than statute miles.
A: The shipments will weight up to fifty thousand pounds.

Answer Key 9
 Book 1 Answer Key

2 1F 2T 3T example. They are derived by subtracting a quantity

from a Kelvin measurement.
3 A statute mile C depth E degree G length
2 A number of factors depend on the relationships
B cable length D knot F width H meter
between kilograms, meters, and seconds. Energy,
4 1 league 3 nautical miles 5 speed 7 yard which is expressed in joules, is one of these values.
2 fathom 4 foot 6 kilometer Joules are equal to kilograms times meters squared
over seconds squared: J = kg x m2/s2. These base units
5 Suggested Answer
are also used to calculate force. Newtons are equal to
Degrees are appropriate for navigational purposes, as they kilograms times meters over seconds squared: N = kg x
represent fixed global distances. However, the value of one m/s2. Pressure is another factor requiring the same
unit varies depending on the location and heading of a units. Pascals are equal to kilograms over meters times
vessel. Therefore, general distance measurements should seconds squared: Pa = kg/(m x s2).
appear in nautical miles or cable lengths instead.

6 1D 2A 2 1B 2B 3A

7 1 distances 3 statute miles 5 values 3 A pascal C newton E kelvin

2 nautical miles 4 degrees 6 measurements B convert D energy F base unit
8 Suggested Answer
4 1 derived units 2 Pressure 3 SI 4 joules 5 force
A: Paul, there’s a problem with the measurements on your
report. You listed some distances in degrees. 5 Suggested Answer
B: Did I calculate them incorrectly? The formulas for force and pressure both use the same
A: No, the quantities are correct. But distances should be base units: kilograms, meters, and seconds. In the formula
in nautical miles. for newtons, the kilograms are multiplied by the meters.
B: Wait a minute. Didn’t you tell us not to use miles? But in the formula for pascals, the kilograms are divided by
A: I meant statute miles. Nautical miles are totally the meters.
appropriate.
B: And what’s wrong with degrees? 6 1T 2F 3F
A: They’re not consistent. The values vary.
7 1 pressure calculation 4 calculated force
B: Wow. These measurements are so confusing!
2 too high 5 found newtons
A: Don’t worry. You’ll get used to it. 3 wrong base units 6 divide the kilograms
9 Suggested Answer
8 Suggested Answer
Some of you are using incorrect units of measurement on your
reports. For instance, some people are using statute miles for A: I missed the energy calculation on the exam. My answer
calculating knots. This is a problem because a statute mile is was 250 joules.
has a different value than a nautical mile, and knots are based B: That’s way too low! My answer was 6,250.
on nautical miles. Please use nautical miles instead. A: Maybe I used the wrong base units. I thought it was
kilograms, meters, and seconds.
B: That’s right. Let me see your calculations. Ah, this is the
Unit 11
wrong derived unit. You calculated force instead of energy.
1 Suggested Answers A: So I found newtons, not joules.
1 All SI units fall into one of two categories: base units or B: Right. You’re supposed to square the meters.
derived units. When a formula is applied to one or more A: I see. Thanks for clearing that up!
base units, the result is a derived unit. In some cases,
derived units require multiple base units. Pascals, for 9 Suggested Answer
example, are derived using base units kilograms, Hi Dana,
meters, and seconds. In other cases, a derived unit You missed a few calculations on the exam. Here are the
only requires one base unit. Degrees Celsius are one

10 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

correct answers. about ready?

Exercise # 2 B: I’m just finishing the fuel calculations.
You calculated force instead of pressure. Your original formula A: What are the measurements?
was kilograms times meters over seconds squared. The correct B: The first motor used about seventeen gallons per hour.
formula is kilograms over meters times seconds squared. A: And we want to compare that to the second engine,
Exercise # 7 right?
You calculated Kelvin instead of degrees Celsius. Your original B: Yes. The new system in the second engine reduced that
formula was simply listing the kelvin measurement. The correct to fifteen gallons per hour.
formula is kelvin minus 273.15. A: So, it subtracted two gallons per hour. Two times fifty
Professor Collins hours equals a savings of 100 gallons.
B: That sounds right. So, what will the total use be after fifty
Unit 12 hours?
A: Fifteen times fifty equals 750 gallons
1 Suggested Answers
B: Let’s send this report!
1 The most basic operation for combining quantities is
addition. One quantity and another quantity are added 9 Suggested Answer
to each other: 7 + 3 = 10. Multiplication is an extension
We tested the fuel efficiency of two engines. We used this
of addition. In fact, sometimes it is called repeated
information to determine which engine was more fuel
addition. In multiplication, a quantity is added to itself a
efficient over 50 hours.
particular number of times. For instance, 2 x 4 = 8 can
Here is the calculation: The first engine used seventeen
also be expressed as 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8, or 4 + 4 = 8.
gallons per hour and the second engine used 15 gallons per
2 For splitting quantities, the most basic operation is
hour. It subtracted two gallons per hour. Two times fifty
subtraction. This involves finding the difference
hours equals a savings of 100 gallons.
between two quantities. In this process, the value of
We also determined projected usage over 50 hours.
one quantity is removed from the other: 7 – 5 = 2.
Here is the calculation: Fifteen times fitty equals 750
Another way to split quantities is to use division. It is the
gallons.
inverse operation of multiplication. In this case, a
quantity is divided into a number of equal-sized parts:
Unit 13
10 ÷ 2 = 5. In other words, if ten is split into two equal
parts, each part will equal five. 1 Suggested Answers
1 Leading zeros and trailing zeros do not represent actual
2 1F 2T 3F values. That is, the presence of a leading or trailing zero
3 A divide by C add E equal does not alter a quantity. Instead, they reinforce the
B multiply by D less F -hundred precision of a quantity. A leading zero can make
numerical comparisons easier if the quantities contain
4 1 times 2 over 3 subtracts 4 minus 5 plus
different numbers of digits. Trailing zeros indicate the
5 Suggested Answer number of significant figures. They tell someone that no
Addition and subtraction are inverse operations. That is, rounding occurred to arrive at a particular value.
one process is the opposite of the other. For instance, 3 + 2 2 Scientists and engineers use scientific notation to avoid
= 5. Inversely, 5 – 2 = 3, and 5 – 3 = 2. confusion. Very large and very small quantities can be
difficult to read. Furthermore, they take up a large
6 1 division 2 multiplication amount of space on a page. For example, someone
might miscount the number of zeros in an expression
7 1 just finishing 3 gallons of fuel 5 divided by like 0.00000007. The expression 7 x 10-8 is much
2 measurements 4 gallons 6 Sixteen times clearer. This makes it a very useful tool for reading and
writing quantities.
8 SuggestedAnswer
A: Dr. Smith wants the engine performance report. Is it 2 1F 2T 3T

Answer Key 11
 Book 1 Answer Key

3 A cubed C place E integer wrong power. You cubed the

B to the nth power D leading zero F scientific notation meters. Remember, the
meters should be squared,
4 1 exponent 3 squared 5 rounding error not cubed.
2 trailing zeros 4 significant figures
Andrew
5 Suggested Answer
If someone uses too few significant figures, the result will Unit 14
contain a rounding error. This may or may not matter in a 1 Suggested Answers
particular context, but the degree of error becomes larger
1 In mathematics, there are a few ways to represent
with each subsequent calculation. parts that are less than a whole unit. A decimal number
is one way. In this case, the digits before the decimal
6 1C 2D
are equal to or greater than one. After the decimal, the
digits represent quantities that are smaller than one.
7 1 scientific notation 3 small quantities 5 fifteenth power
These can easily become percentages by moving the
2 always use 4 fifteen places 6 next time
decimal by two places. For instance, 0.75 equals 75
percent of one unit. A fraction is another way to
8 Suggested Answer
express this quantity. Commonly, 75% appears as 3/4.
A: Let’s discuss your report.
2 Percentages and fractions are often used to represent
B: You received my corrections, right? the same types of quantities. However, they show
A: Yes. But there’s one more thing to remember. these quantities in different terms. A percentage must
B: What else did I calculate incorrectly? represent parts out of one hundred. So 80% indicates
A: Actually, the values are correct. But you didn’t use eighty parts out of one hundred. These same numbers
enough significant figures. can also appear in a fraction: 80/100. However, a
B: What do you mean? I rounded everything to two places. fraction does not always parts out of one hundred. In
A: But you must round everything to three places. That’s fact, it is preferable to reduce a fraction whenever
the policy here. possible: 80/100 = 4/5.
B: That makes sense. Some of those decimal numbers
could contain significant rounding errors. 2 1T 2F 3F
A: Right. And each calculation after that becomes less and
less precise. 3 A out of C whole number E point
B fraction D reduce F mixed number
B: I’ll do it right next time.

4 1 improper fraction 3 decimal number

9 Suggested Answer
2 percent 4 quantities
Hi Rachel,
There were a few errors on your report. Please avoid these 5 Suggested Answer
mistakes in the future. Depending on the context, ten percent (10%) may be
Error Explanation expressed as a decimal number: 0.10. It may also be
1 You did not use scientific It is important because it is expressed as a fraction: one out of ten, or one tenth (1/10).
notation. easier to read than very large
or very small quantities. 6 1B 2B

2 You used too few This is important because 7 1 fraction 3 reduce 5 just gave me
significant figures. poor precision can lead to 2 let’s say 4 decimal number 6 percent
major rounding errors.
3 In energy formulas The meters are raised to the 8 Suggested Answer
A: What will be on tomorrow’s quiz?

12 Answer Key
 Book 1 Answer Key

B: It’s pretty easy. You’ll just express quantities in different 3 1 rise 2 decreases 3 decline 4 fluctuates
forms. 4 Becoming Staying the Becoming
A: So we’ll express improper fractions as mixed numbers Larger Same Smaller
instead? expand increase steady stabilize shrink plummet
B: Yes, that’s part of it. So a quantity might be ten eights.
What’s another way to express that? 5 Suggested Answer
A: First, we can reduce the fraction. Ten eights is actually During the man’s first experiment, the success rate
five fourths. fluctuated at first, and then suddenly became lower. In
B: Good. Now let’s make it into a mixed number. other words, it plummeted. During the second experiment,
A: That would be one and one fifth. the fluctuations stabilized and his success rate increased.
B: Close, but that’s not quite right. You just gave me the
mixed number for six fifth. 6 1F 2F 3T
A: Right! I was thinking about fifths instead of quarters. It’s
7 1 plummeted 3 were successful 5 failure rate
actually one and one quarter.
B: You’re ready for the quiz! 2 seeing a decline 4 you can’t use 6 quite right

8 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer
Student: Kim Alvarez A: How is your new engine test going?
Directions: Review the following quantities. Then, express B: Not too bad. The success rate increased during the last
each quantity in another way. Identify each type of quantity. round of test.
Quantity Alternate Expression A: So, you’re seeing a rise in fuel efficiency? What did you
1. 4/5 (This is a fraction.) 80% (This is a percentage.) do differently?
2. 6/10 (This is fraction.) 3/5 (This is a reduced B: Our early tests included cheaper components. But their
fraction.) levels efficiency really fluctuated.
3. 10/8 (This is an improper 1.25 (This is a decimal B: I see. So, you couldn’t get a steady rate of good
fraction.) number.) performance.
A: Exactly. We actually wasted a lot of time trying to get
those components to work.
Unit 15
B: I’m sorry to hear you had so much trouble with it. Do
1 Suggested Answers you have better components now?
1 Accurate descriptions of changes are very important to A: Yes, the efficiency levels stabilized with our latest
engineering. Engineers are concerned with the ways components. But they’re still not quite what we want.
that objects and processes affect other things. These B: I hope you find something that works!
changes determine whether a product is effective or
ineffective. They also determine whether something 9 Suggested Answer
causes harm to other things. Engineers use this Product: We tested two different versions of our new engine
information to make important design decisions that design.
best reflect the requirements of a project. Report Summary: In the first test, we observed the
2 When something becomes larger or smaller, there are
performance fluctuated and then plummeted. However, the
often various ways to describe it. When something
parts in that model were quite cheap.
grows larger, we might say that it expands. We might
In the second test, we switched to more expensive parts so
also say that it increases in size. Similarly, if something
that the overall cost increased. However, the success rate also
becomes smaller, it decreases in size. We might also
increased.
say that it shrinks. If the amount of something rapidly
Our conclusion was that we must pay more if we want the
decreases, it is often said to plummet.
engine to function correctly. This means a rise in cost,
2 1T 2F 3F otherwise the product will fail.

Answer Key 13
 Audioscripts
Unit 1 returns to the water.
Assistant: Okay. I’ll bring the supplies.
Advisor: So, Lou. Did you decide on a major?
Supervisor: Oh, and there’s also some corrosion near the
Student: Yes, I’d like to pursue ship design.
bilge outlet.
Advisor: That’s a great choice! And what will your focus be?
Assistant: So, the hull needs a new coating.
Student: Um, I’m not really sure. What do you mean?
Supervisor: Yes, in some places. I think it’s mostly toward
Advisor: Well, some designers focus on ship structure.
the bow. But you might want to check again, just to make
Others focus on onboard systems.
Student: Oh, I see. They both sound interesting. sure.
Advisor: You don’t have to decide just yet. Let’s start with a Assistant: I’ll do that right away.
naval architecture class.
Student: That addresses the structure, right? Unit 5
Advisor: Exactly. You’ll learn how, say, merchant cargo Crew Member 1: Excuse me. I’m new onboard. Would you
ships differ from military ships. mind directing me to the head on this deck?
Student: That sounds great! Crew Member 2: Actually, this deck doesn’t have a head.
But there’s one on the deck below.
Unit 2 Crew Member 1: Oh, okay. Where will I find that?
Interviewer: So, Mr. Stewart. You have lots of experience on Crew Member 2: Take this passageway down to the end.
merchant ships. There’s a companionway there.
Applicant: Yes. I am most familiar with passenger ships. Crew Member 1: So, I’ll go down a ladder.
Interviewer: Like cruise ships? Crew Member 2: Right. Then follow the passageway. The
Applicant: Partly. But I also have experience on some of the head is the first compartment on the port side.
largest liners in the world. Crew Member 1: Thanks for your help!
Interviewer: Good. We need someone who can manage a
large vessel. Unit 6
Applicant: That’s me. Now, this company doesn’t deploy Seaman: I’m going to place the supply order. Do you want to
many passenger ships, right? add anything?
Interviewer: That’s correct. But your experience is still Boatswain: Yes. We lost a fender during the last storm.
valuable. I think it will be useful on our container ships. Seaman: Sure. So that’s one fender.
Applicant: Yes, I’m sure it will. Boatswain: Actually, let’s get a couple extras, just in case.
And we’ll attach them with stronger chains this time.
Unit 3 Seaman: Good idea. Anything else?
Boatswain: I don’t think so. Oh, wait, I almost forgot. I need
Student 1: I’m glad we’re studying warships. I hope to design
some extra lines for general tasks.
those someday.
Seaman: Did we lose some?
Student 2: Yeah? What kinds of warships are you interested
Boatswain: No. But the ones we have are quite old.
in?
Seaman: Okay, I’ll order some lines, too.
Student 1: Well, amphibious vessels are really fascinating.
And they seem very useful.
Unit 7
Student 2: Those operate on land and in the water, right?
Student 1: Yeah. I’d like to experiment with bigger, faster Shipbuilder 1: Did you hear? The AHT Polaris was retired
models. this week.
Student 2: That does sound interesting. As for me, I think I’d Shipbuilder 2: We designed that, didn’t we? Hmm. And the
enjoy designing submarines. MF Thompson got destroyed last month.
Student 1: Oh, sure! Those are pretty important, too. Troops Shipbuilder 1: Our vessels aren’t lasting very long. This
can use them to avoid detection. supports my recent concerns about our construction
Student 2: Right. They’re really useful in many military materials.
operations. Shipbuilder 2: But we get a great price on hull materials like
Student 1: Well, I’m looking forward to studying those, too! fiberglass and aluminum.
Shipbuilder 1: I know. But it’s probably worth paying a little
Unit 4 more. If the quality is higher, I mean.
Shipbuilder 2: I suppose you’re right. And maybe we could
Assistant: What are we working on today?
protect our hulls better. You know, with better coatings.
Supervisor: Well, the ship is dry-docked. So, we can work
Shipbuilder 1: You mean, we could use stronger paints and
on the keel.
lacquers?
Assistant: What’s wrong with it?
Shipbuilder 2: Exactly. Our vessels need to last longer.
Supervisor: There’s a crack. It needs repair before the ship

