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Gulf of Guinea Resources, Economy and Development: Yesterday, Today and

Tomorrow

Article · July 2016

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 Author: Babagana Abubakar
Permanent Address: Alhaji Bukar Kuya House, Opposite Aburos Mosque,
Fezzan Ward, Fezzan, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +2348062220179, +2348178226418
Skype: babagana.abubakar

Gulf of Guinea Resources,

Economy and Development:
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

Abstract
The ongoing pollution and piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Region is on the rise as such that livelihoods,
environments and the economy of the region are being threatened resulting in the decline in marine and
other aquatic lives as well as the general decline in the economy/incomes of nations which sustained
over 500 Million people in the region. This article aimed at ensuring awareness at the international
level, attract expert attentions working in the related areas as well as investors to help promote the
region in one hand and improve on the global economy in the other.

1
 Keywords: Africa, Atlantic, Nigeria, Petroleum, Pirates

Introduction:

The Gulf of Guinea region is in Africa and is located within the West and Central African
coast lines and the surrounding territorial waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Geographically
speaking, the Gulf of Guinea is made up of the maritime area located in the western part
of the African continent and north-eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean to the east of the
Greenwich meridian line.

Figure 1: Showing the Map of the Africa : Figure 2: Showing the Map of the Gulf of Guinea Region:

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southwest extent of the Gulf of
Guinea as "A line running Southeastward from Cape Three Points in Western region
Ghana (4.744°N 2.089°W) to Cape Lopez in Gabon (0°38′S 8°42′E)". But the present day
Gulf of Guinea has more of political dimension rather than a geographical one, hence
leading to the extension of its borders beyond just Ghana in West Africa to Gabon in
central Africa. For instance, the United Nations Permanent Advisory Committee on
Security Issues in Central Africa (UNSAC) recognizes all the costal countries from
Angola to Cote D'ivoire (Ivory Coast) making the following countries as member states;
Angola, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea,
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Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of
Congo. While the Economic Community for the West African States (ECOWAS) under its
ECOWAS Integrated Maritime Strategy (EIMS) included even three landlocked countries
(Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger), that are linked by maritime inland waterways, lakes and
rivers in addition to the coastal countries listed above as member countries of the Gulf of
Guinea region, because in accordance to ECOWAS the landlocked countries need access
to the sea for the import and export of goods. For a number of ECOWAS countries,
resources from the EMD, which include oil and gas exploration, account for most of
their foreign earnings.

In whatever way we look at it the Gulf of Guinea region is also inclusive of the Gulf
islands such as Annobón also known as Pagalu, Bobowasi Island, Bioko, Corisco,
Elobeys, Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico and São Tomé and Príncipe and some few
others not mentioned here.

Geographically The coastline of the Gulf of Guinea forms part of the western edge of the
African tectonic plate and corresponds remarkably to the continental margin of South
America running from Brazil to the Guianas. The coincidence between the geology and
the geomorphology of these two coastlines constitutes one of the clearest confirmations
of the theory of continental drift.
Figure 3: Showing the Map of the Gulf of Guinea Region Islands: Figure 4: Showing the political Map of the Gulf of Guinea Region:

3
Historical Facts about the Gulf of Guinea:

The name Guinea might sound new to many people in the Western World, but the truth
is; the name Guinea has been in use both in the Maghrib (North Africa/Morocco region)
and in Europe long before Prince Henry's time. For example, on a map dated about 1320
AD by the Genoese cartographer Giovanni di Carignano, who got his information about
Africa from a fellow-countryman in Sijilmas [ancient trading city in North Africa], we
find Gunuia, and in the Catalan atlas of 1375 AD as Ginyia.

The name "Guinea" was also applied to south coast of West Africa, north of the Gulf of
Guinea, which became known as "Upper Guinea", and the west coast of Southern Africa,
to the east, which became known as "Lower Guinea. The name "Guinea" is still attached
to the names of three countries in Africa: Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Equatorial
Guinea, as well as Papua New Guinea in Melanesia (The Asian continent).

The region is one of the World’s richest and under exploited place. It holds about 35 %
of the World’s total petroleum reserves and blessed with many minerals and other
natural resources such as diamonds, tin, bitumen, uranium, copper, manganese, gold,
phosphates, granite, gas, marble, quartz, lead, zinc, wolfram, fluorite, sulfur, feldspar,
silver, kaolin, mica, asphalt, gypsum, oil and talc as well as a very rich rain forests
accounting for 20% of the world’s total rainforest and much of the oxygen-generating
sources of the entire globe. In addition, it also keeps providing shelter and protection to
a large portion of the World’s biodiversity including the humans, animals,
microorganisms etc.

