MODULE 2

LESSON 1

COMPUTER – AIDED INSTRUCTION

What Will You Learn from this Module?

What is computer – aided instruction? How do I help students see the value of
learning in using computer – aided instruction? What are the examples of computer – aided
instruction? How can one can explore and navigate computer – aided instruction to help
maximize learning.
This module will provide opportunities for you to explore what and how of
computer – aided instruction and enable teachers and students use them in the teaching –
learning process and make it fun and effective.

This module is composed of four lessons:

Lesson 1- Definition of Computer – Aided Instruction (CAI)

Lesson 2 - Examples

Lesson 3 - Parts and Types

Lesson 4 - Manipulations and Navigation of CAI

After studying this module, you should be able to:

• explain what is Computer – aided instruction;

• identify its parts types and examples;
• discuss the ways to manipulate and navigate CAI;

Let’s Read

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) has been defined as a systematic approach to

developing students’ knowledge and/or skills that uses a computer as a central feature to support
instruction via activities including, but not limited to, presenting materials, assessing progress,
and guiding activities (Anohina 2005). CAI is a subset of technology-aided instruction, and is
distinct from online, Internet, or other network learning in that CAI implies the software is local
to the computer, not accessed via the Internet.

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 CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI
programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present
topics, and they test the student's understanding.
A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with
programmed instructional materials.
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a
computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.
CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning
process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a
student in all areas of the curriculum.
Typical CAI provides
1. text or multimedia content
2. multiple-choice questions
3. problems
4. immediate feedback
5. notes on incorrect responses
6. summarizes students' performance
7. exercises for practice
8. Worksheets and tests

Let’s Try

A. Which of the following statements are true about Computer – Aided Instruction?
Note: There are more than one correct answer.

a. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning
process.
b. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) has been defined as a systematic approach to
developing students’ knowledge and/or skills that uses a computer as a central feature
to support instruction
c. Computer-assisted instruction is a learning technique available only when used
online.
d. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a
computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes
place.
e. CAI is a learning tool that provides 100% learning accuracy with whoever uses it.

B. Cite different advantages of using computer – aided instruction in the teaching – learning
process.

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LESSON 2

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER – AIDED INSTRUCTION (CAI)

To utilize a tool fully, one must understand how each works and when is the appropriate
time and situation it is suited. To know more about computer – aided instructions, here’s a list of
some of its examples.

• Computer-based education (CBE)

• Computer-based instruction (CBI)
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
• Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
• Computer-managed instruction (CMI)

Computer-based education (CBE) and computer-based instruction (CBI) are the broadest
examples and can refer to virtually any kind of computer use in educational settings. Computer-
assisted instruction (CAI) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a narrower term and most often
refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
Computer-managed instruction is an instructional strategy whereby the computer is used to
provide learning objectives, learning resources, record keeping, progress tracking, and assessment
of learner performance. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or
school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process.

Let’s Try

Read and analyze the sentences in each number. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. These refer to the broadest examples and can refer to virtually any kind of computer use in
educational settings.
A. Computer-based education (CBE)
B. Computer-based instruction (CBI)
C. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
D. Both A & B

2. It is an instructional strategy whereby the computer is used to provide learning objectives,

learning resources, record keeping, progress tracking, and assessment of learner’s performance.
A. Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
B. Computer-based instruction (CBI)
C. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
D. Both B & C
3. Computer based tools and applications are used to replace the teacher or school administrator
in the management of the learner and instructional process.

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A. Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
B. Computer-based instruction (CBI)
C. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
D. None of the above

ACTIVITIES

Using a Diagram, arrange the Computer – Aided Instruction examples from the broadest
to the narrowest.

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LESSON 3

TYPES OF COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly
practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary
for mastery.
Traditionally associated with basic skills in topics such as:skills in topics such as: –
Mathematics – Language arts –Terminology. Good programs provide user control, give
feedback and reinforcement, and help learners master skills.

