GEO_Lec_6-10_REVIEWER

Sample Questions:
______ 1.) Why do volcanoes erupt?
______ 2.) Volcanoes that the slopes are gentle (15° or less); shape resembles a ROMAN
SHIELD lying on the ground and made up of successive lava flows.
______ 3.) Basaltic lava with smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface.
______ 4.) An area of the Earth's surface where sediment is deposited and can be
distinguished from other areas on the basis of its physical, chemical, anf biological
characteristics.
______ 5.) Is the most distal part of the delta whereas the finest grained sediments are
deposited.
______ 6.) Place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where
molten rock, gasses and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth's crust that can be a
mountain, vent or caldera.
______ 7.) The most common pattern on floodplains where have a single channel with a
sinuous pattern and a broad plain which forms where streams are flowing over a relatively flat
landscape.
______ 8.) Magma at surface is called?
______ 9.) It develops where stream flow is locally reduced because of friction and reduced
water depth and composes of cross-bedded sand.
______ 10.) It is based on a number of things (e.g. plume height, volume, etc.) that can be
observed during an eruption.
______ 11.) Size and arrangement of mineral grain or the overall appearance of a rock based
on the size, shape, and arrangement of interlocking minerals.
______ 12.) Environments which are present on the continents.
______ 13.) An ash-sized fragments.
______ 14.) It came from the Roman god of fire, VULCAN, who was said to have had a forge
(on Vulcano, an active volcano on the Lipari Islands in Italy.
______ 15.) A volcanic rock that are blasted into the air.
______ 16.) Particles larger than ash.
______ 17.) Volcanoes that are relatively small (<300 m high) and have steep slopes (30-40°)
and made up of pyroclastic material.
______ 18.) This causes rocks to melt at lower temperatures and is also an important factor
where oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle.
______ 19.) This lies beneath the ground surface, filling pores in sediments and sedimentary
rocks and fractures in other rock types which resupplied by slow infiltration of precipitation and
accessed by wells.
______ 20.) Eruption that has short-lived, explosive outbursts of pasty lava ejected few
tens or hundreds of meters, no sustained eruption column and episodic explosions with
booming blasts
______ 21.) The capacity of a rock to transmit fluid through pores and fractures
______ 22.) A channel that includes meandering stream and braided stream.
______ 23.) Results from successive eruptions of lava from a central vent.

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______ 24.) An eruption that begins with steam explosions that remove old, solid lithic (rock)
material from the central vent which have a viscous, gas-rich magma that forms vitric (glassy)
ash where its eruption cloud develops above vent, with lightning occurrences and more
explosive than Strombolian eruptions.
______ 25.) A volcano that causes a Magmatic explosive eruption on 12 June 1991 that
forms an enormous eruption column of gas and ash above it.
______ 26.) What are the three main types of sedimentary environments?
______ 27.) Rocks formed from magma at depth.
______ 28.) Lava flows that have a rough rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks
(clinkers).
______ 29.) Are those environments in seas or oceans and may be shallow or deep.
______ 30.) Also known as strato-volcano which have a layered structure (tephra and lava
flows)
______ 31.) Rocks formed from lava.
______ 32.) Formed when the channel migrates then part of it may become abandoned which
is made up of fine-grained sand to silt (lake sediments).
______ 33.) Results from crystallization form in a predictable order.
______ 34.) The streams of molten rock.
______ 35.) Hot springs that periodically erupt hot water and steam.
______ 36.) The calmest eruption types where effusive emission of highly fluid basalt lavas
with low gas contents; steady lava fountaining; production of thin lava flows.
______ 37.) Formed when dissolved minerals come out of solution and these are not
made from pieces of preexisting rocks.
______ 38.) A place where water flows naturally from rock or sediment onto the ground
surface
______ 39.) They are mound-like , wave resistant structures made up of calcareous skeletons
of organisms such as corals, bryozoa, etc. and growing in the photic zone of warm, clear,
shallow seas.
______ 40.) A mixture of water and rock fragments.
______ 41.) A deep hole dug or drilled into the ground to obtain water from an aquifer.
______ 42.) Formed when an overloaded stream breaks a natural or artificial levee and
deposits sediments on a flood plain that is made up of sands, fining upwards to a mud.
The study of volcanoes and volcanic activity.
______ 43.) A body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily.
______ 44.) An eruption generates sustained eruptive columns, with some reaching heights
of ~45 km. These eruptive columns produce widespread dispersals of tephra which cover large
areas with an even thickness of pumice and ash.
______ 45.) A reef SEPARATED from a mainland or island shore by a deep lagoon.
______ 46.) Hot and dry rock fragments.
______ 47.) It is measured using electronic distance measurements.
______ 48.) Coalescence of alluvial fans forms what?
______ 49.) A magma's changing composition caused by two chemically distinct magmas
that may produce a composition quite different from either original magma.
______ 50.) It can pinpoint horizontal and vertical movement of the ground.