Some of these minerals found in this region are as shown/indicated below:

Figure 5: A digital geological map showing the Gulf of Guinea: Figure 6: A photo showing some of the mineral resources found in Gulf of Guinea.

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Maritime Safety and Security in the Gulf of Guinea:

Maritime related pollutions and social crimes are on the increase in this region
due to the overwhelmingly weak institutions and governance in the past and for socio-
economic reasons in the present. All the major economic activities in the region such as
petroleum exploration, port operations, mining and gas flaring together with other
related maritime activities ongoing in the region such as bunkering, poor waste
management culture at the coasts of the Atlantic Oceans , over fishing as well as other
negative activities such as piracy, smuggling and kidnappings are all pointing to
stagnation in development of the region through decline in the economic incomes of
nations in the region in addition to decline in Seafood and Aquatic lives as well as
reduction in the volume of vessels patronizing the region for economic developments
purposes due to security threats, poor navigations due to increasing levels of water
hyacinths at sea which give rooms to increasing levels of unemployment and poverty
growth that keeps triggering the levels of piracies and Kidnappings at seas in the region.

These reasons made this research very significant at this point in time that the global
economy as a whole is facing challenges and making it difficult to ascertain its future
considering the global economy recessions of the years 2013, 2014 and some part of
2015 where nations like Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Ireland and to some extent even
France, the United State of America and the United Kingdom where affected by this
recession.
So one of the global option remains that of identifying and promoting invincible viable
regions of interests for the International investors of the World to understand, explore
and develop regions of such potentials in order to supplement the growth in the
unbalance global economy for the benefit of mankind through eradicating poverty,
reducing maritime Security threats and improving sustainable use of biodiversity as well
as protecting aquatic lives and improving livelihoods in the region.

Pollution in the Gulf of Guinea: Nature and Causes

i) The ongoing petroleum exploration activities within this gulf region

in countries like the Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe,
Gabon, Nigeria, Angola and others are continuously causing oil
spillages in the process of drilling, bunkering and discharging of
petroleum products in the Atlantic Ocean. In fact, these petroleum
exploration activities and the oil spillages assumes the form of a
vicious circle as illustrated below:

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 Chart 1: Showing the vicious cycle of the petroleum exploration activities:

Oil
Wells
Exploratio
n&
Bunkering
activities

Pollution

Pollution

In view of the above the region keeps recording incessant incidents of Ocean Pollution
through increasing oil spillages resulting in rapid decline in fish, plankton, shrimps,
crabs, Cray fish and other sea lives along the Coasts of this Gulf facing the Atlantic
Ocean.
Figure 7: Showing villagers fetching polluted water
for domestic activities: Figure 8: Showing a villager trying to clean his Canoe from oil spill at the
Coast of the Gulf of Guinea:

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 Figure 9: Showing satellite imagery of an oil spill in the
Gulf of Guinea:
Figure 10: B Showing an Oil spill in the Atlantic Ocean within the
Gulf of Guinea:

ii). Seaport Degreasing of the Quay Aprons:

Apart from the petroleum exploration activities described above some maritime
activities in the region also adds to this pollution; for example the incessant
degreasing (washing of chemicals stained on the Quay Aprons of Sea ports)
activities on regular basis mostly after the discharge of chemicals and other
related cargos at the Sea ports across member countries of the region are
continuously polluting the Atlantic Ocean coasts in the region thereby causing
harms to both marine/aquatic as well as human lives to some extent.
Additionally the regular chemicals used in the washing of these Quay Aprons in
some of these Ports sometimes combined with the original chemicals intended to
be washed deposited on these Quay Aprons of the ports/terminals such as
potassium nitrates, ammonia, potassium chlorides, phosphorus, Sulphur, fertilizers
and other industrial chemicals were discovered to be a kind of chemical
concentrated solutions possibly dangerous to the marine lives and which are
consequently emptied in to the Atlantic Ocean without carrying out any form of
regular environmental impact assessments as per operations on these newly
formed solutions are thought to be responsible for the killing or deforming of some
of the marine lives in the region’s Atlantic Ocean. However just like the Ocean
pollution due to the petroleum exploration activities the physical pollutions from
these chemicals are sometimes also visible to the naked eyes in the waters of the
Atlantic Ocean in the region. Popular Sea ports in this region includes Libreville,
Luanda, Duala, Cabinda, Sumbe, Cotounou, Lagos, Doula Tamale, Port Harcourt,
Malaboetc

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iv. Incessant Growth of water hyacinths:

It has been discovered that of recent incessant growth of Pontederia crassipes,

commonly known as common water hyacinth, in the Gulf of Guinea Atlantic coasts
especially the coastal waters of Lagos- Nigeria, Lome-Togo and Cotonu-Benin has
started affecting local navigations as these water hyacinths are damaging the
propeller engines of boats and bringing navigational challenges to even fishing
trawlers.
Because these Hyacinths are invasive species outside its native range its presence
is of high risk in the waters of this Gulf. These plant is an aquatic plant native to
the Amazon basin.
Figure 11: A photo showing a common water Hyacinth in the Gulf of Guinea coast:

Figure 12: A photo showing how Water Hyacinths affects navigation in the Gulf of Guinea

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 This water Hycinths were brought by Oceangoing Cargo Ships or Vesels visiting the Gulf of
Guinea Countries mostly originating from the South American continents were they they take
their ballast water. Ship takes ballast water at sea because it provides adequate stability to vessels
at sea and it also makes it easy for the crew to reduce a vessel's draft when they enter shallower
water mostly on arrival to the coastal ports of discharge, by temporarily pumping out ballast.
This means that the vessels takes water from the point of origin (loading) and discharges at the
point of off loading , so this is how the water Hyacinths were transported to the Gulf of Guinea
region.

Figure 13: A vessel Ballasting its water at Sea:

ii) Poor waste management culture in the region due to lack of technical knowhow
of managing as well as lack of proper policies on waste management in some of
these countries has resulted in making the Atlantic Ocean and its territorial
waters the final destination or the end point to many of the locally generated
wastes from the households located at the Coastal cities/towns of the region’s
Atlantic Ocean. In fact, this explains the reason why plastic bags, containers,
polyethylene products and other light industrial products are always found in
most of the African supposedly beautiful coastal beaches of the region.

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 Figure 14: Showing a polluted Coast of a city in this region: Figure 15: Showing a polluted portion of the Gulf of Guinea:

1. Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea region: Nature and Causes

Pirates in the Gulf of Guinea are often associated to stealing of oil cargo and or
kidnapping for ransoms. The culprits are often heavily armed criminal enterprises,
In 2012, the International Maritime Bureau, Oceans Beyond Piracy and the
Maritime Piracy Humanitarian Response Program reported that the number of
vessels attacks in West African which forms 50 % of the total area of the Gulf of
Guinea by pirates had reached a world high, with 966 seafarers attacked during
the year.
Figure 16 A & B: Showing some pirate suspects arrested in the sea:

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According to the Control Risks Group, pirate attacks in the Gulf of Guinea had by
mid-November 2013 maintained a steady level of around 100 attempted hijackings
in the year, a close second behind Asia. For some time, smaller ships shuttling
employees and materials belonging to the oil companies with any involvement in
oil exploration had been at risk in Nigeria. Over time, pirates became more
aggressive and better armed. Furthermore the Niger Delta militants like
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ( MEND ) and some other
groups operating in the Niger delta region who claimed to be fighting the
Nigerian government and some oil companies operating in their area over the
rights of their indigenes on the issues related to pollution, environmental
degradation and sharing of profits arising from the sales of crude oil produced on
their lands by the multinational oil companies like Chevron, Mobil, Texaco and
Shell petroleum among others were mostly been linked or associated with
piracy as well as kidnappings in the region and in Niger delta area in particular
by the experts working on the issues of development and security in the region.
Pirates attack in this region is mainly around the creeks, territorial waters,
terminals, harbors and even Oil rigs rather than in the high seas or open Ocean
like the one happening in Somalia and the Gulf of Eden.
The Gulf of Guinea accounted for 427 of the 1434 attacks in African waters
between 2003 and 2011. The frequency of attacks in this region, while not as high
as those of the Somali coast, is however on the rise. The pirates here are known to
be violent, as they usually deploy sophisticated arms and weapons like AK-47s.
The traditional modus operandi of pirates operating in the region had largely
involved the use of speedboats to attack and dispossess shipping crew of cash,
cargo and valuable, when the vessel is at anchor or in harbor, but mostly
close to shore.

The Pirates in this region are increasingly modifying their tactics by hijacking
fishing vessels, particularly within Nigerian territorial waters, and using same to
attack other vessels operating off the coasts of neighboring countries like Benin,
Togo and Cameroun. Recent attacks have extended further out at sea beyond
Nigeria’s national jurisdiction in the ocean by focusing largely on oil-laden
vessels, to steal the petroleum product. As noted by Malaquais (2012), “the Gulf of
Guinea piracy is the organized, sometimes highly sophisticated, illicit taking of oil.
They steal the oil, make a couple of black market circles of the stuff, and then
deposit it back into the global supply”. This explains why the Nigerian president
during a summit on anti-corruption in London on the 12th May, 2016 call on the
international community to declare stolen oil as illicit commodity just considered
to be a blood oil just like the case with the blood diamond.