14 Answer Key
 Audioscripts
Otherwise, we’ll start losing business. Student 2: Well, that’s right. Let me see your calculations.
Ah, this is the wrong derived unit. You calculated force
Unit 8 instead of pressure.
Student 1: Oh! So I found newtons, not pascals.
Student 1: I’m confused about some of the concepts in the
Student 2: Right. You’re supposed to divide the kilograms by
lecture today.
Student 2: Do you mean the properties of materials? the meters. Instead, you multiplied them.
Student 1: Yeah. It’s the difference between ductile and Student 1: I see. Thanks for clearing that up!
brittle materials. They both change when something
stretches them, right? Unit 12
Student 2: That’s true. But ductile materials are more Intern 1: Dr. Olson wants the engine performance report. Is it
malleable. That is, they bend, but they don’t break. about ready?
Student 1: Ah, okay. So, let’s take rubber, for instance. Intern 2: Nearly. I’m just finishing the fuel calculations.
That’s a pretty ductile material, right? Intern 1: That sounds good. What are the measurements?
Student 2: Exactly. It has a high tensile strength. Intern 2: Well, the motor used 2,400 gallons of fuel during
Student 1: I think I get it now. the trip.
Intern 1: Okay. And we want the average gallons per hour,
Unit 9 right?
Assistant: Dr. Stevens? Our new design doesn’t look right. Intern 2: Yes. The engine ran for 150 hours. So, that’s 2,400
The cargo bays aren’t big enough. gallons over 150 hours.
Engineer: Really? Why do you say that? Intern 1: And 2,400 divided by 150 equals sixteen gallons
Assistant: The shipping containers need twelve hundred per hour.
cubic yards. Intern 2: That sounds right. So, what will it use after 500
Engineer: That’s right. I’m pretty sure the bays are bigger hours?
than that. Intern 1: Sixteen times 500 equals 8,000 gallons.
Assistant: No, look at the dimensions. Each bay only holds Intern 2: All right, let’s send this report to Dr. Olson!
one thousand cubic yards.
Engineer: That can’t be right. Oh, I see the problem. This Unit 13
report lists cubic meters, not cubic yards.
Supervisor: Come in, Carl. Let’s discuss your report.
Assistant: Wait, you’re saying that each bay holds one
Intern: I know there were some errors. You received my
thousand cubic meters?
Engineer: Right. That equals a little more than thirteen corrections, right?
hundred cubic yards. Supervisor: Yes. But there’s one more thing to remember.
Intern: Uh oh. What else did I calculate incorrectly?
Unit 10 Supervisor: Actually, the values are correct. But you didn’t use
scientific notation.
Supervisor: Paul, there’s a problem with the measurements Intern: What do you mean? I always use it for really large
on your report. You listed some distances in degrees. quantities.
Intern: Did I calculate them incorrectly? Supervisor: Ah, but you must use it for small quantities, too.
Supervisor: No, the quantities are correct. But distances Intern: Oh, that makes sense. Some of those decimal numbers
should appear in nautical miles. had up to fifteen places.
Intern: Wait a minute. Didn’t you tell us not to use miles? Supervisor: Right. Ten to the negative fifteenth power is much
Supervisor: I meant statute miles. Nautical miles are totally easier to read.
appropriate. Intern: I’ll do it properly next time.
Intern: And what’s wrong with degrees?
Supervisor: They’re not consistent. The values vary,
Unit 14
depending on the direction and location.
Intern: Wow. These measurements are so confusing! Student: What will be on tomorrow’s quiz?
Supervisor: Don’t worry. You’ll get used to it. Professor: It’s pretty easy. You’ll just express quantities in
different forms.
Student: Oh, so a quantity might be a fraction. And we’ll
Unit 11
express it as a decimal number instead?
Student 1: I missed the pressure calculation on the exam. Professor: Yes. So let’s say the quantity is eight tenths.
My answer was 250 pascals. What’s another way to express that?
Student 2: What? That was too high! My answer was 0.4. Student: First, we can reduce the fraction. Eight out of ten is
Student 1: Hmm. Maybe I used the wrong base units. I actually four fifths.
thought it was kilograms, meters, and seconds.

Answer Key 15
 Audioscripts
Professor: Good. Now let’s make it into a decimal number.
Student: That would be eighty.
Professor: Close, but that’s not quite right. You just gave me
a percentage.
Student: Oh, right! The quantity is eighty percent. But the
decimal number is 0.8.
Professor: You’re definitely ready for the quiz!

Unit 15
Engineer 1: How is your new engine test going?
Engineer 2: Not very well. The success rate plummeted
during the last round of tests.
Engineer 1: So, you’re seeing a decline in performance?
How is that possible?
Engineer 2: Our early tests were successful. But then an
important component increased in price.
Engineer 1: Oh, I see. So, you can’t use that component
anymore.
Engineer 2: Exactly. We tried a cheaper component. But that
caused a rise in the failure rate.
Engineer 1: Are you trying some other possibilities?
Engineer 2: Yes. But so far, nothing is quite right.
Engineer 1: I’m sorry to hear that. I hope you find something
that works!

16 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

Unit 1 improvements.
B: I know. The experimental group basically didn’t
1 Suggested Answers
corrode at all during the test.
1 In an experiment, a hypothesis is a prediction about A: What’s our next step?
the outcome. This gives experimenters a particular B: I’d like to perform a longer test. The material must
quality or behavior to look for during the experiment. In corrode eventually, so we still need to find out how long
this way, it forms the basis or guideline for the that takes.
experiment. Whether the hypothesis is proven true or
false, the result provides valuable information about 9 Suggested Answer
the subject of the experiment. Client: Collson Shipbuilders
2 When using the scientific method, experimenters may Problem: The current material in the hulls of vessels
only have one independent variable in an experiment. corrodes too quickly.
This variable is the only difference between the control
Hypothesis: A new material will be stronger than the current
group and the experimental group. If the groups differ
material.
in other ways, the results from the experiment will be
Experiment: We recreated typical weather and water
unclear. This is because the changes may have been
conditions for vessels. We measured surface-layer loss over
caused by multiple factors. If there is only one
an eight-week period.
independent variable and there is a difference
Conclusion: The new material is consistently more durable
between the groups, then the difference must be
than the old material.
related to that variable.

2 Step Description Unit 2

1 Hypothesis The new material is more durable than the 1 Suggested Answers
current material. 1 Extensive quantities are amounts that change based
2 Experiment The team prepared two groups and on the size of a system. They have distinct, countable
observed them under typical conditions. units. Weight is one example. In comparison, intensive
Conclusion 3 Sample B is more durable than Sample quantities cannot be separated into distinct, countable
A. units. One example is temperature. It can be
3 A testable C independent variable E scientific measured, but not physically counted.
B control group D experiment method 2 The universal accounting system is an equation that is
used to measure changes in extensive quantities over
4 Before an During an After an particular periods of time. The equation starts with a
Experiment Experiment Experiment
substance that contains a particular quantity of
hypothesis control group conclusion
observation experimental group result countable units. We call this the input. Then, as it
problem passes through the system, some of those units are
lost due to consumption. Other aspects of the
substance may change and cause generation. This
5 Suggested Answer amount left after all these changes is the output.
A control group is a part of an experiment that does not
contain or undergo the factor being tested. It gives the 2 1F 2T 3F
experimenters a frame of reference for comparison with 3 A final E universal accounting equation
the experimental group. B extensive quantity F accounting
C open system G intensive quantity
6 1T 2F 3T D generation H output

7 1 observations seemed 4 control group 4 1 Consumption 2 input 3 closed system 4 initial

2 contradicted our hypothesis 5 another experiment
3 exact results 6 the desired results 5 Suggested Answer
Accounting is an important process in engineering. This is
8 Suggested Answer because it allows engineers to monitor the progress or
A: Are the results of the hull material tests available yet? status of a process. Without reliable accounting methods,
B: Yes. I just finished preparing the report. engineers would have difficulty assessing the
A: What were the results of the experiment? performance of systems.
B: They were surprising. The new material performed 6 1B 2D
much better than we expected.
A: You’re kidding! Our observations of the problem were 7 1 output and generation 4 enters and leaves
2 starts as input 5 how generation
encouraging. But I didn’t expect more than mild
3 happens to it 6 suppose it must be

Answer Key 17
 Book 2 Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer 5 Suggested Answer

A: I don’t get the difference between extensive and In a rate process, excessive pressure might occur
intensive quantities. because a driving force is too strong. Or, it might occur
because a substance is less viscous than it should be.
B: Let’s start with extensive quantities. Do you remember
the definition?
6 1A 2C
A: Yes. Extensive quantities can be measured and
counted. 7 1 the flow rate 4 same level as usual
B: Right. Now, what about intensive quantities? 2 too much pressure 5 something is increasing
A: This is where I get confused. The textbook says that 3 I don’t know 6 or a blockage
they can be measured, but not counted. How is that
8 Suggested Answer
possible?
B: Take temperature, for instance. You can’t physically A: I’m a little concerned about our cooling system.
change its quantity. But it still has measurable changes. B: What’s the trouble?
A: Wait, you can’t count temperature? What about degrees? A: I just performed some routine checks. And the flux is way
B: Degrees don’t measure a quantity. More or fewer too low near the outlet.
degrees don’t equal greater or lesser mass. B: That is a problem. It means that something is restricting
A: That makes sense. flow somewhere in the system.
A: Exactly. But I don’t know where in the system the problem
9 Suggested Answer is.
B: Did you check the flux at the inlet?
The difference between extensive quantities and intensive
A: Yes, and it’s normal.
quantities is that extensive quantities are physical
B: Obviously, something is decreasing the rate of
amounts of mass, while intensive quantities are simply
movement.
measurable changes.
A: And it could be a leak or a blockage. I just don’t know
The difference between open systems and closed
which.
systems is that mass can enter and leave open systems,
B: I have an idea. Didn’t we recently replace a segment of
but it remains constant in closed systems.
pipe near the outlet?
The difference between consumption and output is that
A: You’re right! And we didn’t have the proper size, so we
consumption is input that gets used and destroyed in a
had to use a pipe with a smaller diameter.
system, while output is input that travels through the
B: I bet that’s the problem. We should probably clear that
system and is removed, but is not destroyed.
section of pipe.
Unit 3
9 Suggested Answer
1 Suggested Answers System: Water Distribution System
1 The rate process begins as a substance enters a Problem: The flux meters showed a significant increase in
system at an inlet. From there, the substance travels resistance partway through the pipeline.
along a path, such as a system of pipes. The rate of Actions Taken: We temporarily shut down the system and
movement at any given point along the path is known checked for blockages in the pipeline.
as the flux. The average rate from beginning to end is Resolution: We found that there was an obstruction in a
called the flow rate. At the end of the system, the section of small-diameter piping. We cleared the pipe and
substance leaves through an outlet. turned the system back on. The pressure readings are now
2 There are a number of factors that affect a system’s back to normal.
flow rate. For example, the diameter of the pipe and
the viscosity of the substance have an effect. If the Unit 4
diameter is small and the substance has a high
viscosity, the substance will move through the system 1 Suggested Answers
1 Energy can exist in a variety of forms, and may change
relatively slow. On the other hand, a highly viscous
forms frequently. Some energy is not active. That is, it is
substance and a large diameter will result in faster
not actually facilitating a change. This is called potential
movement through the system.
energy. However, it can become active. When that
happens, it is known as kinetic energy. Furthermore,
2 1F 2T 3T
many different processes can cause the release of
3 A outlet C resistance E rate process energy. When particles move against each other and
B inlet D flux F viscosity create heat, it is known as thermal energy. When
substances interact with each other, it is known as
4 1 rate 2 driving force 3 diameter 4 flow rate chemical energy.

18 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

2 Studying energy is important in any field of Unit 5

engineering. In marine engineering, the behavior of
1 Suggested Answers
energy affects the movement of vessels. Part of this is
1 The field of physics covers various forces and factors
related to the movement of water and air, since these
that affect motion. Of course, motion requires the
factors affect vessels. But the construction of hulls and
release of some kind of energy. Often, the laws of
propulsion systems also affect the way a vessel
thermodynamics, which govern heat transfer, explain
releases and responds to energy.
these processes. Measurements of velocity and
momentum are important, too. They deal with the
2 1T 2F 3T
amount of force that moves an object, and the amount
of force needed to stop it. Gravity must be considered
3 A thermal energy E potential energy
as well, as this powerful force affects the behavior of
B act on F transfer
all matter on Earth.
C electromagnetic radiation G release
2 The behavior of fluids is very relevant in marine
D conserve H chemical energy
engineering and naval architecture. Hydrodynamics is
one important area, as it addresses the behavior of
4 1 A heat B kinetic energy 2 A energy B work
water. This has a tremendous impact on vessel
design. Another important area is aerodynamics,
5 Suggested Answer
which deals with the movement of air. For one thing,
Potential energy is energy that could perform work, but is
this has an impact on the movement of seawater.
not actively doing so. It becomes kinetic energy when it
Additionally, it affects the force exerted on parts of a
begins to perform work.
ship above the waterline.

6 1D 2C
2 1T 2F 3F
7 1 having trouble 3 moving 5 transfer 3 A motion D gravity G conservation
2 Imagine 4 potential energy 6 removes B matter E thermodynamics
C fluid dynamics F law
8 Suggested Answer
A: I’m confused about the chapter on energy. Do you 4 States of Matter The Study of Measurements
understand the difference between electromagnetic Fluids of Motion
radiation energy and thermal energy? gas liquid solid aerodynamics momentum
B: Sure. Electromagnetic radiation produces light. But
hydrodynamics velocity
thermal energy produces heat.
A: That’s what the textbook says. But they seem like the
same thing to me. 5 Suggested Answer
B: They can occur together. Sometimes, electromagnetic Hydrodynamics is sub-field of fluid dynamics. Fluid dynamics
radiation leads to the release of thermal energy. addresses the movement of all fluids, while hydrodynamics
A: I guess, I’m just having trouble with the real-world specifically focuses on water.
applications.
B: Here’s an example. Imagine a power system, like a 6 1C 2C
microwave. That produces electromagnetic waves.
A: But the microwave doesn’t actually produce heat. 7 1 basic properties 3 fluid dynamics 5 one area
B: That’s true. But let’s say the waves create a change in 2 what’s different 4 water 6 different forms
the object that they’re targeting.
8 Suggested Answer
A: I see! Then, that molecular change releases thermal
energy. This makes a lot more sense now! A: Let’s talk about next semester. You still need to take
Physics 190.
9 Suggested Answer B: Wait, I thought I completed the lower-division physics
Type of Energy: Potential Energy requirement.
Example: A ship in a dry dock is an example of potential A: You’re thinking of Physics 105. But that just introduces
basic laws like gravity and thermodynamics.
energy. It is not actively performing work.
B: So what will I learn in Physics 190?
Type of Energy: Chemical Energy
A: It deals with fluids in all their different forms.
Example: Mixing iron and oxygen releases chemical
B: Ah, that’s fluid dynamics, right?
energy, producing iron oxide (rust).
A: Exactly. And you’ll study hydrodynamics and
Type of Energy: Thermal Energy
Example: The movement of particles often produces heat. aerodynamics, too.