Good for basic skills/knowledge where rapid student response is desired. Usually best to
use in a series of brief series of brief sessions. Mainly intended for use by individuals.
Should be geared to a level appropriate for the students.

2. Tutorial. Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its extension
into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation.
A form of CBI in which the computer assumes the role of a tutor -- introducing content,
providing practice, and assessing learning. Tutorials are used to introduce new content to
learners in much the same manner that a human teacher might.

Tutorials present content to students, they can be used in any area of the curriculum for: –
remediation when learners lack background knowledge. – enrichment whenlearners wish
to go beyond the basics. Learners introduction of content (freeing the instructor to do other
things).

Good for verbal and conceptual learning may require significant investment of students’
time. Can be effectively used by individuals or groups of 2-3 students. Should be followed
by opportunities for student application of knowledge.

3. Games game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat
others or beat the computer.
Instructional Game usually another type of CBI (e.g., drill and practice or simulation)
modified to include gaming elements. Generally features an end goal and rules of play.
Sensory appeal – motivational elements (e.g., competition, motivational elements,
cooperation, challenge, fantasy).

Instructional Game examples of this type of CBI are found throughout education. Usually,
they are aimed at younger learners such as those in the elementary grades. Games can
substitute for worksheets and exercises, as a reward, or, in some cases, to foster
cooperation.

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 4. Simulation - software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the
expense of real life or its risks.
Simulation is a form of CBI that provides a simplified representation of a real of a real
situation, phenomenon, or process. Provides the opportunity for students to apply
knowledge in a realistic format but without the time, expense, or risk associated with the
real thing.
One of the best ways to use CBI in the sciences and other subject areas; simulation makes
good use of what the computer does well. Simulations can mimic physical objects or
phenomena, processes, procedures, and situations.

5. Discovery - Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a

course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate
based on their explorations of the data.

6. Problem Solving - This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills
and strategies.
Problem Solving CBI program that is designed to foster thinking or problem solving skills,
but does not fit into one of the other categories. Usually focuses on a specific type of
problem solving and provides practice on a number or variety of problems.

Let’s Try

Read and answer the following questions.

1. Explain what simulation computer aided instruction provides and its advantages.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. How does games stimulate learning?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Among all the six types CAI, which do you think is likely to have the highest learning
percentage rate when used, why?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON 4

MANIPULATIONS AND NAVIGATIONS OF

COMPUTER – AIDED INSTRUCTION

In today’s classroom setting, it seems like we’re constantly battling with technology. On
one hand, technology has revolutionized the way teachers teach and students learn. On the other,
it can become a distraction that takes away from the learning process. If you’re a teacher like me,
you know that it can be a huge pain to get students off their smartphones or computers and get
them to pay attention to the lesson. All you can see are the tops of their heads while they text and
post on social media—and you just know they aren’t posting about the irregular verbs you’re
currently teaching them!

Luckily, there is a way to incorporate that very same technology that is distracting your
students into your classroom environment and use it to help them learn better.
Most kids (and adults!) these days spend a huge portion of their time on their computers, tablets
and phones both at home and at school, so it’s no surprise that computers are being incorporated
into the classroom.

Computer Assisted Instruction (or CAI) has completely modernized the way that students
learn, both in the average classroom as well as in advance-learning settings. Computer Assisted
Learning can make lessons much more interactive and engaging, and can pique the interest of even
the most reluctant of learners. This isn’t to say that CAI is not without its flaws, however. The
same individuality and fun that makes CAI work well can also lead to the isolation of students, as
well as distract them from the lesson they’re participating in.
Before you can decide whether or not Computer Assisted Instruction will become your
new teaching methodology, let’s take a look at exactly what CAI is, and what the benefits and
drawbacks could be of its use in your classroom. Computer Assisted Instruction encompasses a lot
of different technologies and ideas, but can be understood easily enough. In advance schools,
which focuses on computer and information technology, summarizes it simply as “the use of
electronic devices/computers to provide educational instruction and to learn.”