This prate activity is seriously affecting the economy of the countries in the region
for example, trade of Benin's major port, the Port of Cotonou, was reported in
2012 to have dropped by 70 percent. The cost of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea due
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 to stolen goods, security, and insurance has been estimated to be about USD $4
billion in 2015.

Position of governments and relevant bodies in the region:

The various governments of the region have policies towards reducing pollution as
many of these governments have established the ministries of environmental affairs
with ministers heading theses ministries, however since the works of these
ministers is to monitor and report pollution and possibly carry out environmental
assessments where the need be, but considering the size of the Gulf of Guinea
region, inequality in the strength and technical knowhow as well as the capacities
of the various countries/governments in the region there is a great need to get
onboard the assistance of experts on this issue, the international communities and
other relevant stakeholders to help contribute from their resources, experience
and capacities to help checkmate this menace.
As the scale, frequency and piracy heats keeps growing over the years in the
region, there is an increasing desire among member nations in the region states to
promote and preserve good order at sea. This lead to the calls for partnership to
fight piracy in the region through joint forces especially the constant call from the
Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari in 2015 and 2016 to bring onboard the
governments of the region and other relevant stakeholders/organizations to work
on this issue. However, considering the growing statistics of the pirate attacks in
the region more is still needed to be done. In fact, regional organizations such as
ECOWAS (Economic Communities of West African States), NEPAD (New
Partnership for African Development) as well as the AU (African Union) and the
United Nations needs to add to the efforts of the governments trying to work on
this issue otherwise the rate at which this piracy keeps happening in the region
will ever remain high and on the increase.

Suggestions/recommendations:

1. Fighting piracy through space technology application:

The use of modern satellite technology such as the Automatic Identification
System (AIS) (an automatic tracking system used on ships and by vessel traffic
services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels by electronically exchanging
data with other nearby ships, AIS base stations, and satellites) can help locate
pirates before or even after Ship attacks or hijacks which gives room to arrest or
confront this pirates at the right time and on the right target if so happens.

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 Figure 17: A marine traffic coordinator using AIS and radar to manage vessel traffic
.

Figure: 18: Map of Africa showing the three main Hotspots of Piracy:

13
2. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) should use its
capacity to influence relevant stakeholders and governments in the region to
accept and consider the use of satellite technology for an effective surveillance and
monitoring in order to avert possible pollution time.
1. United Nations specialized agencies such as United Nations Office for Drugs and
Crime Prevention (UNODC), International Maritime Organization (IMO) and
INTERPOL among others and also other organizations working in the area of
Oceans beyond national jurisdiction should assist or help with their capacities,
technical knowhow as well as facilities to checkmate the pirate activities in the
region.
2. Companies and experts in recycling of waste as well as those in the green
technology should use the opportunity of this existing and untapped world (Gulf of
Guinea region) or market to create good business opportunities for themselves in
one hand and help reduce the level of recyclable substances going in to the
Atlantic Ocean in this region in the other.
3. International investors in non-oil and gas sectors as well as the maritime
industries should be encouraged to come and invest in this part of Africa.

4. Journalist and media champions on environment, petroleum, maritime and poverty

issues should help in promoting the resources of this region in order to attract
potential investors to invest in the region.

5. Seaports authorities operating in the region such as the Nigerian Ports Authority
should create environmental impact assessment units in their various ports so that
pollution level due to degreasing activities are monitored from time to time in
order to reduce and understand better the impacts of resulting pollutions before
they happen for proper maritime policy issues.

6. Presently satellite data are very expensive for application in the developing
countries so organizations such as the UNOOSA, NASA (National Space Agency),
JAXA (Japanese Space Agency) and ESA (European Space Agency) among others
working in the Space industry should help in making such data affordable at
affordable costs for the Gulf of Guinea countries fighting the issues of pollution
and piracy in the region.

7. The international community and the African Diaspora should complement the
efforts on the issue of maritime security and pollution in the region through
addressing policy and governance issues as well as promoting the region to
supplement the World’s economy growth.

8. The United Nations Secretariat on Convection for Biological Diversity should use
its position, resources and technical expertise to promote capacity building on
Biodiversity and Sustainable Development for stakeholders in the Region.
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Thank you for listening.

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 Author-BABAGANA ABUBAKAR

UNCCPP, Masters, BSc, Fellow African Scientific Institute, Alumnus United Nations Institute for
Training and Research Geneva, Switzerland

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