Answer Key 19
 Book 2 Answer Key

B: Well, that does sound useful. A: So, what happened? Did the material exhibit plastic
behavior?
9 Suggested Answer B: No, it returned to its previous shape nicely under
Hello Kendra, moderate strain. The problem was when we placed it
I received your preferred courses for next semester. under heavy strain.
Unfortunately, you can’t take some of the advanced courses A: I see. It couldn’t withstand the compression.
until you complete Physics 190. That course covers the B: That’s right. And we can’t risk this material breaking.
principles of fluid dynamics, with a special focus on A: No, of course not. This material is likely to experience
hydrodynamics. It also addresses aerodynamics. These heavy compression. So, you need something stronger.
concepts are important for your marine engineering degree B: Yes. And don’t forget, it needs to be cost effective, too!
because they govern the movement of the water, the air, and A: Right! Good luck with your next round of tests.
vessels.
Let’s enroll you in Physics 190 right away. 9 Suggested Answer
Samuel Gray Hi Kevin,
Academic Advisor We completed stress testing on several alloys. Here are
the results:
Unit 6 Alloy #1 – This material failed in stress testing. It broke
1 Suggested Answers after moderate stretching.
1 Different materials respond in different ways to force. Alloy #2 – This material exhibited excellent properties of
A material might stretch very easily, and then exhibit elongation. It stretched nicely without breaking. However,
elastic behavior. That is, the material might return to it did not return to its original shape after stress was
its original shape when the force is removed. Other removed.
materials retain the new shape permanently. This is Alloy #3 – This material also stretched easily. But unlike
called plastic behavior. In construction applications, Alloy #2, it was able to return to its original shape. Based
this is often an indication that a material has failed. on these results, I recommend Alloy #3 for our project. It
2 When building structures, including ships, the wrong has the right elastic properties.
materials can cause major failures. These, in return, Alice
can harm people and result in expensive damage.
That’s why buildings materials must respond Unit 7
appropriately to forces like tension and compression.
They must be able to stretch so that they do not 1 Suggested Answers
simply break under strain. However, they cannot 1 The movement of water in the ocean is the result of
exhibit too much plastic behavior. They must be able various factors. As objects, like vessels, move through
to return to their original shape without any weakening the water, they create wakes. The strength of a wake
of the structure. depends on the size and speed of the object. Natural
forces also cause water movements. For instance, the
2 1D 2B 3B
wind creates waves. The movement of the Earth itself
3 A internal force D stretch G compression creates tides, and gravity leads to swells. All these
B stress E fail H shear
C tension F elastic behavior constant movements together lead to regular
movements called currents and eddies.
4 1A 2A 3B 2 Wave measurement is an important part of the marine
sciences. The most visible part of a wave is the
5 Suggested Answer highest point. This is called the crest. The lowest
Plastic behavior is undesirable in many designs because points beneath crests are called troughs. The height of
structures and objects are usually intended to maintain a wave is measured as the distance between these
their shapes during use. If they change shape too much, two parts. The distance that a wave travels before it
they are considered failures. subsides is another measurable factor, called the
6 1T 2F 3T fetch. It is often related to the duration, which is the
amount of time that the wave lasts.
7 1 break 3 original shape 5 tension
2 stretched 4 plastic behavior 6 you need
2 1F 2T 3T
8 Suggested Answer
3 A swell B tide C eddy D current E strength F fetch
A: I heard the new alloy failed in stress testing.
B: Yes, it’s disappointing. We really hoped that this
material would have the perfect elastic properties. 4 1 crest 2 wake 3 waves 4 duration 6 trough

20 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

5 Suggested Answer quantity generally does not change. The other

The strength of a wave is measured by how far it travels category is deadweight. This is any weight that is
and how long it lasts. These factors are known as the added to the vessel for a particular voyage, including
fetch and duration. people and cargo. Each vessel has a particular limit
on the amount of deadweight it can carry.
6 1B 2D Furthermore, it is important to distribute the
deadweight properly so that it does not interfere with
7 1 did wrong 3 partly right 5 gravity the vessel’s equilibrium.
2 I wrote 4 what causes 6 affects
2 Situation Danger
8 Suggested Answer 1 The vessel is fully One side rises and results in
A: I missed some points on the quiz. Can you tell me loaded. problems with equilibrium.
what I did wrong?
The vessel floats below 2 The vessel is at risk of running
B: Sure. Let’s go over it together. the intended draft. aground and sustaining damage.
A: The first one says, ‘What are some parts of a wave?’
So I wrote, ‘fetch’ and ‘duration’. The vessel sustains 3 The vessel loses buoyancy
minimal damage to the and may sink.
B: You were close. Those are the movements of waves.
hull.
The physical features of waves are troughs and crests.
A: I get it. Now, the next question says, ‘What water
3 A center of gravity D draft G sink
movements depend on the Earth’s movement?’ I put, B buoyancy E displacement H fully loaded
‘waves’. C rise F density
B: That’s not quite right. Do you remember waves are
mostly caused by wind? 4 1 A floats B capsizes
A: Oh yes. You wanted the answer ‘tides’. 2 A lightweight B Deadweight
3 A equilibrium B tonnage
B: Exactly.
5 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer Poor equilibrium is likely to cause one side of the vessel to
Student: Ursula Watkins rise easily. This could cause the vessel to capsize.
1. a) Please name a type of water movement.
A current 6 1D 2B
b) What causes this movement?
Currents are regular water movements that are caused by a 7 1 steady 3 deadweight 5 center of gravity
combination of factors. Wind, which leads to waves 2 rises 4 I wonder 6 changes
contributes to currents. The movement of the Earth itself,
which causes tides, is also part of current movement. 8 Suggested Answer
2. Please describe two features of waves. A: What are we working on today?
Two features of waves are the fetch and the duration. B: We’re making some changes to the T-310 model.
These are the distance that a wave travels and the amount A: I thought that model was ready for construction.
of time it lasts, respectively. B: No, the final round of computer testing didn’t go very
well. There was a problem with the buoyancy.
Unit 8 A: What happened, exactly?
B: The vessel can’t handle deadweight. There’s too much
1 Suggested Answers
displacement when it’s fully loaded.
1 Problems with flotation can result from various factors
A: So the available tonnage exceeds safety limits.
at sea. Sometimes, the deadweight onboard a vessel
B: Exactly. In one virtual test, the vessel sank!
shifts, disrupting the equilibrium. One side of the
A: That’s bad! I wonder why it’s having this problem.
vessel might rise, causing further imbalance, and
B: I’m not totally sure. But we might have to redesign most
eventually the vessel might capsize. In other cases,
of the hull.
an overloaded vessel might float below the intended
A: We’d better get to work!
draft. This increases the risk of compromised
buoyancy, or even running aground. In situations like
9 Suggested Answer
this, a vessel might sink.
2 There are two major categories of weight aboard a Summary: We found a couple of problems with the stability of
vessel. The first is lightweight. This comprises the this vessel.
essential parts of the vessel, such as the hull, onboard – One problem was that the tonnage exceeds safety limits.
systems, and basic operational equipment. This Result: Users of this vessel often fill the cargo space, which

Answer Key 21
 Book 2 Answer Key

leads to excessive displacement. Several units have run 6 1T 2F 3T

aground.
– Another problem was that the center of gravity was too 7 1 directional stability 3 to remain steady 5 transverse axis
high. 2 that term 4 new ships 6 side to side
Result: Adding deadweight to the vessel causes a loss of
8 Suggested Answer
equilibrium. This means that one side can easily rise and
A: Welcome back to Industry Now. My guest today is a
cause the vessel to capsize.
designer for Tullhouse Shipbuilders. Thanks for joining us.
Consequently, we recommend recalling all units of this
model immediately. B: It’s good to be here.
A: Your team recently developed a new type of cargo vessel.
What’s so special about it?
Unit 9
B: It’s about stability. Earlier, similar vessels had problems
1 Suggested Answers with the fundamental stability of attitude.
1 The weight and position of an onboard load can have a A: Can you explain that term? ‘Stability of attitude’?
tremendous impact on the stability of a vessel. B: Sure. That’s the vessel’s ability to remain steady, even
Sometimes, the weight is evenly distributed when the when it’s not active.
crew loads the vessel. However, the vessel’s A: So tell us how these new ships are better.
movements at sea can cause the cargo to shift. If it B: We created a ballast system that gives the crew more
shifts to the port or starboards, it can cause excessive control. So they can shift weight easily to prevent trim
heel. Similarly, a shift to the fore or aft leads to and heel.
excessive trim. If the problem is not corrected, this can A: So the vessel doesn’t lean much.
eventually lead to static capsize. B: Right. Previously, our ships sometimes experienced
2 Stability control is an important design factor, as it static capsize during loading. Now, that’s an unlikely
promotes the safety of a vessel and its crew at sea. problem.
The geometry of the hull is perhaps the most important
feature, as it determines whether the vessel will float at 9 Suggested Answer
all. But vessels also need adjustable features to Tullhouse Shipbuilders recently released a new line of cargo
account for changing conditions. A ballast system vessels. This new series has a number of improvements over
allows this adjustment. With a ballast system, the crew earlier models, primarily in the area of stability.
can distribute water to certain parts of a vessel. This Problems with earlier models: The earlier models of similar
counterbalances the weight of deadweight in other cargo vessels had poor transverse stability. In other words,
parts of the vessel. shifting cargo tended to cause excessive heel. In some cases,
this led to static capsize.
2 Situation Feature of the New Vessels Improvements: The new design has significantly better stability
The loading conditions 1 The vessel maintains stability along the transverse axis. The crew can easily control the
are difficult. of attitude. ballast. Now, static capsize is an unlikely problem.
Cargo is heavier in one The crew can shift ballast along
part of the ship than the longitudinal axis. Unit 10
another. 2 The crew can shift ballast along
the transverse axis. 1 Suggested Answers
3 The vessel sustains After dynamic capsize, the crew 1 Hull damage is a risk at sea, as the hull is exposed to
severe damage. can easily right the vessel.
a variety of hazardous conditions. Sometimes, vessels
run aground. If the seabed is particularly rough or
3 A trim E right
B transverse F stability of attitude contains sharp objects, it may penetrate the hull. In
C static capsize G loading conditions other cases, vessels may collide with each other.
D directional stability Depending on the speed and size of the vessels, this
could cause severe damage to one or both of them.
4 1 heel 3 intact ship 5 longitudinal Occasionally, severe weather can create powerful
2 dynamic capsize 4 ballast waves, and the slamming of the water itself can cause
damage.
5 Suggested Answer 2 The design of a ship plays an important role in creating a
Static capsize usually occurs gradually, as a result of safe vessel that is less likely to sink after springing a
shifting loads. Dynamic capsize, on the other hand, is leak or experiencing penetration. Adequate subdivision
typically sudden, and results from major events like is key. If a vessel is divided by watertight doors and
damage and severe weather. bulkheads, the crew can contain the spread of water.
This protects the whole of the vessel from being flooded,

22 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

and preserves its reserve buoyancy. If only the Please let me know if you have other ideas.
floodable length of the vessel is affected by incoming
waters, it will remain intact, without the risk of Unit 11
foundering.
1 Suggested Answers
2 1F 2T 3F 1 Hull design can vary significantly from one vessel to
another, but some basic design elements are almost
3 A subdivision D collision G flood always present. For one, almost every ship is
B founder E plunge H penetration symmetrical about the longitudinal axis. That is, the
C floodable length F confine port and starboard sides mirror each other at
amidships. Also, the beam of a hull generally
4 1 A reserve buoyancy B margin line becomes narrower from the top deck of a ship to the
2 A sprang a leak B ran aground floor or keel.
2 Hulls are measured in terms of various lengths, widths,
and heights. The measure between port and starboard is
5 Suggested Answer
known as the beam. This is measured parallel to the
At the very least, running aground is inconvenient. But in
waterline. The change in the height of the deck between
some cases, it can also be very dangerous. Depending on
fore and aft is known as the sheer. Between the port or
the seabed, a vessel can sustain moderate to severe
starboard side and amidships, the change is the camber.
damage, which may even cause it to flood and sink.
Along the floor of the ship, the deadrise measures the
6 1C 2B change between the hull and top of the keel.

7 1 accident 3 poor subdivision 5 designed to 2 1T 2F 3T

2 sinks 4 say that 6 unexpected
3 A freeboard D waterplane G sheer
8 Suggested Answer B perpendicular E molded depth H waterline
A: As you know, I’m writing about the recent accident C parallel F symmetrical
involving your company’s vessel.
B: Yes, it’s always worrisome when a ship sinks. 4 Parallel to the Perpendicular to Symmetrical at
A: Now, according to some sources, the problem was the Waterline the Waterline Amidships
ship design. Specifically, some say that the vessel had beam air draft camber
an inadequate floodable length. molded draft deadrise
B: I wouldn’t say that. The design met all international
seakeeping standards. 5 Suggested Answer
A: So why did it sink? Isn’t the hull designed to withstand The sheer and camber both measure changes in deck
some flooding? height. However, the sheer runs between fore and aft,
B: Of course. But the ship sustained serious damage from while the camber runs between port and starboard.
the sea ice. There were multiple penetrations across the
starboard hull. 6 1B 2A
A: So the vessel just took on too much water too quickly.
B: Exactly. We tried to contain the leak. But the water was 7 1 camber 3 different 5 between
already past the margin line before we could stop it. 2 port and starboard 4 the height 6 deck height
A: I see.
8 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer A: I keep mixing up the different hull parts. For instance, I
Hi everyone, always confuse the waterline and the waterplane.
As you probably know, one of our vessels recently sank. What’s the difference?
Here’s what happened: B: The waterline is where the water hits the hull. I
The vessel encountered major sea ice and sustained remember that because it follows a line all the way
several penetrations to the hull. The crew closed all the around. The waterplane is a real or imaginary surface
bulkheads as quickly as possible, but it was too late. Water within a ship.
had already crossed the margin line, exceeding the vessel’s A: That’s a good way to remember it. Now, what about the
floodable length. The ship foundered and sank. deadrise and the camber?
Hopefully, we can prevent similar accidents in the future. B: They both relate to port and starboard, don’t they?
Here’s one idea: I’d like to test some new hull structures that A: Right. But I’m not clear how they’re different.
better maintain the reserve buoyancy. B: Let me check the textbook. I see. The deadrise measures

Answer Key 23
 Book 2 Answer Key

the floor, near the keel. But the camber measures the Corrosion and fouling increase structural roughness, which
deck height. in turn increases the drag on a vessel.
A: Wait, what? I thought the sheer measured the deck 6 1C 2C
height.
B: That’s true. But it measures the change from fore to aft. 7 1 causes frictional 3 breaks down 5 Corrosion
A: I get it now! 2 fouling 4 quite right 6 are ready