It might shock you to learn that some form or another of Computer Assisted Instruction
has been taking place in classrooms since the 1960s. CAI doesn’t just involve computers, it also
includes the use of other electronics such as CD and MP3 players (or record players in the 1960s),
DVD players, tablets, smartphones and televisions. These tools can be used to better illustrate a
point the teacher or professor is trying to make, or to heighten engagement among students.

Computer Assisted Learning also includes online courses and supplemental course
materials used in colleges, homeschooling and distance learning. Basically, any type of technology
that can be used to learn most likely falls beneath the umbrella of Computer Assisted Learning.

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 Here are just a few examples of how Computer Assisted Instruction can be used to help
students learn:

Visual Learning
Many students are visual learners, and benefit greatly from seeing an image or an example
of the terms being discussed in class. Computers are a great help with this, because teachers have
the entire internet at their disposal. You can easily search the web for pictures of fruits, animals or
even colors to help your students see what you mean and have an image to associate with the word
you’re describing.
You can also use videos from DVDs, YouTube or your own personal projects to help illustrate a
point. Seeing something really happening or really being used in a video makes it much more real
to the learner, so they remember it much longer.
Listening Practice
Listening practice is a vital part of learning any language. CAL helps with this by enabling
you to play music or record conversations, so your students can listen to the language being used
naturally and in real situations. They can then emulate the speakers or singers and find their own
voice in their new tongue.
Tests
Computers are a great way to give students exams. You can either create your own test and
have them sit at the classroom computers to take it, or you can find pre-written tests and other
exam materials on the internet and use those in your lessons. Taking tests on the computer can
help students feel less rushed and can make them feel as if they have more privacy than they would
if they were in a crowded classroom.
Games
Games are perhaps one of the best ways to use CAL in the classroom. Language students
(especially young ones) love playing computer games or doing puzzles in their target language.
To them, it doesn’t feel like learning—it feels like having fun. They won’t even realize they are
getting smarter as they try to get to the next level or solve a tough crossword, when in fact, they’re
learning and retaining more than they would have otherwise!

Internet Searches

Another fun way to use a student’s target language in the classroom is by having them do
an internet search in said language. Activities like WebQuest begin with the teacher giving
students a query to look up with a search engine. The students then have to find the answer using
only their target language, which can be a real (but fun!) challenge!

Online Courses
Last but certainly not least, CAL can include online courses. These courses can be taken
on one’s own time at home, possibly as a part of a full college course load, or they can be taken as
a supplement to a language course they are already taking in person. There are hundreds of free or
paid language courses to be found online, and many of them can be extremely effective.
Before we dive into the benefits of CAL, let’s look at a few disadvantages to be mindful of.

Some Disadvantages of Computer Assisted Instruction

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 While CAI might seem like a flawless technique, it does have a few downsides. Here is a
look at some of the disadvantages of using Computer Assisted Learning in your lessons.

It Can Be Expensive

Cost is perhaps the biggest barrier to using CAI in the classroom. Computers, electronic devices
and software are expensive. As such, having a computer for each student is just not a realistic goal
for some classrooms.

It Can Be Difficult for Teachers to Implement

Any time electronics become involved in something, it gets more complicated, at least initially.
Teachers have to learn how to use the tech themselves before they can have their students use it,
and sometimes the proper training can take up a lot of precious time. We have all had that teacher
who wastes a bunch of time during the lesson because they don’t know how to use the computer
or the overhead projector… no one wants to be that teacher!

CAL Activities Don’t Always Fit the Teacher’s Goals

When using third-party programs, videos or lessons, it’s sometimes hard to find one that exactly
fits your needs or teaching style. There are going to be times when an online quiz doesn’t have the
exact words you want to test for, or that the video you are watching uses every part of speech you
need to highlight. Teachers have to find a way to integrate CAL into their lessons without letting
it dictate the material to be learned, and sometimes finding the balance can be tough.

It Can Lead to Isolation Among Students

While an individual, personalized learning experience is a good thing, the isolation it can lead to
is not. Just imagine a classroom full of students, each at their own computer, not looking at each
other and only interacting with that computer in front of them. Socializing is an important part of
language use, and we learn new things about language from interacting with each other. Students
need other students to help them learn, and CAL can inhibit this.