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______ 51.) They are ridges found along the sides of the stream channel and composed of silt and
fine sand.
______ 52.) Springs in which the water is warmer than human body temperature b
______ 53.) Loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that
have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
______ 54.) An eruption that has a formation of domes and glowing avalanches where
during the opening stages of the eruption, violent glowing avalanches of hot ash travel down the
flanks of the volcano.
______ 55.) A rock/sediment that retards ground water flow due to low porosity and/or
permeability.
______ 56.) It is a plain that is subjected to periodic flooding and composed of fine-grained
materials which are very fertile soil.
______ 57.) An exceptionally coarse grained texture and form in late stages of crystallization
of granitic magmas.
______ 58.) A naturally-formed underground chambers.
______ 59.) Comprises a flat are dominated by alluvial deposition.
______ 60.) An eruption generated by the interaction of magma with either groundwater or
surface water and much more explosive where as the water is heated, it flashes to steam and
expands explosively, thus fragmenting the magma into exceptionally fine-grained ash.
______ 61.) A coarse-grained texture which has slow cooling, large, visible crystals.
______ 62.) They are the most common aeolian landforms; their geometry and resulting
sedimentary structures depend primarily on sediment supply and prevailing wind direction.
______ 63.) An above and separated from main water table by an unsaturated zone and
commonly produced by thin lenses of impermeable rock (e.g., shales or clays) within permeable
ones.
______ 64.) Give at least 10 active volcanoes and their respective location.
______ 65.) Separation of a melt from earlier formed crystals.
______ 66.) Are those environments at or near the transition between the land and sea
which includes delta, tidal flats, barrier islands and lagoon.
______ 67.) A process where sediments are deposited, layer upon layer builds up through
the pressure from the upper layers that pushes down on the lower layers which causes the
sediments to stick together and form solid rock.
______ 68.) A fine-grained texture which has a rapid rate of cooling, microscopic crystals, and
may contain vesicles (holes from gas bubbles).
______ 69.) The site of deposition of thick accumulations of sediment much of which is in
submarine fans, deposited by turbidity currents.
______ 70.) Changing a magma’s composition by the incorporation of surrounding rock
bodies into a magma.
______ 71.) Are essentially turbidites dumps most typically at the mouths of the submarine
canyons that feed them.
______ 72.) A fragmental appearance produced by violent volcanic eruptions and often
appear more similar to sedimentary rocks.
______ 73.) An organic sedimentary rock that is made of microscopic shells.
______ 74.) The movement of weathered material.