9 Suggested Answer 8 Suggested Answer

1. Name a feature of a hull that is perpendicular to the A: Are you ready for the quiz tomorrow?
waterline. B: I think so. It’s mostly on types of drag, right?
The air draft A: That’s right. Let’s see what you remember. Can you
Define this term. name a type of resistance?
The air draft is the distance from the waterline to the topmost B: Sure. I know wave-making resistance is one major
part of the vessel. type and transverse waves result from the drag of a
2. Name a feature of a hull that is parallel to the waterline. vessel.
The beam A: Yes, that’s correct. Where does a transverse wave
Define this term. form?
The beam is the width of a vessel (the distance between port B: It forms from the bow and spreads outwards.
and starboard). A: Actually, that’s not quite right. You’re describing the other
3. Name a feature of a hull that is symmetrical at amidships. type of wave.
The camber B: Of course! Those are divergent waves. Transverse
Define this term. waves form behind the vessel.
The camber is the change in deck height between the port or A: It sounds like you’re ready for the quiz!
starboard side and amidships.
9 Suggested Answer
Unit 12  Appendage resistance
1 Suggested Answers Frictional resistance
1 Vessels must counteract various forces as they move  How does appendage resistance occur?
through the water. These forces are known as drag. Appendage resistance occurs as the result of the hull
itself as it moves through the water. The propulsion
The hull itself must push the water aside as it travels.
A smooth hull does this with most ease. A hull with system must work against this force.
greater structural roughness, however, will encounter  How does frictional resistance occur?
more resistance. Often, this is caused by corrosion or Frictional resistance occurs as a result of structural
fouling. If there are any structural attachments to the roughness on the surface of a hull. Corrosion and fouling
hull, they will add appendage resistance. are the two major causes of this.
2 As a vessel moves through the water, it must push
water aside and displace it. This action produces a Unit 13
type of resistance called wave-making resistance. The 1 Suggested Answers
waves that start from the vessel’s hull and spread 1 Today, propellers are the most common type of
diagonally are called divergent waves. Other waves propulsion for vessels. They are usually powered by
occur behind the vessel, with crests that are an engine, which rotates the blades of the propeller.
perpendicular to the vessel’s heading. These are Some propeller-driven vessels have additional
called transverse waves. propulsors as auxiliary or backup systems. Water jets
are one common type. They expel water forcefully in
2 1T 2T 3F the opposite direction of the vessel’s heading. A sail is
3 A fouling D frictional resistance G resist another type, which does not require an engine.
B particle E adjacent Instead, it harnesses wind power. Some small vessels
C appendage resistance F wave-making resistance only have water jects or sails, without any other means
4 1 A drag B corrosion of propulsion.
2 A transverse waves B Divergent waves 2 A propulsion system must have enough shaft power to
3 A Structural roughness B magnitude counteract the natural drag on a vessel. Propellers do
this with torque. First, the engine of a vessel provides
5 Suggested Answer a driving force to make the propeller move. The blades

24 Answer Key
 Book 2 Answer Key

of a propeller rotate, converting torque into lift. If the Fuel prices continue to rise. Unfortunately, our vessels are
force is strong enough, this lift creates thrust, becoming too expensive to operate. I think we need to
propelling the vessel forward. improve the propulsive efficiency of our vessels.
Our current system works like this: We have older
2 Process or Feature Result propellers that do not feature the latest technology. They
The blades of a propeller 1 The blades push the water experience significant cavitation around the airfoil, which
rotate. down and back, creating lift. leads to rapid corrosion of the blades.
2 The new blade shape There is less corrosion from To improve it, here’s what we need to do: We need to
allows easier circulation cavitation. upgrade our propellers to incorporate a more efficient
around the airfoil. blade shape.
A design includes backup 3 The systems conserve Here’s why: This would improve overall propulsive
propulsion systems. energy and are useful in efficiency by reducing cavitation. Over time, this means
emergencies. that the propeller would need less shaft power to generate
adequate thrust.
3 A propulsion C shaft power E blade G cavitation Let me know what you think.
B propulsor D circulation F water jet Sandra

Unit 14
4 Types of Features of a Forces Involved
Propulsors Propulsor in Propulsion 1 Suggested Answers
paddle wheel airfoil lift 1 Before the invention of the steam engine, mariners had
propeller overall propulsive thrust to rely on much less powerful sources to drive vessels.
sail efficiency torque Human power was one common source, and was used
for many centuries. This usually required a group of
people rowing or paddling together to generate thrust.
5 Suggested Answer
Sails were another common type. These simply
Over time, cavitation around propeller blades causes wear
required the wind in order to operate.
and corrosion.
2 Today, very large vessels often use gas turbines.
6 1A 2B These are powerful internal-combustion engines.
Often, multiple engines are stored in the engine room
7 1 help you 3 propulsion 5 How does of the vessel. Smaller vessels may have a similar
2 rise 4 overall propulsive efficiency 6 cavitation setup, but with less powerful inboard motors. Very
small vessels may have outboard motors instead. This
is common when the vessel is too small to house the
8 Suggested Answer
engine within the vessel itself. All of these types of
A: Thanks for calling Bell Builders. How may I help you?
engines operate with similar technology. That is, they
B: I manage a fleet of rental boats. Unfortunately, we’re
all burn fuel in a combustion chamber.
struggling with the recent rise in fuel prices.
A: So you want a more efficient propulsion system.
2 1F 2T 3T
B: Right. Can you help me?
A: Certainly. Our latest propellers utilize a new type of
3 A gas turbine C diesel E engine
blade. It really improves overall propulsive efficiency in
B generator D inboard motor F combustion chamber
small to medium-sized vessels.
B: That sounds great. How does it work? 4 1 engine room 3 steam engine 5 internal combustion
A: The design reduces cavitation. That is, it prevents the 2 outboard motor 4 fuels 6 electric motor
formation of air bubbles around the blades. As a result,
the blades remain smooth for much longer. So they 5 Suggested Answer
require less shaft power to produce adequate thrust. Gas turbines are common on large, heavy vessels that
B: I see. And you can make this work with my current require very powerful propulsion systems.
vessels?
A: Possibly. We’ll send someone to assess them. 6 1T 2T 3F
B: Let’s set that up.
7 1 power systems 3 gas turbine 5 engine room
2 do you think 4 you’re right 6 both types
9 Suggested Answer
Hello Ray,

Answer Key 25
 Book 2 Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer 3 A amidships C abaft E forward

A: The client finally approved the architecture for the new B port D starboard F athwartships
motor ship.
4 1 bow 3 stern 5 topside 2 aft 4 astern 6 below
B: So we can start talking about power systems.
A: Right. What do you think of the T-790 diesel engine? 5 Suggested Answer
B: I’m not sure. Didn’t we plan on a gas turbine?
The port and starboard side are the right and left sides
A: Yes, we did. But the vessel is smaller and lighter than when facing forward. On a typical vessel, the general
we originally thought. construction of these sides is symmetrical at amidships.
B: I guess that’s true. So you think our original engine is too
big? 6 1C 2B
A: It could be. We can still explore the possibility, though.
B: Let’s prepare proposals for both types of engines. Now, 7 1 aft 3 stern 5 below
2 amidships 4 didn’t see 6 port
we’ll also need power for the auxiliary systems.
A: I’m sure a basic electric generator will work. 8 Suggested Answer
B: Yes, that sounds fine. Let’s prepare some concept
designs. A: I’m new onboard, and I’m lost! Do you know your way
A: Good idea. And for the lifeboats, we can use a gasoline- around this vessel?
powered outboard motor. B: Yes, I do. Where are you trying to get to?
A: I’m supposed to meet the ship engineer in the engine
B: Sure, that makes sense.
room.
B: That’s near the stern. The door is on the starboard side.
9 Suggested Answer So just take the ladder below. Then follow the passage
Originally, we planned to use a gas turbine for the main power all the way to the starboard.
system. However, we want to use a smaller diesel engine A: Thanks for your help!
instead. This is better because the final design ended up
being smaller and lighter than originally planned. 9 Suggested Answer
For the lifeboats, we want to use a gasoline-powered We changed the location of the New-Member Orientation.
outboard motor. This is appropriate because the vessels are Originally, the meeting was scheduled to be in the aft
very small. dining hall. Now, the meeting will be topside, near the
For the onboard auxiliary systems, we want to use an electric forward muster station.
motor. This is appropriate because it can be operated Here’s how to find it:
efficiently with a small generator.  From your cabin, proceed forward along the
passage.
Unit 15  Use Companionway 2C to come topside.
1 Suggested Answers  Proceed past the flagpole. The muster station is on
the starboard side.
1 Nautical directions are different from directions on land
because a ship moves and changes position. On land,
buildings and other structures remain in fixed
locations, so their relationships are easy to identify. On
a ship, however, traditional directions like ‘left’, ‘right’,
‘north’, and ‘south’ can be confusing. Instead,
directions depend on an object’s relationship to the
vessel itself.
2 Port and starboard are the right and left when facing
the front, or bow, of a vessel. Anything towards that
end is forward. The rear is the stern of the vessel, and
things there are aft of other things. This should not be
used to refer to the objects outside of the vessel. In
this case, something might be abaft (behind) the
vessel.

2 1A 2C 3A

26 Answer Key
 Audioscripts
Unit 1 Technician 1: Exactly. But I don’t know what the cause of the
problem is.
Engineer 1: Are the results of the hull material tests available
Technician 2: Did you check the driving force?
yet?
Engineer 2: Yes. I just finished preparing the report. Technician 1: Yes. The pump is set at the same level as
Engineer 1: Great. What was the conclusion? usual.
Technician 2: Well, obviously, something is increasing the
Engineer 2: It wasn’t what we expected. The new material
didn’t perform well at all. rate of movement.
Engineer 1: You’re kidding! We were confident that this was Technician 1: And it wouldn’t be a leak or a blockage.
the right material. Our observations seemed really Those would have the opposite effect.
promising. Technician 2: Right. Oh, wait. I have an idea. Didn’t we recently
Engineer 2: I know. Unfortunately, the conclusion basically switch to a different type of coolant?
contradicted our hypothesis. Technician 1: Oh, you’re right! It probably has a different
Engineer 1: That’s very disappointing. What were the exact viscosity than the old coolant.
results? Technician 2: That’s what I’m thinking. Maybe we just need to
Engineer 2: The experimental group lost nearly fifty percent adjust the pump accordingly.
more surface material than the control group.
Engineer 1: Wow, that’s bad. In that case, what do we do next? Unit 4
Engineer 2: We’ll have to find another material. Then, we can Student 1: I’m confused about the chapter on energy. Do you
prepare another experiment. understand the difference between potential energy and
Engineer 1: I hope we get the desired results this time! kinetic energy?
Student 2: Sure. Potential energy is stored, or conserved.
Unit 2 But kinetic energy is in motion.
Student: Professor Ellis? I don’t get why there are so many Student 1: That’s what the textbook says. It also says that one
types of quantities in the universal accounting equation. type can become the other type. But I don’t get it.
Professor: Okay, let’s start with input. Do you remember what Student 2: Right. Potential energy becomes kinetic energy
that refers to? when it starts performing work.
Student: Sure, I know that one. Input is the substance that Student 1: Hmm. I guess I’m just having trouble with the real-
enters a system. world applications.
Professor: Right. Now, two types of substances leave a system. Student 2: Okay, here’s an example. Imagine a ship in a dry
Do you remember what those are? dock.
Student: This is where I get confused. I know they’re called Student 1: So, the ship isn’t moving.
output and generation. Student 2: Exactly. It’s just sitting there, in the slipway. That’s
Professor: That’s right. The output starts as input. It leaves an example of potential energy.
the system without changing. Student 1: That’s because the ship has the ability, or
Student: Wait, it doesn’t change? What happens to it in the potential, to move. But there’s no actual transfer of
system? energy.
Professor: Nothing. It enters and leaves the system in the Student 2: You got it. But let’s say someone removes the
same state. barricades.
Student: So it doesn’t undergo consumption. Student 1: Oh, I see! The ship slides into the water. So, the
Professor: That’s right. Now, can you guess how generation is potential energy starts to perform work.
different? Student 2: Right, but it’s not potential energy anymore. Now,
Student: I suppose it must be the material that changes. it’s kinetic energy.
Professor: Exactly. If the input undergoes a reaction within Student 1: I get it. This makes a lot more sense now!
the system, the resulting material is generation.
Student: Okay, that makes sense. Unit 5
Advisor: Okay, Greg. Let’s talk about next semester. You still
Unit 3 need to take Physics 190.
Technician 1: Hey, Tanya? I’m a little worried about our cooling Student: Wait, I thought I completed the lower-division physics
system. requirement.
Technician 2: What’s the trouble? Advisor: You took Physics 107. But that just introduces the
Technician 1: I just performed some routine checks. And the most basic properties of matter.
flow rate is way too high. Student: So, what’s different about Physics 190?
Technician 2: Hmm. That is a problem. It could put too much Advisor: It’s especially designed for marine engineering
pressure on the pipes. students. So, it focuses on fluid dynamics.

Answer Key 27
 Audioscripts
Student: Fluid dynamics? So, it’s about the properties of water? they last.
Advisor: Partly. You’re thinking of hydrodynamics. And that’s Professor: Exactly. So I was looking for the answers ‘fetch’ and
one area of fluid dynamics. ‘duration’.
Student: Well, that does sound useful. I suppose we’ll cover the Student: I see. Thanks for the clarification!
behavior of water in all its different forms.
Assistant: Exactly. After all, water is very different as a gas Unit 8
than, say, as a solid.
Designer 1: Hey, Carol. What vessel are we working on today?
Engineer: Right! So, you said hydrodynamics is one branch.
Designer 2: We’re making some changes to the F-210 model.
What else is there?
Designer 1: Really? I thought that model was ready for
Advisor: You’ll study aerodynamics, too.
construction.
Student: Ah, that’s the study of air, right?
Designer 2: No, the final round of computer testing didn’t go
Advisor: Yep. And that’s another important subject in your field.
very well. There was a problem with the equilibrium.
Designer 1: What happened, exactly?
Unit 6
Designer 2: The vessel isn’t steady. Even a moderate swell is
Engineer 1: Hey, George. I heard the new polymer failed in likely to cause excessive rocking.
stress testing. Designer 1: So the vessel easily rises on one side or the other.
Engineer 2: Yeah, it’s a little disappointing. We really hoped that Designer 2: Exactly. And it’s particularly bad with heavy
this material would have the right elastic behavior. deadweight. During a simulation of a storm, the fully loaded
Engineer 1: So, what happened? Did the material break under model capsized!
strain? Designer 1: Oh, wow! That’s not good. I wonder why it’s having
Engineer 2: No, it stretched nicely under heavy strain. The this problem.
problem was when we removed the stress. Designer 2: I think the center of gravity might be too high.
Engineer 1: Oh, I see. It didn’t return to the original shape Designer 1: Hmm. Well, that’s going to require some pretty
afterwards. significant changes.
Engineer 2: That’s right. And we can’t have that kind of plastic Designer 1: I know. We might have to redesign most of the hull.
behavior. Designer 2: Well, we’d better get to work!
Engineer 1: No, of course not. This material is likely to
experience heavy tension. Unit 9
Engineer 2: Exactly. So, we’ll have to try a different material.
Host: Welcome back to Industry Now. My gust today is a
Engineer 1: Hmm. So, you need something with similar
designer for Tullhouse Shipbuilders. Thanks for joining us,
properties of elongation. But the change in shape must be
Ms. Williams.
temporary.
Designer: It’s good to be here, Dave.
Engineer 2: Yes. And don’t forget, it can’t be too expensive!
Host: So, your team recently developed a new line of cargo
Engineer 1: Oh, right! Well, good luck with your next round of
vessels. What’s so special about them?
tests.
Designer: Well, it’s about stability. Earlier, similar vessels had
problems with directional stability.
Unit 7 Host: Can you explain that term? ‘Directional stability’?
Student: Professor Glenn? I missed some points on the quiz. Designer: Sure. That’s the vessel’s ability to remain steady
Can you tell me what I did wrong? during use. It depends on the weather, loading conditions,
Professor: Sure, Frances. Let’s go over it together. and various other factors.
Student: Okay, the first one says, ‘What causes currents?’ So, I Host: Okay. So tell us why your new ships are more stable.
wrote, ‘The wind causes currents’. Designer: We created a hull with better balance along the
Professor: Ah, you were partly right. The wind does contribute transverse axis. In other words, we reduced the likelihood of
to currents. excessive heel.
Student: But something else does, too? Host: Ah, so the vessel doesn’t lean much from side to side.
Professor: Exactly. Do you remember what causes swells? Designer: Right. Our earlier ships sometimes experienced static
Student: Sure. Swells result from forces acting on the Earth, like capsize. That was mostly a result of shifting loads. Now,
gravity. that’s an unlikely problem.
Professor: That’s right. And gravity also affects currents. Host: Interesting. Let’s get into the specific elements of this new
Student: Ah, okay. I’ll remember that. Now, the next question design.
says, ‘What are some measurable factors of waves?’ I put,
‘Strength’. Unit 10
Professor: Well, that’s not quite specific enough. How do you Reporter: Thanks for talking with me, Mr. Peters. As you know,
compare strengths of waves? I’m writing about the recent accident involving your
Student: Well, you look at how far they travel. And how long