Still, CAL can be an incredible teaching resources when integrated into the classroom. By using it
to supplement your curriculum rather than dictate it, CAL can transform the ways students learn
languages—or learn anything, for that matter!

5 Advantages of Computer Assisted Instruction

There’s a myriad of reasons to use CAI in the classroom.

Here are a few ways CAI can empower your students:

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1. It Caters to the Individual
With CAI, each student can go at their own pace and make progress in their own time.
Computer lessons or games normally adapt to the individual based on their own progress, not on
a set standard, so each student is able to have a more personalized experience.
2. It Promotes Active Interaction and Use of Target Language
It is fine to sit in class and repeat words and make verb charts, but the real learning comes
when you use that knowledge in a real situation. Students who actively using the language they’re
trying to learn helps them remember certain words or phrases better.

3. It Lets Students See Their Progress

Again, the feelings of success and satisfaction are key to encouraging students to want to
learn more. Because of this, CAI is a great method to use in the classroom. Students can easily see
the progress they’re making. Every time they solve a puzzle or get to the next level in a game or
an online course, they feel as if they’re doing well, which keeps them engaged in the lessons.
4. It Breaks Down Complex Topics into Smaller Pieces
Sometimes it’s tough for teachers to break down complex topics because they don’t know
the best way to go about it. Computer games and lessons do this for you, however, and break down
material into bite-sized chunks that can be learned and retained more easily.
5. It’s Interesting and Engaging
Let’s be real: A bored student isn’t a good one. While some students adore lectures, many
others require more stimulation to stay involved and actively learning. CAI is perfect for this,
because it offers many ways for each individual student to engage and stay interested in the topic
at hand.
Bringing It All Together
In the end, it’s up to each individual teacher to decide whether Computer Assisted Learning
is right for their lessons. As long as the pros and cons are evaluated fairly, the use of computers in
the classroom can be a great way to utilize new technology and enhance the language learning
experience.

Let’s Try

Read and answer the following questions.

1. Among the many advantages of computer – aided instruction, which disadvantage you
find most alarming and should be given a more careful supervision?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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 2.What do you think is the biggest advantage of using computer – aided instruction in
learning, why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. In the learning environment that you are into right now, what computer – aided
instructions are utilized? Which among them are effective and which are not? What are
the factors to consider of them being effective or not.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Remember

➢ Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) has been defined as a systematic approach to

developing students’ knowledge and/or skills that uses a computer as a central feature
to support instruction.
➢ Computer Aided – Instruction examples:

• Computer-based education (CBE)

• Computer-based instruction (CBI)
• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
• Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
• Computer-managed instruction (CMI)

➢ Types of Computer – Aided Instruction

1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly

practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is
necessary for mastery.
2. Tutorial Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its
extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and
simulation.
3. Games Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either
beat others or beat the computer.

33 | EL 120
 4. Simulation Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not
require the expense of real life or its risks.
5. Discovery Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a
course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate
based on their explorations of the data.
6. Problem Solving This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills
and strategies.

REFERENCES

https://wikieducator.org/Computer_Assisted_Instruction_(CAI)

https://www.slideshare.net/JennyRoseVelasco1/computer-assistedinstruction

https://pt.slideshare.net/vinciviveka/computer-assisted-instructionc

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/educator/what-is-computer-assisted-learning-2/

Asher, J. (2007). TPR: After forty years, still a very good idea. Retrieved on 10 July 2013
from: http://www.tpr-world.com/japan-article.html
Brown, D. (1987). Principles of language learning and teaching. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
Prentice Hall

Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003) The grammar book: An ESL/EFL

teacher’s course. Boston: Heinle & Heinle

Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.

Corder, S. (1988). Pedagogic grammar. In W. Rutherford & M. Sharwood-Smith (Eds.),

Grammar and second language teaching (pp. 123-145). New York: Harper & Row
Publishers, Inc.

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