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______ 75.) It includes reefs and continental shelf.
______ 76.) A texture due to minerals form at different temperatures and a large crystals
(phenocrysts) are embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals (groundmass)
______ 77.) A reef that is directly attached to shore or borders it with an intervening
shallow channel or lagoon.
______ 78.) It breaks rocks into smaller pieces.
______ 79.) One of the most common organic sedimentary rocks.
______ 80.) Explained that the minerals crystallize in a systematic fashion based on their
melting points and during its crystallization, the composition of the liquid portion of the magma
continually changes.
______ 81.) It is flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basins floor and
covered by very fine-grained sediments, consisting primarily of clays and the shells of
microscopic organisms (such as small foraminifera, radiolarians, and diatoms).
______ 82.) Rocks that are made from the broken fragments of other rocks.
______ 83.) It develops when sediment supply is limited and are characterized by planar
stratification.
______ 84.) This occurs if sediments have large pieces.
______ 85.) Is the FLOODED EDGE of the continent and lies between shoreline and
continental slope which is relatively flat (slope < 0.1°), shallow (less than 200m), and may be
up to hundreds of miles wide
______ 86.) This causes an increase in a rock’s melting temperature and decompression
melting.
______ 87.) Is an annular reef enclosing a lagoon.
______ 88.) Rocks made of the remains of once-living things.
______ 89.) Most likely formed as the end product of crystallization of andesitic magma.
______ 90.) The percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings.
______ 91.) Made of bits & pieces of other rocks.
______ 92.) The steep (5-25°) part at the edge of the continent and passes seaward into the
continent rise which has a more gradual slope.
______ 93.) Subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water is called?
______ 94.) It is a fan-shaped deposits generally at the margin of an uplift area, such as a
mountain range front and they are most commonly formed under semi-arid and glacial climate
conditions.
______ 95.) It is on the top of the saturated zone where water level at the surface of most
lakes and rivers corresponds to it.
______ 96.) Formed where a river transporting significant quantities of sediment enters a
receiving basin such as ocean or other body of water.
______ 97.) Energy produced using natural steam or superheated water.
______ 98.) It includes continental slope, continental rise and abyssal plain.
______ 99.) It is produced by interaction of basaltic magmas, more silica-rich rocks in the
crust and may also evolve by magmatic differentiation
______ 100.) Above the water table is an unsaturated region called?

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Answer key:
1. Due to decompression because Magma is lighter than the solid rock around it.
2. Shield Volcanoes
3. Pahoehoe
4. Sedimentary environments
5. Prodelta
6. Volcano
7. Meandering stream
8. Lava
9. Point Bar
10. Volcanic Explosivity Index or VEI
11. Texture
12. Continental environments
13. Tuff
14. Volcano
15. Tephra
16. Volcanic breccia
17. Cinder cone Volcanoes
18. Volatiles (Role of Volatiles)
19. Ground water
20. Strombolian eruption
21. Permeability
22. Fluvial (Rivers)
23. Mountainous accumulation of materials
24. Vulcanian eruption
25. Mt. Pinatubo
26. Continental, Marine, Transitional
27. Plutonic / Intrusive rocks
28. Aa
29. Marine environments
30. Composite Volcanoes
31. Volcanic / Extrusive rocks
32. Oxbow lake
33. Silicate minerals
34. Lava flow
35. Geysers
36. Hawaiian eruption
37. Chemical sedimentary rocks
38. Springs
39. Reefs
40. Lahar
41. Well
42. Crevasse splay
43. Aquifer
44. Plinian eruption
45. Barrier Reef
46. Pyroclastic flow
47. Volcano deformation
48. Baja
49. Magma mixing
50. Global Positioning System (GPS)
51. Leeves
52. Hot springs
53. Sediments

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54. Pelean eruption
55. Aquitard
56. Floodplain
57. Pegmatitic texture
58. Caves
59. Delta plain
60. Surtseyan or Phreatomagmatic eruption
61. Phaneritic texture
62. Sand dunes
63. Perched water table
64. Mayon (Albay, Bicol), Pinatubo (Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales), Taal (Batangas),
Hibok-hibok (Camiguin), Kanlaon (Negros Oriental), Banahaw (Laguna, Quezon), Ragang (Cotabato),
Iriga (CamSur), Matumtum (Cotabato), Bulusan (Sorsogon)
65. Magmatic differentiation
66. Transitional environments
67. Compaction
68. Aphanitic texture
69. The continental rise
70. Assimilation
71. Submarine fans
72. Pyroclastic texture
73. Chalk
74. Erosion
75. Shallow marine environments
76. Porphyritic texture
77. Fringing Reef
78. Weathering
79. Fossil-rich limestone
80. Bowen's reaction series
81. Abyssal Plain
82. Detrital sedimentary rocks
83. Eolian sand sheets
84. Cementation
85. The continental shelf (continental platform)
86. Pressure (Role of Pressure)
87. Atoll
88. Organic sedimentary rocks
89. Granitic Magmas
90. Porosity
91. Rocks
92. The continental slope
93. Phreatic or Saturated zone
94. Alluvial fans
95. Water table
96. Delta
97. Geothermal energy
98. Deep marine environments
99. Andesitic magmas.
100.Vadose zone