28 Answer Key
 Audioscripts
company’s vessel. Student: Um, let’s see. Isn’t fouling one of the causes?
Spokesperson: Yes, it’s always worrisome when a ship sinks. Professor: Yes, that’s correct.
Reporter: Naturally. Now, some sources are blaming the ship Student: And that’s when the surface of the hull breaks down.
design. Specifically, I heard that the vessel had poor Professor: Actually, that’s not quite right. You’re describing the
subdivision. other cause of frictional resistance.
Spokesperson: I wouldn’t say that. The design met Student: Oh, of course! Corrosion is the breakdown of the hull
international standards. surface. Fouling is when marine particles become attached
Reporter: So why did it sink? Isn’t the hull designed to to the hull.
withstand penetration? Professor: You got it. It sounds like you’re ready for the quiz!
Spokesperson: Of course. But the ship encountered major sea
ice. That’s totally unexpected in this region. Unit 13
Reporter: Ah, so the vessel wasn’t intended for these particular
conditions. Representative: Thanks for calling Bell Builders. How may I
Spokesperson: Exactly. Anyway, the ice penetrated the hull in help you?
several places. We closed the bulkheads. But the damage Customer: Hi, there. I manage a fleet of ferries in the local bay.
was already severe. Unfortunately, we’re struggling with the recent rise in fuel
Reporter: I understand that the flooding was especially bad prices.
near the stern. Representative: Ah, yes. We’re hearing a lot about that lately.
Spokesperson: That’s right. The aft compartments flooded So you want a more efficient propulsion system.
quickly. That’s why the ship plunged. Customer: Right. Can you help me?
Reporter: I see. Okay, let’s talk about avoiding these accidents Representative: Certainly. In fact, our latest propellers utilize a
in the future. new type of airfoil. It really improves overall propulsive
efficiency in small to medium-sized vessels.
Unit 11 Customer: That sounds great. How does it work?
Student 1: Hey, Wendy. I keep mixing up the different hull Representative: The design reduces cavitation. That is, it
parts. Do you want to go over them with me? prevents the formation of air bubbles around the blades.
Student 2: Sure. And I know what you mean. There are so Customer: Oh, that’s a major cause of corrosion, isn’t it?
many different measurements! Representative: Exactly. As a result, the blades remain smooth
Student 1: Exactly! So, I keep confusing the molded depth and for much longer. So they require less shaft power to produce
the molded draft. Which one relates to the waterline? adequate thrust.
Student 2: The molded draft runs between the keel and the Customer: I see. And you can install these propellers in my
waterline. I remember that because ‘draft’ refers to a ferries?
distance below the water. Representative: Most likely, yes. We’ll send someone to assess
Student 1: Yeah, that’s a god way to remember it. Now, what your vessels.
about the beam and the camber? Customer: Excellent! Let’s set that up.
Student 2: Hmm. They both run between port and starboard,
don’t they? Unit 14
Student 1: Right. And I’m not clear how they’re different.
Engineer 1: Okay, the client finally approved the architecture for
Student 2: Let me check the textbook. Okay, the beam is the
the new motor ship.
width, while the camber is the height.
Engineer 2: Great! So we can start talking about power
Student 1: Wait, what? How can a height run between port and
systems.
starboard?
Engineer 1: Right. What do you think of a standard diesel
Student 2: It’s the change in the deck height between either
engine?
side and amidships.
Engineer 2: I’m not sure. Didn’t we plan on a gas turbine?
Student 1: Oh, I get it now!
Engineer 1: Yes, we did. But the vessel is smaller and lighter
than we originally thought.
Unit 12 Engineer 2: Hmm. I guess you’re right about that. So you think a
Professor: Are you ready for the quiz tomorrow? gas turbine is unnecessary?
Student: I think so. It’s mostly on types of drag, right? Engineer 1: It could be. Plus, the engine room is pretty small.
Professor: That’s right. Let’s see what you remember. Can you We can still explore the possibility, though.
name a type of resistance? Engineer 2: Okay, let’s prepare proposals for both types of
Student: Sure. I know frictional resistance is the one major engines.
type. Engineer 1: Good idea. And for the lifeboat, we can use a
Professor: Good. So, give me an example of what causes gasoline-powered outboard motor.
frictional resistance. Engineer 2: Sure, that makes sense. Now, we’ll also need

Answer Key 29
 Audioscripts
power for the auxiliary systems.
Engineer 1: Of course. An electric generator should work for
that purpose.
Engineer 2: Yeah, that sounds good. All right, let’s start putting
together some concept designs.

Unit 15
Crew Member 1: Excuse me. I’m new onboard, and I’m lost!
Do you know your way around this vessel?
Crew Member 2: Yes, I do. Where are you trying to get to?
Crew Member 1: I’m supposed to attend a meeting for new
crew members. It’s in the dining hall.
Crew Member 2: Okay. That’s on the lower deck, aft of
amidships.
Crew Member 1: Hmm. That’s where I just came from. Near
the stern, right?
Crew Member 2: That’s right. But you didn’t see the dining
hall?
Crew Member 1: No, I didn’t. Maybe I’m on the wrong deck.
Should I go below?
Crew Member 2: No, this is the correct deck. Did you take the
passage on the port or the starboard side?
Crew Member 1: Starboard, I guess. Is the dining hall on the
port side?
Crew Member 1: Yes, it is. So just take the portside passage
instead.
Crew Member 2: Okay, that sounds easy enough. Thanks for
your help!

30 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

Unit 1 slamming.
A: That’s a relief. What about stability? Was the new active fin
1 Suggested Answers
effective?
1 Seakeeping is the set of qualities that make a vessel B: Stability is a problem. The vessel nearly capsized under
seaworthy. Seakeeping performance is assessed in severe conditions.
various ways. Typically, ship designers or engineers A: Then, it sounds like the active fin didn’t work very well.
perform a series of tests. Factors tested include the B: Actually, I think your problem is the passive tank. It doesn’t
impact and effect of seawater on the vessel. Other tests give the crew enough control. I think you need an active
include the vessel’s ability to withstand grounding, severe tank.
weather, and other possible causes of damage. The A: I’ll talk to the design team about that.
vessel’s ability to remain afloat under these conditions is a
major concern for design engineers. 9 Suggested Answer
2 A stabilization system is a set of parts that reduce
Vessel: XC-980
unwanted motion while a vessel is at sea. Often, these
Testing Round: 3
systems feature tanks of water that help to redistribute
Findings: The new design features some excellent
weight across a vessel. In the case of a passive tank, the
improvements in hull durability. The vessel now withstands
water flows naturally back and forth, counteracting the
severe slamming, green seas, and even grounding with minimal
vessel’s overall movements. With an active tank, the
impact to the hull structure.
vessel’s crew can control the flow of water with a pump.
However, stability is still a major problem. The addition of
Other stabilizing features are active fins and bilge keels.
auxiliary active fins did help, but the vessel still experienced major
They extend from the vessel into the water and protect
instability, especially under severe conditions. Most likely, the
against excessive rolling.
design would benefit from the addition of an active tank. The
current passive tank doesn’t allow the crew to control the vessel
2 Seakeeping Test Result of Test
adequately. An active tank would solve this problem.
Unbalanced loads 1 Propeller emergence did not occur.
2 Grounding The vessel sustained minor damage, but Unit 2
remained mostly unharmed.
1 Suggested Answers
Stabilization 3 The system became less effective
1 Large vessels require a number of sophisticated onboard
system under severe conditions.
systems in order to operate smoothly. Power systems are
Weathering Hull and deck coatings were vulnerable to one important type. Of course, the vessel has a system
moderate wetness and slamming. for propulsion, but it also needs a system that controls on-
deck power. This system drives lighting, HVAC (heating,
3 A stabilization system D grounding G at sea ventilation, air-conditioning), communication devices,
B passive tank E slamming potable water distribution, and other functions. The
C green seas F active fin communication system also requires reliable technology,
as it connects the vessel to other vessels and to shore.
4 1 A seakeeping B emergence 3 A impact B active tank
2 A bilge keel B seabed 4 A wave data B wetness GPS, radar, and other navigational devices prevent the
vessel from becoming lost at sea.
5 Suggested Answer 2 An integrated power distribution system allows a crew to
Wetness is the presence of seawater on a vessel. Hull and control all power-based mechanisms from one central
deck coatings protect against wetness and strengthen surface control room. This is useful, as it allows one person or
durability. small team to monitor the status of multiple functions at
once. Problems can be identified and addressed quickly.
6 1F 2T 3F Furthermore, backup systems can be activated promptly,
if appropriate. Overall, an integrated system allows
7 1 the grounding tests 4 vessel nearly capsized efficient management of the onboard network.
2 a hazardous seabed 5 the bilge keel
3 what about stability 6 the passive tank 2 1T 2F 3T

8 Suggested Answer 3 A auxiliary D communication G refrigeration

A: How did the vessel do on this latest round of tests? B integrated E distribution system H power
B: Not too bad. Your team made some excellent C GPS F radio
improvements in hull durability.
A: I’m glad to hear that. So the weathering tests went well? 4 1 radar 3 HVAC 5 autopilot
B: Yes. The hull can withstand substantial wetness and 2 potable water 4 backup 6 navigation

Answer Key 31
 Book 3 Answer Key

5 Suggested Answer engine room for further instructions. A CO2 alarm is

Developing an integrated network for a vessel’s distribution specific to the engine room, and alerts engineers of
systems allow people to manage onboard systems from a dangerously high levels of carbon dioxide.
single command center. This streamlines many operations 2 During flooding, the crew of a vessel should report to the
into one system. damage control deck to receive further instruction.
Vessels have red risk zones and V-lines, which are known
6 1A 2C
to be susceptible to flood damage, so these areas should
be avoided. A vessel also has freeing ports, or holes that
7 1 integrated distribution system 4 could lose function
allow water to flow from the deck into the sea. The crew
2 monitor and maintain 5 without lighting, HVAC
opens these ports to expel the water. The crew also
3 not sure about 6 separate backup system
performs emergency bilging, or the removal of excess
water that has flooded the deck, by filling large
8 Suggested Answer
receptacles with water and tossing the water overboard.
A: The client approved our proposal for the propulsion
system. 2 1T 2F 3T
B: Now we can work on the other systems. What kind of
navigation system does the client want? 3 A V-line D muster station G red risk zone
A: He wants us to make a recommendation. B freeing port E fire alarm
B: I’d probably suggest an integrated navigation system. C damage control deck F engineers call
A: You mean, so that all the systems are linked together?
B: Exactly. That makes the network easy to monitor and 4 1 A lifeboat B ration
maintain. 2 A emergency bilging B CO2 alarm
A: I’m not sure about that. I mean, imagine what happens 3 A ‘abandon ship’ B ‘man overboard’
when the system loses power.
B: I see what you mean. Then, all the navigation systems 5 Suggested Answer
could lose function at the same time. A crew member should gather rations, warm clothing, and
A: Exactly. Suddenly, the vessel could be without GPS, radar, blankets before abandoning the ship.
autopilot, and even climate monitoring functions.
B: We could address that. There could be a backup 6 1C 2A
navigation system. It would be controlled from an auxiliary
interface. 7 1 damage control deck 4 this particular drill
A: That might work. Let’s explore that idea. 2 containing the flooding 5 ‘abandon ship’ call
3 receive instructions there 6 have been trapped
9 Suggested Answer
Dear Sir/Madam, 8 Suggested Answer
I would like some more information about your onboard A: You wanted to see me, Captain?
systems. My design team is currently building a new vessel B: We need to talk about the emergency drill this morning.
for long-range sea voyages. We need a state-of-the-art A: I’m sorry about that. I don’t know why there was so much
navigation system, complete with full-function autopilot. Also, confusion.
we’re thinking of using a power distribution system that B: I do. Your team didn’t follow the procedures. And that could
centrally controls our lighting, HVAC, and refrigeration units. be very dangerous if there were a real emergency.
However, I have concerns about integrating all these A: What did we do wrong?
functions. I want to make sure that a system failure in one B: After the fire alarm, you didn’t proceed to the muster
part of the system won’t affect other functions. Perhaps we station.
could install backup systems that are controlled separately? A: Right. We stayed behind in the engine room. You know, as
I’d like more information about what’s available. if we were extinguishing the fire.
Stephen Poole, Ship Designer B: That’s not your job. Everyone must report to the muster
station, and receive instructions there.
Unit 3 A: Why is that so important?
1 Suggested Answers B: In this particular drill, we treated the fire as impossible to
1 There are many different types of alarm on vessels. This damage. So there was an ’abandon ship’ call. And you
is necessary because a vessel is vulnerable to many missed it. In a real fire, your team could’ve been trapped in
different accidents and disasters during its operations. there with the fire.
Fire alarms alert crew and passengers to the presence of A: Okay, I get it now. We’ll make sure to follow procedures
flames or smoke. An engineers call is specific to the ship next time!.
engineers, and directs them to report immediately to the

32 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

9 Suggested Answer 8 Suggested Answer

Hi Gareth, A: I finished the vessel inspection. It looks like my team has
I’m so glad you’re joining us next week! I just realized that we’ll some work to do.
be having an emergency drill on your first day, so I wanted to B: That’s what I figured. How bad is it?
remind you about the procedures. A: There’s no major damage. The main cargo hold has a
For one, I know we’ll have a fire alarm. This could indicate minor mold problem.
flames or smoke anywhere onboard. When you hear the alarm, B: We encountered a significant amount of moisture on this
make sure you proceed to the muster station immediately and trip.
await instructions. I think we’ll also be doing an abandon ship A: That explains it. As a result, we’ll have to remove the
drill. For that, you’ll also proceed to the muster station. But try mold and inspect the ventilation system.
to bring as many rations and warm clothing as possible. The in- B: That’s probably a good idea anyway. We’re heading into
charge officer will review the process for boarding the lifeboats. system of low atmospheric pressure.
Let me know if you have any questions. A: Then you’ll definitely want protection against moisture
Cindy associated with precipitation.
B: Exactly. Now, how’s the condition of the exterior?
Unit 4 A: There’s some corrosion on the hull around the waterline.
1 Suggested Answers B: That’s odd. I wonder why.
A: Weren’t you in polar waters recently? I’m guessing that
1 Marine vessels encounter many different climate factors
sea ice is responsible.
in their travels. Some of these factors can affect the
maintenance needs of the vessel. While warmer regions
9 Suggested Answer
can offer comfortably high temperatures, solar damage to
the vessel may be a risk. Colder regions can pose various Hi everyone,
difficulties. Hail and ice are abrasive, and can easily Today, we’re going to perform maintenance on the Waltona.
damage the hull as well as onboard equipment. But hot It was recently exposed to a significant amount of moisture
and cold regions can have waters with high salinity. This and as a result the main cargo hold has a minor mold
can be a problem because salt has a corrosive effect on problem. We’ll have to remove the mold and inspect the
surfaces. ventilation system. Next, it is heading into system of low
2 Weather is an important factor for navigators to consider atmospheric pressure. So it definitely wants protection
during marine voyages. While strong winds can contribute against moisture associated with precipitation.
to the speed of a vessel that utilizes sails, unusually Also, there’s some corrosion on the hull around the
strong gusts can be destructive, and actually deter waterline. It was in polar waters recently so I’m guessing
movement if they disrupt the vessel’s balance. Strong that sea ice is responsible. We’ll need to strip the old paint
winds can also contribute to the formation of waves that and apply fresh coats.
threaten the vessel’s stability. Cold weather is also a Ray
factor in navigation. Freezing temperatures lead to ice
that can create obstacles and interfere with the function of Unit 5
equipment. 1 Suggested Answers
1 Heavy trafficked marine environments are at high risk of
2 1T 2F 3T
experiencing harm. As vessels travel through these areas,
3 A atmospheric pressure D polar waters G seawater they are likely to release various substances that may hurt
B hail E abnormal wave H solar radiation or kill marine life. Garbage and sewage, for instance, can
C gust F salinity I precipitation interfere with marine habitats. Sometimes, vessels also
4 1 A mold B storm 3 A ice B wind release ballast water. Even though this ocean water, it
2 A freak waves B rain 4 A steady B corrosive may come from a different marine environment with
different chemicals and organisms. These may cause
5 Suggested Answer contamination when introduced into a new environment.
Solar radiation can help a ship by keeping it dry and free of Also, many ships treat their hulls with biocides. These help
mold. It can also cause blistering, warping, and other types of to reduce drag and wear on the vessel, but they also
damage to hull coatings.
poison marine waters.
6 1D 2C 2 Shipping companies can take various measures to minimize
the amount of damage that they cause. For one, they can
7 1 to corrosive conditions 4 that sea ice manage their disposal of waste. Garbage compactors,
2 significant precipitation 5 serious mold problem comminuters, and incinerators are useful for safe storage
3 into polar waters 6 service the ventilation
and disposal of waste. In the cases of sewage and ballast

Answer Key 33
 Book 3 Answer Key

water, companies can the materials before releasing them To combat these issues, TAS’s vessels will begin treating
into the ocean. This prevents them from containing and filtering all wastewater before release. They will also use
substances that might harm marine life. Furthermore, safer biocides which will not harm the marine life.
companies can avoid the use of biocides along vessel
hulls, as these products are specifically designed to kill Unit 6
marine life.
1 Suggested Answers
2 1T 2T 3F 1 The two major types of docks are wet docks and dry
docks. When vessels are stored in wet docks, they remain
3 A VOC D pollution G biocide in the water. As people and cargo move on and off the
B greenhouse gas E ballast water H sewage
vessel, it is usually in a wet dock. In a dry dock, the vessel
C comminuter F incinerator
is removed from the water. Sometimes, this is
4 1 A treatment B garbage 2 A compactors B oil accomplished with a shiplift. In other cases, gates or
caissons are closed around the vessel, and then the
5 Suggested Answer water is drained from the enclosure. This process is
When a vessel takes on ballast water, the water contains appropriate if the hull requires cleaning or maintenance
chemicals and marine life from that habitat. When the water is below the waterline.
released into a different environment, those chemicals and 2 When launching a vessel, the launch crew must transfer it
organisms might be unfamiliar to the new habitat. As a result, smoothly from the slipway into the water. While the vessel
they could upset marine life there. is being built, it rests on a network of cribbing. Before the
launch, the weight of the vessel is transferred from the
6 1B 2C cribbing to a launch cradle, which rests on rails. The slope
of the slipway must be sufficient to allow the vessel to
7 1 for dumping garbage 4 you filter out
2 were absolutely right 5 through a comminuter slide down, but not too quickly. As the vessel moves down
3 have treatment systems 6 biocides have been the slipway, the launch crew removes the barricades and
allows the vessel to come to rest in the water.
8 Suggested Answer
A: Today, we’re talking to John Smith, a spokesperson for 2 1T 2F 3F
local shipping company TAS Incorporated. Welcome.
B: Thanks. I want to talk about TAS’s new environmental 3 A barricade C dock E shiplift G slipway
practices. B launch cradle D wet dock F slope H dry dock
A: For years, people have criticized TAS for contaminating the
ocean and harming marine life. 4 1 A launch B transfer 3 A rails B floating docks
B: That’s true. To be honest, those people were absolutely 2 A docking plan B cribbing
right. TAS’s effect on the environment was pretty
destructive. 5 Suggested Answer
A: What are you doing now to change that? Dockworkers should review a docking plan so they know what
B: For one, we are using safer biocides on our hulls. We don’t shiplift, barricades, and other docking equipment to use. This
want excess growth, but we also don’t want to hurt marine can minimize risk of injury and damage to the vessel and
life. equipment.
A: That sounds good. Now, ballast water has been another
notable concern in recent years. How are you dealing with 6 1B 2A
that?
B: We will begin treating and filtering all wastewater before 7 1 launch cradle 3 of the process 5 and the vessel
release. 2 the cribbing 4 along the slope 6 vessel slide smoothly
A: Let’s talk more about that when we come back.
8 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer A: I’ve been assigned to your team today. What are we
FOR IMMEDIAE RELEASE: working on?
TAS Inc. is launching a new set of regulations to minimize B: We’re launching the MS Bluestone. Have you worked on a
the company’s environmental impact. In the past, TAS’s launch yet?
operations had a significant impact on marine life. The A: No, this is my first. The vessel gets transferred into a
release of untreated ballast water introduced new organisms launch cradle, right?
into ecosystems where they didn’t belong. This disrupted B: That’s correct. Currently, it’s supported by the cribbing.
native organisms. Furthermore, the use of biocides has A: So we’ll remove the cribbing.
caused general pollution up and down the coast. B: That is part of the process. But Andy’s team is actually

34 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

doing that. 6 1F 2F 3T
A: Then what are we doing?
B: We’re responsible for moving the launch cradle into place. 7 1 pressure field 3 push other vessels 5 I’m with you
First we’ll do that and then we’ll remove the barricades as 2 attract or repel 4 in relation to 6 they come abreast
the vessel moves down the slope.
A: Right. 8 Suggested Answer
A: There’s a question on the worksheet about the pressure
9 Suggested Answer field around a vessel. I’m afraid I don’t know what that
Hi everyone, does.
Today, we’re launching a new vessel from slipway 8B. The B: That’s the zone around a vessel with magnetic properties.
vessel is currently supported by cribbing, so we’ll need to shift A: Magnetic properties? So, objects attract or repel each
a launch cradle into place. This will support the vessel as it other?
slides down the slipway. Ray’s team will be in charge of the B: Precisely. Every vessel has a pressure field. Vessels pull
launch cradle. They’ll coordinate with Kevin’s team, who will other vessels closer to them. They also push other
remove the cribbing when the weight is fully transferred. vessels away. It depends on their locations I relation to
Then, Sophie’s team will guide the vessel down the slipway
each other.
and remove barricades as needed.
A: I’m with you so far. So, when do they attract each other?
If you have any questions, ask your team leader.
B: The attraction is strongest when they are immediately
Cynthia Hammond
abreast. But as one overtakes the other, the opposite
Unit 7 becomes true.
A: That’s when they repel each other.
1 Suggested Answers B: You got it. At first they repel each other, then they attract
1 When vessels move to the fore or aft, the movement each other, and then they repel each other again.
might be referred to as the surge. This indicates that the A: Wow, I can see why crews need to understand that.
vessel travels in a straight line, without tilting or leaning. B: Absolutely. They can prepare to adjust their heading
When a vessel travels along a fixed heading in calm accordingly.
waters, this is likely the vessel’s primary type of
movement. In other cases, however, a vessel exhibits 9 Suggested Answer
changes in pitch. This occurs when it leans to fore or aft.
Worksheet #2
In other words, the angle of the deck changes in relation
Student: Matthew Grady
to the waterline.
1. Define a type of vessel movement.
2 There are three major types of port and starboard
Yaw is a type of vessel movement. It relates to a vessel’s change
movement on a vessel. The sway is the counterpart of the
in heading as its bow turns towards the port or starboard.
surge. That is, it relates to the vessel’s movement in a
2. How does this type of movement relate to others?
straight line. However, instead of fore or aft, it refers to
Yaw is similar to sway and roll in the sense that it relates to port
port or starboard movement. The roll is a vessel’s
and starboard movement. However, it moves along a different
movement as it tilts port or starboard. This makes it
axis than these other types. Yaw also affects surge. This is
similar to the fore-and-aft movement of pitch. Another
because surge is the vessel’s movement as it travels fore or aft.
type of movement is yaw, and can affect both fore and aft
As the yaw changes, so does the direction of surge.
and port and starboard movement. It involves turning the
vessel’s bow to one side or the other, which changes the
Unit 8
vessel’s heading – or direction of surge.
1 Suggested Answers
2 1A 2B 3C 1 A vessel’s turning circle is the path that it follows as it
turns in a complete circle. Each time a vessel changes
3 A fixed D pressure field G passing vessel hydrodynamics
B pitch E abreast heading, it travels along part of the turning circle. The
C attract F sway distance between opposite sides of the circle is called the
tactical diameter. This is the amount of space necessary
4 1 A overtake B repel 3 A heave B roll for the vessel to complete a turn. During the turn, the
2 A surge B yaw vessel moves some distance in the direction of the new
heading, and this is known as the transfer. It also moves
5 Suggested Answer some distance in the direction of the original heading, and
A pressure field is a magnetic area that surrounds a vessel. It this is known as the advance.
causes ships to attract and repel other objects as they come 2 Balanced and unbalanced rudders both allow control over
abreast. a vessel’s heading. However, the degree of precision is

Answer Key 35
 Book 3 Answer Key

the key difference between them. A balanced rudder has findings supported their claims of poor functionality.
an axis of rotation set inward from the edge of the rudder I started with a complete turning circle. The first attempt was
blade. As a result, it requires little torque to turn, and is successful, and fell within the acceptable range. However,
relatively easy to control from a steering wheel or tiller. On the tactical diameter of my second attempt was much greater.
the other hand, an unbalanced rudder has an axis of I conducted several more with the same angle of attack, but
rotation immediately along the edge of the rudder blade. the diameter and steady turning radius were radically
This design requires more effect and torque to turn the different each time.
rudder to a desired angle of attack. Clearly, there is a problem with the steering system. I
recommend further testing of the rudder.
2 1F 2T 3F
Unit 9
3 A steady turning radius D angle of attack G balanced
1 Suggested Answers
B heading E advance H tactical
C unbalanced F transfer diameter 1 Living in a tight space can be challenging, and some
people find it more difficult than others. For one, the air
4 1 A rudder B turning circle 2 A steers B puts over quality is often stale and oppressive. That is, people feel
like they cannot breathe properly. Also, odors tend to
5 Suggested Answer linger in the air. Another common problem is illumination.
Increasing the torque on the rudder allowed the analyst to Many people become tired and depressed when they
bring the heading of the vessel to the desired advance. But must remain in dimly lit environments for long periods. For
the extra step loosened the steady turning radius and the other people, the state of confinement causes anxiety.
transfer required more space. 2 People onboard a vessel must be prepared for unceasing
motion. As with living in tight spaces, this factor affects
6 1C 2C
some people more than others. Vertical movement or
rocking back and forth may cause motion sickness. This
7 1 steering system malfunctioned 4 normal tactical diameter
is usually characterized by nausea, and often vomiting.
2 angle of attack 5 on the advance
Also, the constant vibration and unpredictable water
3 the intended heading 6 But I suppose
movements can lead to difficulty in sleeping, causing
motion-induced fatigue.
8 Suggested Answer
A: Did you finish that accident assessment for Oceanic 2 Factor Common Problem
Shipping? 1 Living and working in Poor air quality bothers
B: Yes, I did. We can send it to the lawyers tomorrow. tight spaces many people.
A: So, what did you determine? Artificial illumination 2 A lack of sunlight bothers
B: A far as I can tell, the captain acted appropriately. The some people.
collision was not his fault. Wave frequency 3 Wave movement often
A: So you think the vessel’s steering system malfunctioned? leads to nausea.
B: I believe so. The captain definitely set the system to the 4 Constant vibration Some people suffer from
right angle of attack. motion-induced fatigue.
A: But clearly, the vessel didn’t reach the intended heading
soon enough. 3 A vulnerable D vibration G nausea
B: No, it didn’t. The turn significantly exceeded the vessel’s B noise E air quality
normal turning radius. C motion-induced fatigue F frequency
A: And the additional distance on the advance caused the
collision. 4 1 motion sickness 4 humidity 7 odor
B: Exactly. The captain realized his error sometime during the 2 tight spaces 5 illumination
turn. 3 Motion-induced interruptions 6 fit
A: But I suppose it was too late to do much at that point.
5 Suggested Answer
B: That’s partly true. But he did increase the torque on the
The movement of waves can cause unpleasant sensations for
rudder. And I think that prevented the collision from being
people onboard ships. This often leads to motion sickness.
worse.
6 1F 2F 3T
9 Suggested Answer
Prepared by: Louis Dell 7 1 working at sea 4 in small cabins
I tested the steering system in the X-740 in response to 2 from motion sickness 5 of tight spaces
complaints from operators about difficult maneuverability. My 3 been a problem 6 with poor illumination

36 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

8 Suggested Answer some general factors. For instance, the purpose of the
A: Let’s talk about your interest in becoming a ship engineer. product is perhaps the most important concern.
B: I’m really excited! I think I’m going to love working at Designers must ask, ‘What function will this product
sea. perform?’ and ‘What conditions will it be subjected to?’
A: We need to address some issues first. Do you know if Then, they establish requirements for the design. Cost
you suffer from motion-induced fatigue? is also an important factor. A particular client may
B: I’ve taken many day trips on fishing vessels. And that’s specify a budget, in which case designers must choose
never been a problem. develop features that meet requirements and also
A: That’s not really long enough to determine your remain within the budget.
vulnerability. Have you ever taken a long trip?
B: No, I haven’t. Do you think that’s a problem? 2 1T 2F 3F
A: Many factors start to affect people after long periods.
The constant noise and vibration can lead to sleeping 3 A contract design C detail E interdependency
problems. B concept design D detail design F requirement
B: I hadn’t considered that.
A: That’s not the only concern. You might also get 4 1 estimate 3 dependency diagram 5 type ships
frustrated with the frequent motion-induced interruptions. 2 testing 4 routes 6 configuration
B: I hadn’t thought of that, either. Those things might bother
me. 5 Suggested Answer
During the detail design stage, designers incorporate client
feedback from the contract design stage. This tells the
9 Suggested Answer
designers what the final vessel will look like. The designers
Dear OM, then make realistic models for testing.
I’m considering a career as a ship engineer. However, I
haven’t spent extensive time at sea. What should I know 6 1C 2C
before I make this decision?
Wanda T. 7 1 our concept design 4 our cost estimate
Dear Wanda, 2 the contract design 5 the vessel’s requirements
Conditions at sea affect people in different ways. For 3 another concept proposal 6 intended shipping route
instance, some people have trouble living in tight spaces,
while others have no problem with it. Also, some people 8 Suggested Answer
are much more prone to motion sickness than others. Over A: Our client just sent us some feedback on our concept
a long period, many people also suffer from motion- design. We need to make some changes, and then
induced interruptions. So, how do you know if these factors submit another concept proposal.
will bother you? In my opinion, there’s only one reliable B: The client didn’t like the design?
way to find out: go live on a ship! You might be able to find A: He wasn’t happy with our configuration of the cargo
a temporary job or internship that will give you a sense of bays.
your vulnerabilities. Best of luck! B: So, we have to redesign the whole interior.
Ocean Master A: Exactly. Fortunately, I got some more specific
information about the vessel’s requirements.
Unit 10 B: What did you find out?
A: Originally, I thought the vessel needed to hold more
1 Suggested Answers cargo than it actually does.
1 In engineering, a design typically goes through many B: How does that help us?
stages before it is considered complete. The concept A: The vessel doesn’t need as much space. So, I found a
design is the initial step, and involves a general smaller, lighter type ship to base the design on.
overview of the features of the product and how much B: Wait, let me get this straight. You’re saying that we
it will cost. When these features are approved, the should design a smaller, lighter ship? That sounds risky.
designers can move on to the contract design. This A: Don’t worry. We’ll perform thorough testing. The
outlines more specific ways to meet the requirements vessel will still meet seakeeping standards.
of the design, and is the basis for the agreement B: I’ll send a memo about the new requirements to the
between a client and the design team. Finally, the design team.
designers can develop a full detail design. This is
comprehensive, including every feature of the final
product.
2 When designers begin a project, they must assess

Answer Key 37
 Book 3 Answer Key

9 Suggested Answer 7 1 the latest CAD 3 I’ve heard 5 the whole vessel
Hi everyone, 2 started using it 4 particularly like 6 really useful
We just got some feedback from Mr. Miller on the concept
design. He liked most of our changes, but he wasn’t happy 8 Suggested Answer
with our configuration of the cargo bays. Fortunately, I also A: Welcome to the office! I’m so pleased that you’re joining
found out that this vessel will not be carrying as much us.
cargo as we originally thought. That means we can B: It’s good to be here. Now, I understand that you use the
probably get away with a smaller, lighter type ship to base latest CAD from Hullware Systems.
the design on. A: That’s right. Have you used it before?
Please do some research into type ships that we might be B: No, but I’ve heard wonderful things about it. I know it
able to use as a basis for the design. I’d like to submit offers very accurate renderings.
another contract proposal by next week. A: It sure does. Like the virtual tour component.
Carl B: I read something about that. You can virtually travel
throughout the whole vessel, right?
Unit 11 A: Exactly. It’s really useful for identifying inconsistencies in
the design.
1 Suggested Answers
B: I bet it is. Then, you can work out those problems before
1 As engineers progress through the design process, their
you create a physical model. I’m really looking forward
models become more and more complex. At first, they to trying it out!
are basic 2-D sketches that only include the big elements
A: What did you use in your previous position?
of the design. Then, they begin to add more detailed
B: That office had an older program. It was functional. But
features, like systems and appendages. At this point, it
it wasn’t very easy to use.
may be helpful to create an exploded view. This shows
A: I see. I think you’re really going to like this Hullware
all the different parts, even if some will later be covered
program.
by other parts. Photorealistic renderings can also be
helpful for showing what the final product will look like.
9 Suggested Answer
Finally, all the elements can be combined to make a
Andrew,
realistic 3-D model that performs the functions of the final
Our productivity lately has not been competitive with other
product.
design firms. And I believe the problem is our design
2 A good computer-aided design product makes it easy for
software.
designers to retrieve, view, and modify their designs. A
For one thing, our photorealistic renderings really aren’t very
designer should be able to save input from every stage
realistic. They mislead our clients, which results in confusing
of the design process. Then, he or she can return to
instructions and unnecessary work. Furthermore, we can’t
earlier ideas, or easily create different versions of a
create detailed 3-D models. I think we should get the new
design. Also, the program should have the capability to
program from Hullware. It will allow us to save multiple
make different kinds of models. For instance, the
versions of 3-D models in our database, and then we can
designer may want a photorealistic rendering or an
compare them with ease. Also, we will be able to make virtual
interactive design to show to the client. But then, he or
tours of our vessels. That way, clients can really see what we
she will also need exploded views and other detailed
intend to build.
renderings to analyze different parts.
Let me know what you think.
2 1T 2T 3F Sandra

Unit 12
3 A virtual D 2-D G consistency
B CAD E interactive H 3-D 1 Suggested Answers
C model F input I exploded view 1 There are many organizations around the world that
monitor and regulate sea travel. Some are local or
4 1 A photorealistic rendering B database regional agencies, while other have national or even
2 A output B software international jurisdiction. The primary organization is the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), which sets
5 Suggested Answer most of the laws that govern the sea. Another group is
A virtual tour is useful because it allows designers to see the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), which ensures
inconsistencies in the design. Also, it helps the client visualize that vessels are safe to operate on the seas. To address
what the final product will look like. environmental issues, there is also the Maritime
Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC).
6 1B 2D 2 In sea-related matters, international organizations are

38 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

very important. This is because most of the ocean is outside Unit 13

the jurisdiction of national governments. As a result, multiple
1 Suggested Answers
governments must come together to enforce laws at sea.
Furthermore, different countries may require particular 1 Classification societies help to ensure that vessels are
standards in their own ports, but the requirements may be constructed in a safe and consistent manner. They are
different elsewhere. International regulation ensures that usually run by experienced maritime professionals who
everyone has similar standards, and vessels from one place are dedicated to quality in shipbuilding. These people
are less likely to violate the regulations of another place. establish rules for effective shipbuilding, and then they are
responsible for assessing proposed designs. As
2 1T 2F 3T technology and laws change, they update their
requirements accordingly, which helps shipbuilders stay
3 A comply D challenge G flag state current in their methods and practices.
B MSC E SOLAS H MEPC 2 Classification societies use various methods to assess the
C international F summer freeboard safety and compliance of proposed vessels. In some
cases, they use prescriptive standards, which outline
4 1 A convention B port state specific ways that requirements must be met. In other
2 A IMO B jurisdiction
cases, designs must meet performance standards
3 A regulation B certificate of registration
instead. With these, designers may develop solutions in a
5 Suggested Answer variety of ways. If a design is very different from other
designs before it, then it may require a formal safety
If a vessel violates MSC regulations, officials at the port will
assessment. An FSA involves carefully examining all the
challenge them.
parts of a vessel to ensure that it is seaworthy.

6 1T 2T 3F
2 1T 2F 3T

7 1 that jurisdiction 3 biggest challenge 5 We can’t use 3 A flexible D prescriptive standard G FSA
2 IMO’s minimum 4 the requirements 6 according to B alternative E constraint H performance
C novel F probability standard
4 1 A scenarios B standards
8 Suggested Answer
2 A trend B classification society
A: I hear that we have a new client!
B: Yeah, we’re going to design a fleet for Barrington Cargo. 5 Suggested Answer
A: Barrington Cargo? Classification societies typically assess novel designs by
B: They’re based on the Spencer Coast. So, we have to conducting FSAs. This is necessary because there are no
comply with the standards of that jurisdiction. established trends to compare the standards to.
A: Yes in Spencer, I know the rules are stricter.
B: That’s true. Actually, they’re a lot stricter. I think our biggest 6 1D 2B
challenge will be the environmental restrictions.
A: Why is that? 7 1 your new vessel 4 like that idea
B: I just read some of the requirements. We can’t use most of 2 an FSA 5 novel approach
our usual paints and sealants for the hulls. 3 prescriptive standards 6 would be nice
A: Interesting. We’ll need to do some research before we start
on this project. 8 Suggested Answer
B: Yeah. We certainly want to comply with all the rules! A: Hello, Mr. Bell. I finished reviewing the plans for your new
vessel.
9 Suggested Answer B: We don’t have to do an FSA, do we?
ELWIN TANKER FORCED TO LEAVE A: I don’t think that’s necessary. So far, this design allows
SPENCER COUNTY PORT established trends. I think we can just apply our usual
A tanker operated by the foreign company Elwin Shipping was prescriptive standards.
asked to leave the Port Spencer this week. During a routine B: Hmm. I’m not sure I like that idea. I think it might place too
inspection, port officials discovered the tanker’s construction many constraints on my designers.
violated an environmental regulation. The regulation, which A: Do you think they’re going to take a novel approach to
was recently enacted by the MEPC, requires special these requirements?
safeguards to prevent leakage of toxic substances. Officials B: I’m not sure. But I’d like them to have the option, at least.
challenged this violation. The officials asked the crew of the A: I see. We could ask them to follow some performance
tanker to leave the port immediately, and prohibited them from standards instead. Would that help?
returning until the problem is resolved. B: Yes, that would be great. Then, they’d be free to explore

Answer Key 39
 Book 3 Answer Key

alternatives to the usual design elements. 4 1 A Undergraduates B master’s degrees

A: But if some elements are really unusual, they will need to 2 A thesis B physical science
conduct an FSA. 3 A PhD B MBA
B: I’ll keep that in mind. Thanks!
5 Suggested Answer
9 Suggested Answer A marine engineer might want to earn an MBA if he or she
Ms. Wallace, plans to operate his or her own shipbuilding firm. This
My team is ready to get started on a new vessel. It’s a pretty provides a business background, in addition to the engineer’s
novel design, but I don’t think the usual prescriptive standards scientific background.
will be appropriate here. Instead, I think we need more flexible
performance standards. This will give the designers a lot 6 1T 2T 3F
more freedom to develop creative ways to meet the
requirements. I realize that the vessel may end up with totally 7 1 want to design 3 master’s degree 5 slightly different
new features, so it may require an FSA once we finish 2 working closely 4 manage my own 6 need an MBA
construction. However, I’d like to start with the performance
8 Suggested Answer
standards and see where those take us.
A: I’m eager to get started! This job is a great opportunity for
Does that sound reasonable?
me.
Dan Bell, Bell Builders
B: You were the strongest candidate for the position. You just
recently earned your bachelor’s degree, right?
Unit 14 A: Yes. I studied naval architecture as an undergraduate. But
my focus as a graduate will be a little different.
1 Suggested Answers
B: How so?
1 Marine engineering, like any area of engineering, requires
A: I’d like to focus more on the engineering side. In particular,
a strong background in mathematics and physical
I want to study elements of propulsion systems.
sciences. Engineering students typically take courses in
B: That’s perfect. In this position, you’ll be working closely
these subjects early in their education. Later, they will start
with our electrical engineers.
to apply these subjects to more specific areas, like
A: Wow, that’s great!
materials science. Mechanics is also an important area, as
B: Now, let me ask you. Do you have any further education
engineering students must know about machine power
goals?
and motion. Marine engineers must also understand
A: I haven’t quite decided yet. It might be nice to become an
principles of ocean behavior, so they are likely to take
engineering professor. And I’d probably need a PhD for
marine science courses as well.
that. But I just haven’t decided yet.
2 Marine engineering students almost always need at least B: This is a good time for you to explore your options. Here,
need a basic college degree before they can start working. you’ll get a sense of whether you prefer business to
A bachelor’s degree may qualify someone to begin entry- academia.
level work in marine engineering. However, a master’s A: I’m really looking forward to it.
degree offers a better foundation for advanced ship
design, especially if someone wants to focus on a 9 Suggested Answer
specialty area. If an engineer wants to own a shipbuilding
Dear Mr Green,
company, an MBA is useful for running the business.
I am very interested in your open internship. I am currently
Some engineers are more interested in teaching at the
finishing my bachelor’s degree program in marine engineering,
university level, in which case they likely need PhDs.
and I think I would be an excellent addition to your shipbuilding
2 Academic Program Applicant’s Focus firm.
Currently, my focus is naval architecture. However, I am
Doctoral Program 1 The applicant is focusing on how
increased regulation leads to considering a master’s degree in marine engineering studying
rising costs in the shipbuilding elements of propulsion systems.
industry. I do not have any experience but I have taken many relevant
2 Bachelor’s Degree The applicant focused on courses and I think my knowledge will help in this field.
Program materials science. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing
3 Master’s Degree 4 The applicant focused on from you.
Program designing power systems for large James White
ocean vessels.

3 A technology D materials science G graduate

B doctoral E internship H mathematics
C bachelor’s degree F power systems

40 Answer Key
 Book 3 Answer Key

Unit 15
8 Suggested Answer
1 Suggested Answers
A: Have you heard back about that job yet?
1 Marine engineering is one of the smaller branches of B: Yes, and I got the position! It’s going to be a great
engineering, but it is very important in certain industries. experience for me.
Of course, commercial shipbuilding is the most common
A: I bet it will. What will you be doing, exactly?
area for maritime professionals. However, the military also
B: It’s a job with a commercial shipping firm. I’ll work with the
needs good engineers for their ocean fleets. Some
ship engineer during voyages, and learn about the
professionals with a maritime background go into more
systems on the job.
administrative fields, like maritime law or government
A: Interesting. So, you’ll get some practical experience with
consulting. Another important job with the government is systems engineering.
in the inspections department, which ensures that B: Yes. What about you? Do you have anything lined up yet?
companies build safe vessels.
A: I applied for an internship. But I’m still waiting to hear from
2 The job title ‘marine engineer’ can encompass various
the company.
specialties in the shipbuilding industry. Often, marine
B: What kind of company is it?
engineers have special knowledge of systems
A: It’s a legal firm that specializes in maritime disputes. They
engineering, and focus on the power, propulsion, and
need someone to research international laws and
onboard auxiliary systems. Other engineers are regulations.
responsible for the overall structure and hull design. B: I thought you were interested in actual shipbuilding.
These professionals are known as naval architects.
A: That’s true. But I want to own my own firm someday, and I
Others, called ship engineers, actually work onboard think a strong understanding of the laws will help.
ships, and are responsible for general maintenance and B: That sounds like a good plan.
operational support. Still others take on less hands-on
positions as consultants and analysts for private
9 Suggested Answer
companies or the government.
Ship Engineer Needed
Abbot Cargo Transport needs an experienced ship engineer
2 Type of Job Typical Duties
to join our crew. We are a growing commercial shipping
Working for Shipbuilding Naval architects design the firm, and we are expanding our routes to include several
Companies structures of vessels. new ports. The applicant must be willing to commit to four-
1 Marine engineers handle to five week voyages.
systems engineering tasks.
This position is for the primary engineer, so it is very
Working Onboard 2 Ship engineers service and
important that the applicant is experienced. We need
Vessels maintain onboard systems.
someone with a background in systems engineering.
3 Working for the 4 Inspectors ensure that
Government commercial vessels meet Practical experience as a ship engineer is preferred, but we
appropriate standards. will consider candidates with shipbuilding experience as
Engineers work as analysts and well. Please submit a resume and cover letter to the HR
consultants. department at Abbot Cargo Transport.

3 A systems engineering D naval architect G inspector

B maritime law E analyst H ship engineer
C consultant F shipbuilding

4 1 oil exploration 3 government agency

2 management 4 marine engineer

5 Suggested Answer
Marine engineers might design ships for military or non-military
branches of the government, or they might work for the
regulatory agencies, performing inspections. Some marine
engineers offer assistance developing and enforcing maritime
laws.

6 1A 2B

7 1 your internship 3 inspector’s office 5 are also used

2 going to be 4 vessels are safe 6 get some experience

Answer Key 41
 Audioscripts
Unit 1 Captain: Yes, Carl. We need to talk about the emergency drill
this morning.
Engineer: So, Leona. How did the vessel do on this latest round
Engineer: I’m sorry about that. I don’t know why there was so
of tests?
much confusion.
Analyst: Not too bad. Your team made some excellent
Captain: Well, I do. Your team didn’t follow the procedures. And
improvements in hull durability.
that could be very dangerous if there were a real emergency.
Engineer: I’m glad to hear that. So, the grounding tests went
Engineer: What did we do wrong?
well?
Captain: After the food alarm, you didn’t proceed to the damage
Analyst: Yes. The hull can withstand substantial impact from a
control deck.
hazardous seabed.
Engineer: Right. We stayed behind in the engine room. You
Engineer: That’s a relief. I know our last model had some
know, as if we were containing the flooding.
serious problems in that area.
Captain: But that’s not your job. Everyone must report to the
Analyst: Yes, it did. This one is definitely much better.
damage control deck, and receive instructions there.
Engineer: Now, what about stability? Was the new bilge keel
Engineer: Why is that so important?
effective?
Captain: In this particular drill, we treated the flood as impossible
Analyst: Well, it’s hard to say. I think the bilge keel is okay, at
to contain.
least under typical conditions. But there are some other
Engineer: Oh, so there was an ‘abandon ship’ call. And we
stability problems.
missed it.
Engineer: Uh oh? Like what?
Captain: Exactly. In a real flood, your team could have been
Analyst: The vessel nearly capsized under severe conditions.
trapped in the engine room.
Engineer: Well, then, it sounds like the bilge keel didn’t work
Engineer: Okay, I get it now. We’ll make sure to follow
very well.
procedures next time!
Analyst: Actually, I think your problem is the passive tank.
It doesn’t give the crew enough control.
Unit 4
Engineer: Oh, I see. You think we need an active tank.
Analyst: It would help to counteract unpredictable Supervisor: Well, Captain, I finished the vessel inspection. It
water movements. looks like my team has some work to do.
Engineer: Hmm. I’ll talk to the design team about that. Captain: That’s what I figured. How bad is it?
Supervisor: Oh, there’s no major damage. But the hull surfaces
Unit 2 were clearly exposed to corrosive conditions.
Captain: Yeah, we encountered significant precipitation on this trip.
Engineer 1: The client finally approved our proposal for the
And a lot of it was hail.
architecture of the new vessel.
Supervisor: Ah, that explains it. As a result, we’ll have to strip a lot
Engineer 2: Excellent. Now we can work on the onboard
of the paint and apply a new coating.
systems. What kind of onboard power system does the
client want? Captain: Well, that’s probably a good idea anyway. We’re heading
Engineer 1: They want us to make a recommendation. into polar waters on our next voyage.
Engineer 2: Hmm. Well, I’d probably suggest an integrated Supervisor: Then you’ll definitely want protection against all that
distribution system. sea ice.
Engineer 1: You mean, so that all the systems are linked Captain: Exactly. Now, how’s the condition of the interior?
together? Supervisor: There’s a serious mold problem in the main cargo
Engineer 2: Exactly. That makes the network easy to monitor hold.
and maintain. Captain: Really? That’s odd. I wonder why.
Engineer 1: I’m not sure about that. I mean, imagine what Supervisor: It’s pretty damp in there. I’m going to service the
happens when there’s a systems failure. ventilation system right now, and see if that helps.
Engineer 2: Oh, I see what you mean. Then, all the onboard Captain: Sounds good. Thanks.
systems could lose function at the same time.
Engineer 1: Exactly. Suddenly, the vessel could be without Unit 5
lighting, HVAC, and potable water. All at once!
Host: Thanks for joining us on Biz Talk. Today, we’re talking to a
Engineer 2: We could address that. There could be a separate
spokesperson for local shipping company STO Incorporated.
backup system. And it would be controlled from a different
Eleanor Scott, welcome.
interface.
Spokesperson: Thanks, Jared. Today, I want to talk about
Engineer 1: That might work. Okay, let’s explore that idea.
STO’s new environmental practices.
Host: Now, for years, people have criticized STO for dumping
Unt 3 garbage and other waste into the oceans.
Engineer: Captain Andrews? You wanted to see me? Spokesperson: That’s true. And to be honest, those people were

42 Answer Key
 Audioscripts
absolutely right. STO’s effect on the environment was pretty vessels away from them.
destructive. Professor: Yes. And they also pull other vessels closer. It
Host: So, what are doing now to change that? depends on where the vessels are in relation to each other.
Spokesperson: For one, we have treatment systems for all Student: Okay. I’m with you so far. So when do they repel each
wastewater. We filter and sterilize all sewage and ballast other?
water before release. Professor: As one vessel overtakes another, they initially repel
Host: That sounds good. And what about the material that you each other. But then, that changes as they come abreast.
filter out? Student: And that’s when they attract each other.
Spokesperson: It goes into our main waste receptacle. There, Professor: You got it. Then the attraction weakens as one
it goes through a comminuter to break down large particles. passes the other.
Host: Okay. Now, biocides have been another notable concern in Student: Wow, I can see why that’s important for the crew to
recent years. understand.
Spokesperson: Right. And we’re still working on a solution to Professor: Absolutely! That way, they’re prepared for the change
that problem. We don’t want excess growth on our hulls. But in yaw.
we also don’t want to hurt the marine life. Student: I get it now. Thanks for your help!
Host: Let’s talk more about that in a moment. We’ll be right back
with Eleanor Scott. Unit 8
Supervisor: Hey, Carol. Did you finish that accident assessment
Unit 6
for Paddler Shipping?
Dockworker 1: Hey, Diane. I’ve been assigned to your team Analyst: Yes, I did. We can send it to the lawyers tomorrow.
today. What are we working on? Supervisor: Great. So, what did you determine?
Dockworker 2: We’re launching the MS Redstone. Have you Analyst: As far as I can tell, the captain acted appropriately. The
worked on a launch yet? collision was not his fault.
Dockworker 1: No, this is my first. The vessel gets transferred Supervisor: Ah, so you think the vessel’s steering system
into a launch cradle, right? malfunctioned.
Dockworker 2: That’s correct. Currently, it’s supported by the Analyst: I believe so. The captain definitely set the system to the
cribbing. right angle of attack.
Dockworker 1: So we’ll shift the launch cradle into place, and Supervisor: But clearly, the vessel didn’t reach the intended
then remove the cribbing. heading soon enough.
Dockworker 2: Well, that is part of the process. But Paul’s team Analyst: No, it didn’t. The turn significantly exceeded the vessel’s
is actually doing that. normal tactical diameter.
Dockworker 1: Oh. Then what are we doing? Supervisor: And the additional distance on the advance caused
Dockworker 2: We’re ensuring that the vessel slides properly the collision.
along the slope. So we’ll be monitoring the slipway. Analyst: Exactly. The captain realized that there was a problem
Dockworker 1: And what are we looking for? sometime during the turn.
Dockworker 2: There’s a layer of grease between the rails and Supervisor: But I suppose it was too late to do much at that
the vessel. point.
Dockworker 1: Oh, right. That helps the vessel slide smoothly. Analyst: That’s partly true. But he did increase the torque on the
rudder. And I think that prevented the collision from being
Dockworker 2: Exactly. Anyway, we’ll check there’s not too
worse.
much pressure on the rails. Otherwise, the grease gets
Supervisor: Interesting. Well, we’ll send your report over in the
squeezed out.
morning.

Unit 7 Unit 9
Student: Professor Glenn? There’s a question on the worksheet Advisor: Have a seat, Sandra. Let’s talk about your interest in
about passing vessel hydrodynamics. I’m afraid I don’t know becoming a ship engineer.
what that is. Student: Yeah, I’m really excited! I think I’m going to love
Professor: Well, it explains how a pressure field affects vessel working at sea.
movements. You see, vessels have magnetic properties. Advisor: We need to address some issues first. Do you know if
Student: Magnetic properties? So, objects attract or repel each you suffer from motion sickness?
other? Student: Well, I’ve taken many day trips on whale-watching
Professor: Precisely. And each vessel has a pressure field boats. And that’s never been a problem.
around it. Advisor: That’s a good sign. Now, have you ever taken a long
Student: Interesting. You’re saying that vessels push other voyage? Like, over weeks or months?

Answer Key 43
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Student: No, I haven’t. Why do you ask? virtually travel throughout the whole vessel, right?
Advisor: Other factors sometimes affect people. For instance, Supervisor: Exactly. It’s really useful for identifying
many people can’t live in small cabins for long periods. inconsistencies in the design.
Student: Ah, right. Some people are afraid of tight spaces. But Designer: I bet it is. Then, you can work out those problems before
I’m not. you create a physical model.
Advisor: That’s not the only concern. You might have to deal Supervisor: Exactly. And that saves money on materials.
with poor illumination, or unpleasant odors. Designer: Of course. Well, I’m really looking forward to trying it out!
Student: I hadn’t thought of that. But I’m not sure whether those Supervisor: What did you use in your previous position?
things would bother me or not. Designer: That office had an older program. It was pretty good for
Advisor: In that case, you should spend some time on a ship. 2-D models. But the 3-D capabilities were limited.
I’d suggest enrolling in the Ocean Lab course over the term Supervisor: Ah, I see. Well, I think you’re really going to like this
break. You’d live on a ship for two weeks. Hullware program.
Student: That sounds like a great idea. Tell me more about it!
Unit 12
Unit 10 Engineer 1: I hear that we have a new client!
Engineer: Mr. Miller just sent us some feedback on our concept Engineer 2: Yeah, we’re going to design a fleet for Barrington
design. Cargo.
Assistant: Oh, good. So, we can get started on the contract Engineer 1: Barrington Cargo? That’s a foreign company, isn’t it?
design. Engineer 2: Yes. They’re based on the Spencer Coast. So we
have to comply with the standards of that jurisdiction.
Engineer: Not just yet. We need to make some changes, and
Engineer 1: Hmm. We typically follow the IMO’s minimum
then submit another concept proposal.
regulations. But in Spencer, I know the rules are stricter.
Assistant: Mr. Miller didn’t like the design?
Engineer 2: That’s true. Actually, they’re a lot stricter. I think our
Engineer: Well, actually, the design itself was fine. But Mr. Miller
biggest challenge will be the environmental restrictions.
wasn’t happy with our cost estimate.
Engineer 1: Why is that?
Assistant: Oh. So, we have to figure out how to reduce costs.
Engineer 2: I just read some of the requirements. We can’t use
Engineer: Exactly. Fortunately, I got some useful information
most of our usual paints and sealants for the hulls.
about the vessel’s requirements.
Engineer 1: Interesting. So those products are fine, according to
Assistant: What did you find out?
the MEPC. But the Spencer County Coastal Administration
Engineer: Originally, I thought the vessel’s intended shipping
doesn’t allow them.
route ran through polar waters. As it turns out, that’s not the Engineer 2: Exactly. We’ll need to do some research before we
case. start on this project.
Assistant: How does that help us? Engineer 1: Yeah, I guess so. We certainly want to comply with
Engineer: The vessel won’t need ice-breaking capabilities. all the rules!
So, we can use cheaper hull materials.
Assistant: Well, let me get this straight. You’re saying that we Unit 13
should use lower-quality materials? That sounds risky.
Engineer: Don’t worry. We’ll perform thorough testing. The Surveyor: Hello, Rachel Wallace speaking.
Owner: Hi, Ms. Wallace. This is Dan Bell, from Bell Builders. I’m
vessel will still meet seakeeping standards.
returning your call.
Assistant: Okay. I’ll send a memo about the new requirements
Surveyor: Oh, yes, Mr. Bell. I finished reviewing the plans for
to the design team.
your new vessel.
Owner: We don’t have to do an FSA, do we?
Unit 11
Surveyor: I don’t think that’s necessary. So far, this design
Supervisor: Welcome to the office, Diane! I’m so pleased that follows established trends. I think we can just apply our usual
you’re joining us. prescriptive standards.
Designer: It’s good to be here. Now, I understand that you Owner: Hmm. I’m not sure I like that idea. I think it might place
use the latest CAD from Hullware Systems. too many constraints on my designers.
Supervisor: That’s right. We just started using it recently, and Surveyor: Do you think they’re going to take a novel approach to
everybody loves it. Have you used it before? these requirements?
Designer: No, but I’ve heard wonderful things about it. I know it Owner: I’m not sure. But I’d like them to have the option, at least.
has some great interactive features. It would be nice if they had some flexibility.
Supervisor: It sure does. I particularly like the virtual tour Surveyor: I see. We could ask them to follow some performance
component. standards instead. Would that help?
Designer: Oh, yeah, I read something about that. You can Owner: Yes, that would be great. Then, they’d be free to explore
alternatives to the usual design elements.

44 Answer Key
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Surveyor: That’s correct. But you need to understand something. engineering.
If some elements are really unusual, we will need to conduct Student 1: That’s true. But I need some experience in ship design,
an FSA. and this position was open. I’ll still pursue systems engineering,
Owner: I’ll keep that in mind. Thanks! too.
Student 2: That sounds like a good plan. I hope you get the job!
Unit 14
Employee: I’m really eager to get started! This internship is a
great opportunity for me.
Supervisor: I’m glad to hear that. You were the strongest
candidate for the position. You just recently earned your
bachelor’s degree, right?
Employee: Yes. I studied naval architecture as an
undergraduate. But my focus as a graduate will be a little
different.
Supervisor: How so?
Employee: I’d like to focus on onboard technology. In particular, I
want to design power systems.
Supervisor: That’s perfect. In this position, you’ll be working
closely with our electrical engineers.
Employee: Oh, yeah? Wow, that’s great!
Supervisor: Now, let me ask you. What are your goals after you
earn your master’s degree?
Employee: I haven’t quite decided yet. It might be nice to
manage my own shipbuilding firm.
Supervisor: That’s a good goal. But that might require a slightly
different educational path.
Employee: Yes, I know. I’d probably need an MBA. But I just
haven’t decided yet.
Supervisor: Well, this is a good time for you to explore your
options. Here, you’ll get to see some of the business side, too.
Employee: That’s excellent! I’m really looking forward to it.

Unit 15
Student 1: Wow, I can hardly believe that we’re graduating
already! Hey, have you heard back about your internship
yet?
Student 2: Yes, and I got the position! It’s going to be a great
experience for me.
Student 1: I bet it will. What will you be doing, exactly?
Student 2: Well, it’s a job with the state inspector’s office. So, I’ll
be assisting with vessel inspections.
Student 1: Oh, so the department decides whether vessels are
safe to return to sea.
Student 2: Partly. But if I understand correctly, our reports are
also used to resolve legal disputes.
Student 1: Okay, interesting. So, you’ll get some experience with
maritime law.
Student 2: Right. What about you? Do you have anything lined up
yet?
Student 1: I applied for an entry-level job. But I’m still waiting to
hear from the company.
Student 2: What kind of company is it?
Student 1: It’s a shipbuilding firm. They need an assistant naval
architect, so I applied.
Student 2: I thought that you were more interested in systems

Answer Key 45